Module 4.pptx

Module 4 Common Emergencies

Bleeding and Shock Bleeding is the loss of Types of Bleeding blood escaping from the  Arterial bleeding circulatory system.  Venous bleeding  Capillary bleeding Techniques to Control Bleeding  Direct pressure  Pressure bandage

Shock is a condition in which the circulatory system fails to deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the body’s tissues and vital organs.

Signs and Symptoms  Restlessness or irritability  Altered level of consciousness  Pale, ashen or greyish color, moist skin  Rapid breathing  Rapid and weak pulse  Excessive thirst

First Aid Management  Make the person lie down.  Control any external bleeding.  Legs may be raised 6 to 12 inches.  Help the person maintain normal body temperature.  Do not give the person anything to eat or drink.  Reassure the person every so often.

Soft Tissue Injuries

First Aid Visual Aid Soft Tissue Injurie

WOUNDS is any physical injury involving a break in the layers of the skin. Wounds are generally classified as either closed or open. Two Classifications of Wound 1. Closed Wound A closed wound is a wound where the outer layer of the skin is intact and the damage lies below the surface

TR 5-5

First Aid Visual Aid Soft Tissue Injurie

Signs and Symptoms - Pain and Tenderness - Symptoms of Shock - Swelling - Vomiting or Cough –Up - Discoloration Blood - Passage of blood in the - Hematoma urine or feces - Uncontrolled - Sign of Blood along mouth Restlessness nose and ear canal - Thirst First Aid Management I S-

Ice Application Splinting

TR 5-6

First Aid Visual Aid Soft Tissue Injurie

Two Types of Wounds cont… 2. Open Wound In an open wound, the outer layer of skin is broken. The break in the skin can be as minor as a scrape of the surface layers or as severe as a deep penetration

Types of OPEN WOUND Puncture

Abrasion

TR 5-7

Types of OPEN WOUND cont’ Avulsion

Laceration

Incision

TR 5-8

First Aid Visual Aids Soft Tissue Injuries

Minor Open Wounds  Use a barrier between your hand and the wound.  Apply direct pressure.  Wash abrasions and other superficial wounds.  Apply a Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) antiseptic solution or, if available, a triple antibiotic ointment or cream.  Cover the wound with a sterile dressing.  Wash your hands immediately after giving care.

Major Open Wounds

• Call the local emergency number. • Put on PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) • Control bleeding by applying direct pressure or employing a pressure bandage. • Monitor airway and breathing. • In cases where the injured party is in shock, keep him or her from experiencing chills or feeling overheated. • Have the person rest comfortably and provide reassurance. • Wash your hands immediately after giving care.

First Aid Visual Aid Soft Tissue Injurie

BURNS are injuries to the skin and to other body tissues that is caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation. .

TR 5-12

First Aid Visual Aids Soft Tissue Injuries

Factors to determine the seriousness of burns: 1. The Depth Superficial (First-degree) burns Partial-thickness (Second-degree) burns Full-thickness (Third-degree) burns

TR 5-14

First Aid Visual Aid Soft Tissue Injurie

TYPES OF BURN INJURIES

1. Thermal Burns

2. Chemical Burns

3. Electrical Burns TR 5-16

First Aid Visual Aid Soft Tissue Injurie

THERMAL BURN Not all thermal burns are caused by flames. Contact with hot objects, flammable vapor that ignites and causes a flash or an explosion, and steams or hot liquid are other common causes of burns.

TR 5-17

First Aid Visual Aid Soft Tissue Injurie

THERMAL BURN cont’ First Aid Care of First – Degree and Second Degree Burns - Relieve pain by immersing the burned area in cold water - Cover the burn with a dry, non-sticking, sterile dressing or clean cloth Care for Third – Degree Burns - Cover the burn with dry, non-sticking, sterile dressing or a clean cloth - Treat the victim for shock and keep the victim warm TR 5-18

First Aid Visual Aid Soft Tissue Injurie

CHEMICAL BURN Chemicals will continue to cause tissue destruction until chemical agent is removed

TR 5-19

First Aid Visual Aid Soft Tissue Injurie

CHEMICAL BURN cont’ Care for Chemical Burns - Immediately remove the chemical by flushing of water - Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing while flushing with water - Flush for 20 minutes or longer. Let the victim wash with a mild soap before final rinse - Cover the burned area with a dry dressing or, for large areas, a clean pillowcase - If the chemical is in the eye, flood it for at least 20 minutes, using low pressure - Seek medical attention immediately for all chemical burns TR 5-20

First Aid Visual Aid Soft Tissue Injurie

ELECTRICAL BURN The injury severity form exposure to electrical current depends on the type of current, the voltage, the area of the body exposed, and the duration of contact

TR 5- 21

First Aid Visual Aid Soft Tissue Injurie

ELECTRICAL BURN cont’ Care for Electrical Burns - Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power - Check the ABC - If the victim fell, check for spine injury - Treat the victim for shock - Seek medical attention immediately. Electrical injuries are treated in burn center

TR 5-22

Radiation Burns First Aid Management  Care for a radiation burn, i.e. sunburn, as you would for any thermal burn.  Always cool the burn and protect the area from further damage by keeping the person away from the burn source.

