Modern Space Exploration

Modern Space Exploration

Space History

Sputnik I (1957 – 1958)

First artificial satellite

• First satellite to be sent to space was the Sputnik I launched in October, 1957.

Space History Laika (1954 – 1957)

First creature to be sent to space First space casualty

• The first creature to be sent to space was the dog, Laika by the Soviet Space Programme. • She rode to orbit on Sputnik II on the 3rd of November, 1957. • She died five to seven hours after launch due to overheating of the spacecraft.

Space History

Yuri Gagarin (1934 – 1968)

First man to be sent to space Died in a plane crash in Moscow • The first man to be sent to space was Yuri Gagarin – once again by the Soviet Space Programme. • He was sent on the Vostok I.

Space History

Neil Armstrong (1930 – )

First man to walk on the moon

• The first man to be sent to space was Neil Armstrong –by NASA.

Space Shuttle • •

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First partially reusable spacecraft Developed by NASA for carrying astronauts and payload such as satellites or space station parts into low earth orbit. The orbiter can also recover satellites and other payloads from orbit and return them to Earth.

Space Shuttle

The Space Shuttle is made up of three main parts: Solid Rocket Boosters External Tank Shuttle Orbiter

Space Shuttle

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Solid Rocket Boosters Two solid rocket boosters (SRBs)

each provide 12.5 million Newtons (1.25 million kgf) of thrust at liftoff, which is 83% of the total thrust needed for liftoff. • The SRBs are jettisoned two minutes after launch at a height of about 45.7 kilometres. • They then deploy parachutes and land in the ocean to be recovered usually by a US Naval Ship.

Space Shuttle External Tank • • •

The External Tank is 154 feet tall and 28 feet in diameter. The External Tank is a fuel tank containing Hydrogen and Oxygen. 6 minutes into launch, the External Tank separates from the Orbiter Vehicle and burns up in the atmosphere

Space Shuttle Shuttle Orbiter •

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The Shuttle is launched along with SRBs and ET at launch. During the course of the take off into orbit, SRBs and ET is jettisoned and the shuttle re-enters the atmosphere as a normal glider and lands like a normal aeroplane. Five space shuttles were built: Columbia Challenger Discovery Atlantis Endeavour

Space Shuttle Shuttle Disasters RIP Challenger • The Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated 73 seconds into launch due to the bursting of the external tank. • The oxygen and hydrogen fuel leaking out exploded along with the shuttle. • All seven astronauts perished.

RIP Columbia • The Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during re-entry. • Some of the protective heat tiles on its left wing were damaged during launch. • The temperature inside the shuttle rose to over 1500°C and the seven astronauts were killed immediately.

Space Shuttle

Pictures of the Space Shuttle

International Space Station Largest Space Station

• The International Space Station (ISS) is a research facility currently being assembled directly in space by six countries in a 410 - tonne international jigsaw puzzle. • the ISS is already the largest artificial satellite and when completed in 2011, will be over 100 metres long and 70 meters wide.

International Space Station

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It orbits at an altitude of approximately 350 kilometres above the surface of the Earth. Travelling at an average speed of 27,724 kilometres per hour, it completes 15.7 orbits per day. The ISS has been continuously staffed since the first resident crew, Expedition 1, entered the station on 2 November 2000. This has provided a permanent human presence in space for the last 8 years and 244 days. If brought back to Earth, the ISS will weigh 303,663 kg. The ISS has a capacity of 7 astronauts at one time. The station has been visited by astronauts from 16 different nations, and it was the destination of the first six space tourists.

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The ISS is mainly used as a science research laboratory. Many tests are conducted aboard the International Space Station – tests that are impossible to conduct under the influence of gravity. Here, is an example of the effects of gravity. The candle on the left side is burning on the Earth while the candle on the right is burning in space. See the difference in the colour and the shape. The yellow flame on the left is an incomplete combustion due to the effect of gravity while the blue flame on the right shows the complete combustion of the wax.

International Space Station A Research laboratory

Space Problems If getting to space is difficult, then staying in space is diabolic. •

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Without the force of gravity, the body adapts to zero gravity in orbit. The first noticeable effect is that astronauts get ‘chicken legs’. In orbit, the delicate balance of the body is all upset because gravity does not pull blood down to the legs, and the upward pressure of the blood vessels and tissues pushes too much blood upwards. As a result astronauts’ legs become thinner and their faces become blotted - the chicken leg effect. And as pressure sensors in the neck and head of the astronauts sense the extra blood in the upper part of the body, they tell the kidneys to purify urea from the blood. So, the first thing an astronaut wants to do once he goes to space is urinate.

Space Problems If getting to space is difficult, then staying in space is diabolic.

A space toilet, or zero gravity toilet, is a toilet that can be used in a low gravity environment. The Space Shuttle •

The toilet used on the Space Shuttle is called the Waste Collection System (WCS). Solid waste is distributed in a cylindrical container which is then exposed to vacuum to dry the waste. Liquid waste is vented to space.

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It is similar to WCS. Liquid waste is collected in 20 litre containers. Solid waste is collected in individual micro-perforated bags which are stored in an aluminium container. Full containers are disposed. In 2007, NASA purchased a Russian-made space toilet for $ 19 Million.

Indian Space Programme Indian Space Research Organization • • •

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Chandrayaan-1

The Indian Space Programme began with the launch of India’s first satellite, Aryabhatta. Since then, ISRO has come a long way. The latest ISRO mission is the Chandrayaan-1 India's first mission to the moon. The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008. The lunar mission also carried six payloads from other international space agencies including NASA. The Chandrayaan-2 mission in 2014 will carry Indian astronauts to the moon. If realized, India will become only the fourth nation to successfully carry out manned missions on its own.

The End

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