Matlab 7 Learning 2008

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10s

------------------------------------------------------ switch -------------------------------------------------------............................................................................................... ............................................................................................. ---------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- R ---------------------------- image show ------------------------- im2bw() ------------- mat2gray() ------------------ imread(),imwrite() --------------------------------------------------............................................................. imresize() ........................................................................ ............................................. imrotate() .............................................. imcrop -----------------------.......................................

3x3

----------------------------------------------------............................ conv2()

............................................................................................... imfilter() ......................... fspecial()

..... ftrans2() .................................................................................... ................................................

FIR

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- object detection by white filter -----------------------------------------------------

mfile

Help

[email protected]

Learning MATLAB

a a = 1 2 6 7 11 12 16 17

3 8 13 18

4 9 14 19

5 10 15 20

a(4:-1:1,:) ans = 16 17 11 12 6 7 1 2

18 13 8 3

19 14 9 4

20 15 10 5

a(:,5:-1:1) ans = 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 15 14 13 12 11 20 19 18 17 16

f=[1,2,3,... 4,5,6] f =

1 2 3 4 5 6

size(a) ans = 4 5 a a = 1 2 6 7 11 12 16 17

3 8 13 18

4 9 14 19

5 10 15 20

[L,C]=size(a) L = 4 C = 5

eye(2) ans = 1 0 0 1 eye(3) ans 1 0 0 1 0 0

= 0 0 1

eye(4) ans 1 0 0 1 0 0

= 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 eye(2,3) ans = 1 0 0 0 1 0 eye(4,3) ans 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

= 0 0 1 0

zeros(3) ans 0 0 0 0 0 0

= 0 0 0

zeros(2,3) ans = 0 0 0 0 0 0

ones(3) ans 1 1 1 1 1 1

= 1 1 1

ones(2,3)

ans = 1 1 1 1 1 1

rand(3) ans = 0.9501 0.4860 0.4565 0.2311 0.8913 0.0185 0.6068 0.7621 0.8214 rand(2,3) ans = 0.4447 0.7919 0.7382 0.6154 0.9218 0.1763

magic(3) ans 8 1 3 5 4 9

= 6 7 2

magic(4)*ones(4) ans = 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34

34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34

inv(a) ??? Error using ==> inv Matrix must be square.

e=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9] e 1 4 7

= 2 3 5 6 8 9

inv(e) ans = 1.0e+016 * -0.4504 0.9007 -0.4504 0.9007 -1.8014 0.9007 -0.4504 0.9007 -0.4504 e^(-1) ans = 1.0e+016 * -0.4504 0.9007 0.9007 -1.8014 -0.4504 0.9007 det(e) ans = 0 e' ans = 1 4 7 2 5 8

-0.4504 0.9007 -0.4504

3 6 9 e e 1 4 7

= 2 3 5 6 8 9

f=[1 1+2*i 2 2+3*i] f = 1.0000 1.0000 + 2.0000i 2.0000 2.0000 + 3.0000i f' ans = 1.0000 1.0000 - 2.0000i

2.0000 2.0000 - 3.0000i

f.' ans = 1.0000 1.0000 + 2.0000i

trace(c) ans = 40 c c = 1 2

3

4

2.0000 2.0000 + 3.0000i

6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19

tril(c) ans = 1 0 6 7 11 12 16 17

0 0 0 0 13 0 18 19

c c = 1 2 6 7 11 12 16 17

3 8 13 18

4 9 14 19

triu(c) ans = 1 2 3 4 0 7 8 9 0 0 13 14 0 0 0 19

diag(c) ans = 1 7 13 19 diag(ans)

ans = 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 19

help inf INF Infinity. INF returns the IEEE arithmetic representation for positive infinity. Infinity is also produced by operations like dividing by zero, eg. 1.0/0.0, or from overflow, eg. exp(1000). INF('double') is the same as INF with no inputs. INF('single') is the single precision representation of INF. INF(N) is an N-by-N matrix of INFs. INF(M,N) or INF([M,N]) is an M-by-N matrix of INFs. INF(M,N,P,...) or INF([M,N,P,...]) is an M-by-N-by-P-by-... array of INFs. INF(...,CLASSNAME) is an array of INFs of class specified by CLASSNAME. CLASSNAME must be either 'single' or 'double'. See also Nan, isinf, isfinite, isfloat. Reference page in Help browser doc inf