SPECIFIC BODY INJURIES

1. Impaled Objects

2. Amputations

3. Sucking Chest Wound TR 5-23

First Aid Visual Aids Soft Tissue Injuries

First Aid Visual Aid Soft Tissue Injurie

4. Nosebleeds

5. Knocked-Out Tooth

SPECIFIC BODY INJURIES cont’

6. Abdominal Injuries TR 5-24

First Aid Visual Aids Soft Tissue Injuries

7. Eye Injuries

Blows to the Eye

Eye Knocked Out

Chemical Burns

Foreign Object TR 5-25

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

POISON Is any substance: solid, liquid or gas, that tends to impair health or cause death when introduced into the body or into the skin surface. A poisoning emergency can be life threatening.

TR 6-4

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

TR 6-5

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

Ways in Which Poisoning May Occur 1. Ingestion

–

by mouth

2. Inhalation

–

by breathing

3. Injection 4. Absorption

–

by animal bites, stings, syringes –

by skin contact

TR 6-6

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

Common Household Poison 1. Sleeping Pills

5. Denatured Alcohol

2. Pain Relievers

6. Lye and acids including boric

3. Insect and rodent poison

4. Kerosene

7. Poisonous plants 8. Contaminated water

TR 6-7

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

INGESTED POISON Poisoning by ingestion is considered any substance that's harmful to the body when ingested, whether intentionally or unintentionally.

TR 6-8

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

INGESTED POISON cont’ Suspected food poisoning if: 1. The victim ate food that “didn’t taste right”, or that may have been old, improperly prepared, contaminated, left at room temperature for a long time, or processed with an excessive amount of chemical.

2. Several people who ate together become ill

TR 6-9

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

INGESTED POISON cont’ Instances when vomiting should not be induced: 1. If unresponsive

2. Cannot maintain an airway 3. Has ingested as acid, a corrosive such as lye or a petroleum product such as gasoline or furniture polish

4. Has a medical condition that could be complicated by vomiting, such as heart attack, seizure and pregnancy

TR 6- 11

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

First Aid

INGESTED POISON cont’

1. Call poison Control Center 2. Try to identify the poison 3. Place the victim on his or her left side. 4. Monitor ABCs. 5. Save any empty container, spoiled food for analysis

6. Save any vomitus and keep it with the victim if he or she is taken to an emergency facility

TR 6-12

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

INHALED POISON Poisoning by inhalation occurs when a person breathes in toxic fumes.

Poisoning by Inhalation 1. Carbon Monoxidegasoline fumes 2. Cyanide- metal cleaners 3. Chlorine- multipurpose cleaner 4. Tear Gas

TR 6-13

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

INHALED POISON cont’ First Aid

1. Open all doors and windows. 2. Remove the victim form the toxic environment and into fresh air immediately. 3. Monitor ABCs. 4. Seek medical attention.

TR 6-14

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

INJECTED POISON Injected poisons enter the body through the bites or stings of insects, spiders, ticks, snakes and some marine life. It could also enter the body through the insertion of a hypodermic needle.

Poisoning by Injection 1. Snakebites 2. Bee Stings 3. Marine Life with Poisonous Spines

TR 6-17

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

TR 6-23

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

Snake Bites

First Aid Management for Snakebites  Reassure the patient who may be very anxious.  Avoid any interference with the bite wound such as incising, rubbing, vigorous cleaning, massaging or applying herbs or chemicals to it.  Immobilize the patient’s body by laying him/her down in a comfortable and safe position.  A broad elastic roller bandage should be used to cover the bitten limb.  Do not remove the trousers as the movement of doing so will only assist the venom into entering the blood stream.  Do not attempt to kill the snake as this may be dangerous.

TR 6-24

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

Insect Bites cont’ First Aid for Insect Bites 1. Remove stinger. If the sting is in the mouth or throat give patient an ice cube or cold water to sip. 2. Wash wound. 3. Cover the wound. 4. Apply a cold pack. 5. Watch for signals of allergic reaction. 6. Care for Shock and monitor ABC.

