Mccluskey Final Presentation
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The Emission Comparison of Silage Christina McCluskey SARP 2009 Coastal Carolina University
1
Overview
Introduction Background on
silage Methodology Results
Chromatograms Calculations
Discussion Conclusions Limitations Future work Acknowledgments 2
Questions
Introduction: Ozone
Pollution According to the American Lung Association:
3
Introduction: Costs Health: Annually, 808,000 absences
are estimated in the Valley’s school district because of Asthma Agricultural: According to the Air District, ozone pollution causes as much as $300million of damage a year. (90% of that is in the San Joaquin Valley.) Dairy Farm silage piles are considered to be creating a large amount of the damage to the air 4
Central Valley Air Quality (CVAQ) Coalition
Dairy Farm Silage Silage is fermented, high-
moisture feed During the fermentation process Sugars are converted to acids Oxygen supply is depleted Temperature fluctuates – in the final
phase, the temperature is ideally less than 20˚F above ambient temperature.
Stored in piles on -Fermentation Analysis the dairy farm 5
and Silage Quality Testing
Distribution Silage Pile
6
Occurs 6 times
a day The pile is sliced and the face is exposed
Methodology: Sample Selection Dry
silage
7
Fresh/Wet
Covered
Methodology: Sample Analysis
Source samples
were collected at a dairy farm. Samples were analyzed in the University of California Irvine Rowland/Blake Lab, using Gas Chromatography Mixing ratios were 8
200
100
0
9 1 2 3
-100 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
300
7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Ethan ol
11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
BF7132 BF7677 BF6201A
16.0
46* - i-Propylbenzene 16.827 47* (B) - 16.850 48* - 17.141 17.066 49* alpha-Pinene (B) (B) - 17.098 50* 51* n-Propylbenzene - 17.169 52 - ---17.192 53* m-Ethyltoluene (B) 17.219 54* p-Ethyltoluene (B) --17.244 55* 17.270 56* 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (B) - 17.297 57* - o-Ethyltoluene (B) - 17.409
44* - Ethylbenzene (B) - 16.150 45* - m/p-Xylene (B) - 16.290
38 - 15.119 39 ---15.333 15.278 40 41* 15.365 (B) - 15.409 42* n-Octane 43 - -15.470
37* - 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane (B) - 14.817
36 - 14.355
24 - 12.976 25 --13.147 26* 13.204 27* Benzene (B) - 13.236 28* - Cyclohexane (B) - 13.380 29* -- 13.518 2-Methylhexane (B) - 13.483 30* 31* 2,3-Dimethylpentane (B) - 13.563 32* - 3-Methylhexane (B) - 13.621 33 - -13.793 34* 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (B) - 13.851 35* - n-Heptane (B) - 14.006
16 - 11.502
900
17 - 2-Methylpentane (B) - 11.804 18 - 11.956 19 - 12.211 20 - n-Hexane (B) - 12.393 21 -- 12.600 12.524 22 23 - 12.677
14*- -11.316 11.270 15
1,000
9* - acetone (B) - 10.253
1,100
10* - 1-Pentene (B) - 10.549 11 12 -- 10.808 10.848 13 - 10.955
400
8* - i-Pentane (B) - 9.832
1 - SARPSOURCE #3 [modified by Melissa Yang, 7 peaks manually assigned] 2 - SARPSOURCE #7 [modified by Melissa Yang, 10 peaks manually assigned] 1,200 3 - SARPSOURCE #9 [modified by Melissa Yang, 2 peaks manually assigned] mV
7* - Ethanol (B) - 9.343
500
6* - Methanol (B) - 8.358
5* - acetaldehyde (B) - 7.734
4* - i-Butane (B) - 6.646
3* - CH3Cl (B) - 5.925
1* - Propene (B) - 4.569 2* - Propane (B) - 4.674
Results: Chromatogram-FID Int_Chan_5 Int_Chan_5 Int_Chan_5
Propan ol
800
700
600
min 17.5
Results: Chromatogram-FID 1 - SARPSOURCE #3 [modified by Melissa Yang, 7 peaks manually assigned] 2 - SARPSOURCE #7 [modified by Melissa Yang, 10 peaks manually assigned] 115 3 - SARPSOURCE #9 [modified by Melissa Yang, 2 peaks manually assigned] mV
BF7132 BF7677 BF6201A
Int_Chan_5 Int_Chan_5 Int_Chan_5
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
8* - Ethanol (B) - 9.612
30
20
10 3
21
0
10
-11 9.128
min 9.200
9.250
9.300
9.350
9.400
9.450
9.500
9.550
9.600
9.650
9.700
9.763
Results: Mixing Ratios
11
Results: Pile Face Emissions Assumptions Area of wet silage exposed during
sampling = 2.5 square feet Area of silage pile face = 850 square feet
12
Discussion: Propanol propanol propionaldehyde
13
acetyl radical Acetyl radical then undergoes a series of reactions that can form both acetone and acetaldehyde.