format short 1/3 ans = 0.3333

format long 1/3 ans = 0.33333333333333

format bank 1/3 ans = 0.33

format 1/3 ans = 0.3333

format hex pi ans = 400921fb54442d18

format rat pi ans = 355/113

format + 22 ans = + -22 ans = 0 ans =

triu(c)*tril(c) diary

abs(-1.2) ans = 1.2000 a=[-1.2 2] a = -1.2000 2.0000 abs(a) ans = 1.2000 2.0000 b=[-1.2 1.2-2*i] b = -1.2000 1.2000 - 2.0000i

abs(b) ans = 1.2000 2.3324

ceil(1.2) ans = 2 ceil(-1.2) ans = -1

floor(1.2) ans = 1 floor(-1.2) ans = -2

round(1.2) ans = 1 round(1.8) ans = 2 round(-1.8) ans = -2 round(-1.2)

ans = -1

fix(1.8) ans = 1 fix(-1.8) ans = -1

sqrt(2) ans = 1.4142 sqrt(4) ans = 2

c=2-4i c = 2.0000 - 4.0000i angle(c) ans = -1.1071

d=1+i d = 1.0000 + 1.0000i angle(d)

ans = 0.7854 ans*180/pi ans = 45

real(d) ans = 1 imag(d) ans = 1 d d = 1.0000 + 1.0000i

complex(2,6) ans = 2.0000 + 6.0000i

conj(1+2*i) ans = 1.0000 - 2.0000i

gcd(12,3) ans = 3 gcd(5,3)

ans = 1

lcm(12,3) ans = 12 lcm(5,3) ans = 15

sign(1-(2*3)+4) ans = -1 sign(-11) ans = -1 sign(11) ans = 1 sign(0) ans = 0 sign(10000) ans = 1

log(2) ans = 0.6931

log10(1000) ans = 3

log2(8) ans = 3

mod(5,2) ans = 1

nchoosek(5,3) ans = 10

a=pi/2 a = 1.5708 sin(a) ans = 1 cos(a) ans = 6.1232e-017 tan(a)

ans = 1.6331e+016 cot(a) ans = 6.1232e-017 asin(a) ans = 1.5708 - 1.0232i acos(a) ans = 0 + 1.0232i atan(a) ans = 1.0039 acot(a) ans = 0.5669 asinh(a) ans = 1.2334 acosh(a) ans = 1.0232 atanh(a) ans = 0.7525 + 1.5708i acoth(a) ans = 0.7525 sec(a) ans = 1.6331e+016 csc(a) ans = 1

sech(a) ans = 0.3985 csch(a) ans = 0.4345

x=0:0.1:pi/2;

y=sin(x);

plot(x,y)

z=cos(x); plot(x,y) hold on Current plot held plot(x,z) hold off

figure(2)

salam='salam mahdi' salam = salam mahdi salam salam = salam mahdi a='salam' a = salam a a = salam

axis([1 2 0 1]) axis([1 2 0 1 5 6]) plot(x,y)

grid

plot(x,y,'r')

plot(x,y,'b')

plot(x,y,'k')

plot(x,y,'g')

plot(x,y,'y')

plot(x,y,'c')

plot(x,y,'w')

plot(x,y,'m')

plot(x,y,'-')

plot(x,y,'--')

plot(x,y,'-.')

plot(x,y,':')

plot(x,y,'*')

plot(x,y,'o')

plot(x,y,'^')

plot(x,y,'d')

plot(x,y,'s')

plot(x,y,'v')

plot(x,y,'p')

plot(x,y,'h')

plot(x,y,'x')

plot(x,y,'-.rs') plot(x,y,'-.sr') plot(x,y,'linewidth',2,'markersize',12,'markerfacecolor','r','markered gecolor', [0.4 0.2 0.3]) plot(x,y,'s','linewidth',2,'markersize',12,'markerfacecolor','r', 'markeredgecolor',[0.4 0.2 0.3])

Linewidth : Markersize :