TR 6-18

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

Spider Bite/Scorpion Sting Signs and Symptoms • Bite mark. • Swelling • Pain • Nausea and vomiting • Difficulty breathing or swallowing.

TR 6-19

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

Spider Bite/Scorpion Sting cont’ First Aid 1. Call Poison Control Center 2. Wash wound. 3. Apply a cold pack 4. Get medical care to receive antivenin.

TR 6-20

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

Marine Life Stings Signs and Symptoms • Possible marks • Pain • Swelling • Possible allergic reaction.

TR 6-21

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

ABSORBED POISON Is a poison that enters the body through the skin.

Signs and Symptoms • History of exposures. • Liquid or powder on the skin. • Burns • Itching, irritation. • Redness, rash, blisters.

TR 6-15

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

ABSORBED POISON cont' First Aid for Absorption Poisoning 1. Call Poison Control Center 2. Remove the clothing. 3. Then with a dry cloth blot the poison from the skin. If the poison is a dry powder, brush it off. 4. Flood the area with copious amounts of water 5. Continually monitor the patient’s vital signs.

TR 6-16

First Aid Visual Aids Poisoning

Marine Life Stings cont’ First Aid 1. Call Poison Control Center 2. If jellyfish – soak area in vinegar. 3. If sting ray – soak in non scalding hot water until pain goes away. 4. Clean and bandage the wound.

TR 6-22

Head and Spine Injuries

Types   

Head Injury Concussion Spinal Injury

First Aid Management       

Call the local emergency number. Minimize movement of the head, neck and back. Check for life-threatening conditions. Maintain open airways. Monitor consciousness and breathing. Control any external bleeding with direct pressure unless the bleeding is located directly over a suspected fracture. Help victim normal body temperature.

Fractures and Dislocation First Aid Management Types R – Rest.  Strain I – Immobilize.  Sprain C – Cold.  Dislocation E – Elevate.  Fracture Signs And Sypmtoms 1. Pain 2. Significant bruising and swelling 3. Significant Deformity 4. Inability to use affected body part normally 5. Bone fragments sticking out of a wound 6. Grating sensations after hearing a pop or snap 7. Cold, numb and tingly sensations on the injured area 8. When the cause of injury suggests that it maybe severe

OPEN PHASE • Head-Top-side • Chest and back of the chest • Burnt Hand and foot

CRAVAT PHASE • • • • • •

Forehead/Eyes Ear-Cheek-Jaw Shoulders/Hips Forearm/Leg Elbow/Back of the elbow Palm (Open & Close)

SPLINTING • Anatomical – Parte ng Katawan • Mechanical – Kahoy or ibang bagay

Mechanical Splinting • Single • Sandwich • L – Type

IMMOBILIZATION • Arm Sling – bali at sugat sa braso • Underarm Sling – dislocation sa balikat

• Shoe On – nadurog na buto sa paa • Shoe Off - natapilok

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

Medical Emergencies • • • •

Stroke Diabetes Seizures Febrile Seizures

TR 8-16

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

STROKE is a disruption of blood flow to a part of the brain which may cause permanent damage to the brain tissue. This is also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). People over age 50 are the common victims, but younger people can have them too.

TR 8-17

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

STROKE cont’ Causes 1. Thrombus or embolism. 2. Ruptured artery in the brain. 3. Compression of an artery in the brain.

TR 8-18

Assessment For stroke assessment, think F.A.S.T., which stands for the following:  F – Face  A – Arm  S – Speech  T – Time

STROKE cont’ Signs and Symptoms

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

• Weakness and numbness of the face, arm or leg, often to one side only • Dizziness, Confusion, Headache • Ringing in the ears • Change in mood • Difficulty in breathing and swallowing • Loss of bowel and bladder control

TR 8-19

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

STROKE cont’ First Aid • Check the patient’s ABC.

• Have the patient rest in a comfortable position. • Seek immediately medical help. • Do not give the patient anything by mouth. • If the patient loses consciousness, place him or her in the recovery position and administer first aid for unconsciousness

TR 8-20

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

First Aid cont’ • Continue to monitor ABC’s. • Care for Shock • Stay with the patient until you have medical help.

TR 8-21

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

DIABETES is the inability of the body to change sugar (glucose) from food into energy.

TR 8-23

Types of Emergency Diabetes

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

1. Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemia) Occurs when too much insulin is in the body.