Discussion
MIR- Maximum Incremental
Reactivity Ozone forming potential 14
Carter, William P.L. UPDATED MAXIMUM INCREMENTAL REACTIVITY SCALE FOR REGULATORY
Conclusion Wet silage is the more damaging form of
15
silage The most dominant compound in wet silage is propanol Propanol reacts with a hydroxyl radical in the atmosphere and acetaldehyde is produced through a series of photochemical reactions Acetaldehyde is highly damaging to the atmosphere Limitations
Future Work Obtain more samples from the same
dairy farm to check for consistency in compound mixing ratios Sample during distribution time Determine the duration of wet silage after each distribution period Investigate correlation between propanol in silage and acetaldehyde surrounding silage and dairy farms Sample different types of silage at the same stages 16
Acknowledgmen ts NSERC NASA Dr. Darlene
Slusher Dr. Don Blake Dr. Melissa Yang Dr. Sherwood Rowland SARP Dr. Derek Elgin 17
Question s?
18
Thank you! Thank you! “Mankind cannot live without the environment. However, the environment can certainly live
19
1
Overview
Introduction Background on
silage Methodology Results
Chromatograms Calculations
Discussion Conclusions Limitations Future work Acknowledgments 2
Questions
Introduction: Ozone
Pollution According to the American Lung Association:
3
Introduction: Costs Health: Annually, 808,000 absences
are estimated in the Valley’s school district because of Asthma Agricultural: According to the Air District, ozone pollution causes as much as $300million of damage a year. (90% of that is in the San Joaquin Valley.) Dairy Farm silage piles are considered to be creating a large amount of the damage to the air 4
Central Valley Air Quality (CVAQ) Coalition
Dairy Farm Silage Silage is fermented, high-
moisture feed During the fermentation process Sugars are converted to acids Oxygen supply is depleted Temperature fluctuates – in the final
phase, the temperature is ideally less than 20˚F above ambient temperature.