Markerfacecolor : Markeredgecolor : [0.4 0.2 0.3] : x=[1:0.1:5]; y=sin(x); plot(x,y,'sr' ,'linewidth',2,'markersize',12,'markerfacecolor',[0.4 1 0.6]);xlabel('x axis'); ylabel('y axis');

subplot(2,3,1);plot(x,y,'sr','linewidth',2,'markersize',12,'markerface color',[0.4 1 0.6]);xlabel('x axis');ylabel('y axis');title('rasm');text(2,0,'(2,0)');

plot(x,y,'sr' ,'linewidth',2,'markersize',12,'markerfacecolor',[0.4 1 0.6]);grid;xlabel ('x axis');ylabel('y axis');title('rasm' );text(2,0,'(2,0)');

teta=0:.1:2*pi; c=1-2*sin(teta); polar(teta,c);

semilogx(x,y);

semilogy(x,y);

loglog(x,y);

comet(x,y);

bar(x,y);

barh(x,y);

hist(y,x);

x=-pi:.1:pi; bar(x,exp(x.^2)); hist(y,x)

stairs(x,y);

stem(x,y);

pie(x)

a=[1 3 4 2]; b=[1 0 0 1]; pie(a,b)

c=[1 0 0 9]; pie(a,c)

t=0:0.1:2*pi; x=sin(t); y=cos(t); plot3(x,y,t)

[x y]=meshgrid(0:.1:10,0:3); z=peaks(x,y); mesh(x,y,z)

meshz(x,y,z)

meshc(x,y,z)

surf(x,y,z)

[x,y,z]=cylinder(2+cos(t)) surf(x,y,z)

x=[1 3 0.5 2.5 2]; e=[0 0 1 0 0]; pie3(x,e);

fplot('sin',[-pi 2*pi])

c=[1 0 9;1 3 9;2 5 7]; det(c) ans = -33 syms x int(1/(1+x^2)) ans = atan(x) syms x y int(y/(1+x),x) ans = y*log(1+x) int(y/(1+x),x,0,1) ans = y*log(2) diary

mfile m

(save as)

text

help

X=input('please enter a number for X')

Input('please enter a phrase','s')

: if If(a~=b)|(a==b) disp('this is an example') end

~=

'elseif','else'

for For i=1:2:50 .. . End

mfile

mfile

go to

/n _ clc

clear

mfile n

enter pause

10s pause(10)

while

While i=0 . . i=i+1 end

fprintf

Fprintf('epsilon is equal to %6.2e in %2.3d',epsilon,i)

engineering

E

decimal

D

fix point

F %6.2

break

return

menu Menu('choose one of these','factorial','i^2','i^3')

mfile mfile

switch

stat.m

stat.m

function [mean,stdev] = stat(x) x 1x2

stat

mean , stdev stat

n = length(x); mean = sum(x)/n; stdev = sqrt(sum((x-mean).^2/n));

f = sym('2*x') int(f)

int(f,1,2)

bmp, jpg, pcx, png, tif, xwd Image Read R = imread ( 'C:\Documents and Settings\hp\My Documents\My Pictures\me.jpg' ) ;

R whos R Name r

Size

300x225x3

Bytes Class 202500 uint8 array

imfinfo ( 'C:\Documents and Settings\hp\My Documents\My Pictures\me.jpg' ) Filename: [1x60 char] FileModDate: '15-Jan-2008 02:31:54' FileSize: 9770 Format: 'jpg' FormatVersion: '' Width: 290 Height: 368 BitDepth: 24 ColorType: 'truecolor' FormatSignature: '' NumberOfSamples: 3 CodingMethod: 'Huffman' CodingProcess: 'Sequential' Comment: {}

Image Show imshow(R)

Imwrite ( R , 'C:\Documents and Settings\hp\My Documents\My Pictures\test.jpg' ) ; jpg test R

I = imread ( ' cameraman.tif ' ); BW = dither (I); Imview (BW) Imshow(I)

I

BW Imshow()

Imview()

im2bw() v = imread ( 'C:\Documents and Settings\hp\Desktop\131339-b.jpg' ); BW = im2bw (v,0.5); Imshow (BW) figure imshow (v)

im2bw()

v

BW

mat2gray() m=magic(100); g=mat2gray(m); imshow(g)

imread(),imwrite() v= imread( 'C:\Documents and Settings\hp\Desktop\131339-b.jpg' ); imwrite( v , 'C:\Documents and Settings\hp\Desktop\131339-b.tif' );

tif

v

imwrite()

imresize() v= imread ( 'C:\Documents and Settings\hp\Desktop\131339-b.jpg' ); r= imresize (v,2); whos r v

v Name Size r 732x958x3 v 366x479x3

Bytes Class 2103768 uint8 array 525942 uint8 array

r= imresize ( r,[150 100] ); whos r v Name

Size

Bytes Class

imresize()

r v

150x100x3 366x479x3

45000 uint8 array 525942 uint8 array imrotate()

ro= imrotate ( r,90,'bilinear' ); imshow (ro) figure Imshow (r)

r

ro

imcrop v= imread ( 'C:\Documents and Settings\hp\Desktop\131339-b.jpg' ); c= imcrop; imshow (c)

v

cubic

c

nearest

bilinear

3x3 r= imread ( 'tire.tif' ); f= inline ( 'max(x(:))' ); r2= nlfilter ( r,[3 3],f ); imshow(r2) figure imshow(r)

r

c++

inline

r2

link

conv2() i=magic(1000); f=magic(10); c=conv2(i,f); whos i f c Name Size c 1009x1009 f 10x10 i 1000x1000 mesh(c)