TR 8-23

2. Hyperglycemia (Diabetic Coma)

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

Happens when there is too much sugar and too little insulin in the blood, and body cells do not get enough nourishment.

TR 8-25

Diabetic Emergencies

Signs and Symptoms  Changes in level of consciousness, including dizziness, drowsiness and confusion.  Irregular breathing.  Abnormal pulse (rapid or weak).  Feeling or looking ill.

TR 8-26

First Aid Management  First, check and determine if there are any life-threatening conditions.  A person with diabetes who is experiencing a diabetic emergency must be instructed to test his or her blood glucose level.  A victim experiencing a diabetic emergency due to hypoglycemia must be encouraged to treat himself/herself with food or drink that contains sugar. The same action is advised if the condition still is to be determined or still remains unknown (Are they hypoglycaemic or hyperglycaemic?).  If the diabetic person is conscious and is able to swallow and then states that they need sugar.  If the person is unconscious or is about to lose consciousness, call the local emergency number. Maintain an open airway and do not give anything by mouth.

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

SEIZURES Seizure is when the normal functions of the brain are disrupted by injury, disease, fever, poisoning or infection, and the electrical activity of the brain becomes irregular.

TR 8-28

SEIZURES cont Signs and Symptoms

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

• Local tingling or twitching in part of the body • Brief blackout or period of confused behavior • Sudden falling, loss of consciousness • Drooling, frothing of the mouth • Vigorous muscle spasm; twitching, jerking limbs, stiffening • Grunting; snorting • Temporary cessation of breathing • Seizure are often associated with other illnesses

TR 8-29

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

SEIZURES cont First Aid

If you know the person has epilepsy, it is usually not necessary to call physician unless• The •

seizure lasts longer than a few minutes.

Another seizure begins soon after the first.

• He

or she does not regain consciousness after the jerking movement has stopped.

TR 8-30

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

However, you should call physician when someone having a seizure also• Is in the water and has swallowed large amounts of water. • Carries identification as a diabetic. • Is pregnant.

TR 8-31

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

FEBRILE SEIZURES A high temperature does not necessarily mean the victim is seriously ill. Some children, However, have febrile seizure when a high fever is rising or falling.

.

TR 8-32

When to get help for Fever

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

Fever is not always cause for alarm, but sometimes it is a sign of a serious problem. Seek immediately medical attention if: • Fever is over 39.4 degrees Celsius (103 degrees Fahrenheit) • Fever is accompanied by: • Difficulty in breathing • Unusual skin colors • A rash of tiny red or purple dots under the skin • Shock • Stiff neck • Bulging fontanel TR 8-33

When to get help for Fever cont

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

• Signs of dehydration • If the victim appears to be very ill, seek medical attention

First Aid Management • After the episode of febrile seizures, take the child’s temperature. • It is important to bring the child’s temperature to normal. Remove all clothes or bed clothes • Give the child a sponge bath on a counter with lukewarm water; and turn on a fan. Stop if the child shivers (do not place child in a bathtub because he or she could have another seizures in the water). TR 8-34

Anaphylaxis Causes  Bee or insect venom  Pollen  Animal dander  Latex  Certain antibiotics and drugs  Certain foods like nuts, peanuts, shellfish and dairy products

Signs and Symptoms  Skin becomes swollen and turns red  Difficulty in breathing, wheezing or shortness of breath  Tight feeling in the chest and throat  Swelling of the face, throat or tongue  Weakness, dizziness or confusion  Rashes or hives  Low blood pressure  Shock

First Aid Management  Call the local emergency number  Calm and reassure the person  Help the person to rest in the most comfortable position for breathing  Monitor the person’s breathing. Look for any changes in his or her condition  Assist the person with the use of a prescribed epinephrine auto-injector, if available  Give care for life-threatening emergencies  Document any changes in the person’s condition over time

Fainting is a partial or complete loss of consciousness resulting from a temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain. Signs and Symptoms: 1. 2. 3.

Light-headedness or dizziness Signs of shock, such as pale, cool or moist skin Nausea and numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes

First Aid Management  Position the victim on his or her back.  Keep the victim in a lying position.  Loosen any restrictive clothing, such as a tie or a buttoned-up collar.  Check for any other life-threatening and nonlife-threatening conditions.  Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink.

