Microsoft Word - 0910 Cc2413 Supplementary Ex4 Learning

CC2413 Fundamental Psychology for Health Studies Supplementary Exercise 4: Comparison of Learning Types & Exercise With the help of the two charts, please identify the specific type/s of learning involve(s) in each of the following daily examples. Who is learning in the example? Identify the mechanism/processes of learning in these examples. What response (R) has the subject eventually learned in each case? If it is an example of Classical Conditioning, please identify the NS, UCS, UCR, CS & CR in the example. If it is an example of Operant Conditioning, please specify what the R is and which kind of consequences involves. If it is an example of Observational learning, please identify which behavior has been imitated and who is the model.

Comparison on Three Types of Learning

Key person

Procedure

Result

Nature of learning

Behavioral Approach

Cognitive Approach

Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

Observational Learning

Ivan Pavlov

B.F. Skinner

Albert Bandura

A neutral stimulus (NS) (for example, a tone) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) (such as food) that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) (salivation).

In a stimulus situation, a response(R) is followed by favorable consequences (reinforcement) or unfavorable consequences (punishment).

An observer attends to a model’s behavior (for example, aggressive bargaining) and its consequences (for example, a good buy on a car).

The NS becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits the conditioned response (CR) (for example, a tone triggers salivation).

If reinforced, the R is strengthened (emitted more frequently); if punished, the R is weakened (emitted less frequently).

The observer stores a mental representation of the modeled response; the observer’s tendency to emit the response(R) may be strengthened or weakened, depending on the consequences observed.

NS becomes a CS through association with a UCS

Probability of making a R is altered by consequences that follow it.

Through observation of a model’s conditioning.

Mostly voluntary, spontaneous

Mostly voluntary, consist of novel and complex sequences

Nature of re- Mostly involuntary, reflex, visceral sponse Reinforcement

Occurs before response (CS Occurs after response (R is paired with UCS) followed by reinforcing stimulus or event)

Not apply

Role of learner

Passive (response is elicited Active (response is emitted) by UCS)

Active (response is emitted)

Sources Kalat, J. W. (2002). Introduction to psychology (6th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Weiten, W. (2004). Psychology: Themes and variations (6th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. rd

Zimbardo, P. G., Weber, A. L., & Johnson, R. L. (2000). Psychology (3 ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

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updated on 22/09/2009 by May Poon

Behavioral Effects of Various Consequences in Operant Learning

Pleasant Stimulus

Present / Apply after the Response (R)

Remove / Do not apply after the R

Positive Reinforcement (reward after a R: e.g. food, prize, award, praise, thanks, attention, money, sex, certain drugs)

Omission Training/Extinction (reward is withheld after a R) & Negative Punishment involving removal of desirable conditions

*** Effect

Unpleasant / Aversive Stimulus

→ R probability → Increase ↑↑

Positive Punishment/Passive Avoidance Learning involving application of aversive stimulus after a R (e.g. pain, discomfort, fearful or offensive stimuli) *** Effect

→ R probability → Decrease ↓↓

*** Effect

→ R probability → Decrease ↓↓

Negative Reinforcement/Escape Learning/Active Avoidance Learning (removal of painful stimulus, discomfort, penalty after a R) *** Effect

1. Whenever Tom’s mother complains on his father, Tom notices his father will shut up.

→ R probability → Increase ↑↑

Often, Tom’s mother will stop complaining soon as she

feels she is talking to the air. So, Tom keeps silence every time when his girlfriend Vicky expressed dissatisfaction on him.

2. As Joyce grew up, her favorite dessert was the very delicious banana cakes baked by her mother, Fei Fei.

Now, whenever she senses the

sweet smell of banana cake as she passed by a cake shop, she experiences a heart-warming feeling.

3. Edison once threw up and got diarrhea after eating Sashimi and Sushi at a Japanese restaurant in Causeway Bay, and he refuses to eat at that restaurant since then.

4. You usually pour the canned dog food into a banana-shaped bowl to feed your lovely puppy, Stupid. Eventually, Stupid runs to you whenever he saw you hold a bowl, but lately, Stupid only runs to you when you are holding the banana-shaped bowl.

5. Yesterday, three-year-old Ken screamed and cried immediately as he demanded a new game at TOYS “R”US. Ken’s mother felt that Ken was too spoiled, and thus she decided to ignore his act out instead of fulfilling his wishes from then on. Ten minutes later, Ken stopped crying.

6. Brenda works at QE as a registered nurse for a year.

Recently, she has been rotated from the pediatric ward to the emergency ward.

Now, her

new supervisor, Niki, seems never satisfied with her work and criticizes her frequently. After a few weeks of heavy criticism, Brenda feels nervous and anxious whenever she goes to work. She starts to smoke more frequently to reduce her stress and anxiety at work.

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updated on 22/09/2009 by May Poon