Stored in piles on -Fermentation Analysis the dairy farm 5
and Silage Quality Testing
Distribution Silage Pile
6
Occurs 6 times
a day The pile is sliced and the face is exposed
Methodology: Sample Selection Dry
silage
7
Fresh/Wet
Covered
Methodology: Sample Analysis
Source samples
were collected at a dairy farm. Samples were analyzed in the University of California Irvine Rowland/Blake Lab, using Gas Chromatography Mixing ratios were 8
200
100
0
9 1 2 3
-100 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
300
7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Ethan ol
11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
BF7132 BF7677 BF6201A
16.0
46* - i-Propylbenzene 16.827 47* (B) - 16.850 48* - 17.141 17.066 49* alpha-Pinene (B) (B) - 17.098 50* 51* n-Propylbenzene - 17.169 52 - ---17.192 53* m-Ethyltoluene (B) 17.219 54* p-Ethyltoluene (B) --17.244 55* 17.270 56* 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (B) - 17.297 57* - o-Ethyltoluene (B) - 17.409
44* - Ethylbenzene (B) - 16.150 45* - m/p-Xylene (B) - 16.290
38 - 15.119 39 ---15.333 15.278 40 41* 15.365 (B) - 15.409 42* n-Octane 43 - -15.470
37* - 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane (B) - 14.817
36 - 14.355
24 - 12.976 25 --13.147 26* 13.204 27* Benzene (B) - 13.236 28* - Cyclohexane (B) - 13.380 29* -- 13.518 2-Methylhexane (B) - 13.483 30* 31* 2,3-Dimethylpentane (B) - 13.563 32* - 3-Methylhexane (B) - 13.621 33 - -13.793 34* 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (B) - 13.851 35* - n-Heptane (B) - 14.006
16 - 11.502
900
17 - 2-Methylpentane (B) - 11.804 18 - 11.956 19 - 12.211 20 - n-Hexane (B) - 12.393 21 -- 12.600 12.524 22 23 - 12.677
14*- -11.316 11.270 15
1,000
9* - acetone (B) - 10.253
1,100
10* - 1-Pentene (B) - 10.549 11 12 -- 10.808 10.848 13 - 10.955
400
8* - i-Pentane (B) - 9.832
1 - SARPSOURCE #3 [modified by Melissa Yang, 7 peaks manually assigned] 2 - SARPSOURCE #7 [modified by Melissa Yang, 10 peaks manually assigned] 1,200 3 - SARPSOURCE #9 [modified by Melissa Yang, 2 peaks manually assigned] mV
7* - Ethanol (B) - 9.343
500
6* - Methanol (B) - 8.358
5* - acetaldehyde (B) - 7.734
4* - i-Butane (B) - 6.646
3* - CH3Cl (B) - 5.925
1* - Propene (B) - 4.569 2* - Propane (B) - 4.674
Results: Chromatogram-FID Int_Chan_5 Int_Chan_5 Int_Chan_5
Propan ol
800
700
600
min 17.5
Results: Chromatogram-FID 1 - SARPSOURCE #3 [modified by Melissa Yang, 7 peaks manually assigned] 2 - SARPSOURCE #7 [modified by Melissa Yang, 10 peaks manually assigned] 115 3 - SARPSOURCE #9 [modified by Melissa Yang, 2 peaks manually assigned] mV
BF7132 BF7677 BF6201A
Int_Chan_5 Int_Chan_5 Int_Chan_5
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
8* - Ethanol (B) - 9.612
30
20
10 3
21
0
10
-11 9.128
min 9.200
9.250
9.300
9.350
9.400
9.450
9.500
9.550
9.600
9.650
9.700
9.763
Results: Mixing Ratios
11
Results: Pile Face Emissions Assumptions Area of wet silage exposed during
sampling = 2.5 square feet Area of silage pile face = 850 square feet
12
Discussion: Propanol propanol propionaldehyde
13
acetyl radical Acetyl radical then undergoes a series of reactions that can form both acetone and acetaldehyde.
Discussion
MIR- Maximum Incremental
Reactivity Ozone forming potential 14
Carter, William P.L. UPDATED MAXIMUM INCREMENTAL REACTIVITY SCALE FOR REGULATORY
Conclusion Wet silage is the more damaging form of
15
silage The most dominant compound in wet silage is propanol Propanol reacts with a hydroxyl radical in the atmosphere and acetaldehyde is produced through a series of photochemical reactions Acetaldehyde is highly damaging to the atmosphere Limitations
Future Work Obtain more samples from the same
dairy farm to check for consistency in compound mixing ratios Sample during distribution time Determine the duration of wet silage after each distribution period Investigate correlation between propanol in silage and acetaldehyde surrounding silage and dairy farms Sample different types of silage at the same stages 16
Acknowledgmen ts NSERC NASA Dr. Darlene
Slusher Dr. Don Blake Dr. Melissa Yang Dr. Sherwood Rowland SARP Dr. Derek Elgin 17
Question s?
18
Thank you! Thank you! “Mankind cannot live without the environment. However, the environment can certainly live
19
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