Environmental Emergencies

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

TYPES OF HEAT EMERGENCIES 1. Heat Cramps 2. Heat Exhaustion 3. Heat Stroke or Sunstroke

TR 8-9

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

HEAT CRAMPS A muscular pain and spasm due largely to loss of salt from the body in sweating or too inadequate intake of salt

Signs and Symptoms • Muscle cramps, often in the abdomen or leg • Heavy Perspiration • Lightheadedness; weakness

TR 8-10

First Aid

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

• Have the patient rest with his or her feet elevated. • Cool the victim • Give the patient electrolyte beverages to sip or make a salted drink. • To relieve muscle cramps massage the affected muscle gently but firmly until they relax

TR 8-11

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

HEAT EXHAUSTION A response to heat characterized by fatigue, weakness, and collapse due to inadequate intake of water to compensate for loss of fluids through sweating.

Signs and Symptoms • Cool, pale or red moist skin • Dilated pupils • Head ache • Extreme thirst

• Nausea; vomiting • Irrational behavior. • Weakness; dizziness • Unconsciousness

TR 8-12

First Aid • Have the patient rest with his or her feet elevated. • Cool the patient. • Give the patient electrolyte beverages to sip or make a salted drink. • Monitor the patient for signs of shock. • If the patient starts having seizures, protect him/her from injury and give first aid for convulsions. • If the patient loses consciousness, give first aid for unconsciousness.

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

TR 8-13

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

HEAT STROKE or SUNSTROKE A response to heat characterized by extremely high body temperature and disturbance of sweating mechanism.

Signs and Symptoms • Raised body temperature • Dry, hot, red skin • Dark Urine • Small Pupils • Rapid, Shallow breathing

• Extreme confusion • Weakness • Seizures • Unconsciousness

TR 8-14

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

First Aid • Cool the patient. • Give First Aid for Shock. • If the patient starts having seizures, give first aid for seizures. • Keep the patient cool as you await medical help.

TR 8-15

First Aid Visual Aid Common Emergencie

HYPOTHERMIA Hypothermia is the general cooling of the entire body. In hypothermia, body temperature drops below 35º C.

Signs and Symptoms  Shivering (may be absent in later stages of hypothermia)  Numbness  Glassy stare or a blank expression  Apathy or decreasing level of consciousness  Weakness  Impaired judgment.

TR 8-4

Emergency Evacuation Drill -A physical or mental exercise aimed at perfecting facility or skill especially by regular practice. One good example of earthquake drill is performed by children in grade school. Three Types of Drill   

Scheduled Drill Unannounced Drill In-Services Drills

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

EMERGENCY CHILDBIRTH Causes of Emergency Childbirth • Rupture tubal pregnancy with concealed hemorrhage into the abdominal cavity • Unusual bleeding form the vagina at any stage • Convulsion associated with pregnancy • Miscalculations in the anticipated delivery • Premature onset of labor after an accident • Delay in transportation • Other factors which may abbreviate delivery TR 8-35

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

EMERGENCY CHILDBIRTH cont Signs and Symptoms 1. If labor contractions are approximately 2 minutes apart. 2. If the woman is straining or pushing down with contractions. 3.If the woman is crying out constantly. 4. Warning from the woman that the baby is coming.

TR 8-36

First Aid Visual Aids Common Emergencies

EMERGENCY CHILDBIRTH cont Delivery Procedures 1. Position the mother. 2. Inspection of the presenting part. 3. Delivery of the baby. 4. Care for the Cord. 5. Expulsion of the Afterbirth. (placenta) 6. Care of the new born and the mother.

TR 8-37

Aquatic Emergencies An emergency can happen to anyone in, on or around water. Regardless of how good a person is at swimming, anyone can get into trouble because of a sudden illness or injury.

Causes of Drowning  Panic  Exhaustion in the water  Losing control and getting swept into water that is too deep  Losing support (as in a sinking boat)  Getting trapped or entangled in the water  Using drugs or alcohol before getting into the water  Suffering from a medical emergency while in the water  Using poor judgment while in the water  Hypothermia  Trauma  Having a diving accident.

Lifting and Moving

Emergency Move -Is the movement of a patient to a safe place before initial assessment and care is provided, typically because there is some potential danger.

Non-emergency Move -Is the movement of a patient when both the scene and the patient are stable.

ONE MAN ASSIST • • • • •

Assist to Walk Carry in Arms Packstrap Carry Fireman’s carry Fireman’s Drag

TWO MAN ASSIST • • • • •

Assist to walk Four Hand Seat Hand as a litter Carry by Extremities Fireman’s carry with assistance

GROUP CARRY

• Bearer’s alongside • Hammock’s carry

STRETCHERS • Blanket Carry • Poles and Blankets • Poles and T-Shirts • Spine Board Management

TRIAGE • RED - emergent • YELLOW - urgent • GREEN – walking wounded • BLACK - dead