Bytes 8144648 800 8000000

Class double array double array double array

f

imfilter() r= imread ( 'C:\Documents and Settings\hp\Desktop\131339-b.jpg' ); f= ones(5,5)/25; r2= imfilter (r,f); imshow (r2)

r

r2

fspecial() r= imread ( 'C:\Documents and Settings\hp\Desktop\131339-b.jpg' ); fi= fspecial ( 'unsharp' ); r2= imfilter (r,fi); imshow (r) figure

Imshow (r2)

r

'average' 'disk' 'gaussian' 'laplacian' 'log' 'motion' 'prewitt' 'sobel' 'unsharp'

r2

averaging filter circular averaging filter Gaussian lowpass filter filter approximating the 2-D Laplacian operator Laplacian of Gaussian filter motion filter Prewitt horizontal edge-emphasizing filter Sobel horizontal edge-emphasizing filter unsharp contrast enhancement filter

h = fspecial ( 'average',hsize ) h = fspecial ( 'disk',radius ) h = fspecial ( 'gaussian',hsize,sigma ) h = fspecial ( 'laplacian',0
= = = = = =

h = fspecial ( 'average',[3 3] ) h=fspecial ( 'disk',5 ) h=fspecial ( 'gaussian',[3 3],0.5 ) h=fspecial ( 'laplacian',0.2 ) h=fspecial ( 'log',[5 5],0.5 ) h=fspecial ( 'unsharp',0.2) , )

h = fspecial ( 'prewitt' ) h = fspecial ( 'sobel' ) ftrans2() colormap(jet(64)) b = remez(10,[0 0.05 0.15 0.55 0.65 1],[0 0 1 1 0 0]); [H,w] = freqz(b,1,128,'whole'); plot(w/pi-1,fftshift(abs(H)))

mx3 blue

green

colormap()

red

RGB m

remez()

H

b

freqz()

H 128x1 2

Whole fftshift()

plot(w/pi-1,fftshift(abs(H))) hold on plot(w,(abs(H)), r )

h = ftrans2(b); freqz2(h)

b

ftrans2()

f2 f1 64x1

H

64x64

freqz2()

[H,f1,f2] = freqz2 ( h , [n2 n1] )

f2 f1

H

hd=zeros(11,11); hd(4:8,4:8)=1; [f1,f2]=freqspace(11,'meshgrid'); f2 f2

f1 11x11

freqspace()

f1

[f1,f2]=freqspace(11); f2 f1

F1=f2=[-n:2:n-2]/n

f1=f2=[-n+1:2:n-1]/n meshgrid

mesh(f1,f2,hd) f2

f1

hd

z

hd

y

f2

x

f1 mesh()

hd

hd 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

h=fsamp2(hd);

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

h

hd

FIR

fsamp2()

mesh()

hd

FIR filter FIR

h 32x32

freqz2(h,[32 32])

FIR filter FIR h=fwind1(hd,hamming(11))

n hd

FIR hd

freqz2(h,[32 32])

hamming(n) fwind1()

FIR 11x11

FIR filter

0

0

0

0

0

0.0005 -0.0003 -0.0027 -0.0041 -0.0027 -0.0003 0.0005

0

0

0.0025

0

0

0

0.0005

0.0018 -0.0013 -0.0126 -0.0198 -0.0126 -0.0013

0

0

0

0

0.0005

0

0 -0.0003 -0.0013

0.0010

0.0093

0.0147

0.0093

0.0010 -0.0013 -0.0003

0

0 -0.0027 -0.0126

0.0093

0.0833

0.1324

0.0833

0.0093 -0.0126 -0.0027

0

0.0147 0.1324 0.2066

0.1324

0.0147 -0.0198 -0.0041

0.0025

0.0025 -0.0041 -0.0198

0.0018

0

0 -0.0027 -0.0126

0.0093

0.0833

0.1324

0.0833

0.0093 -0.0126 -0.0027

0

0 -0.0003 -0.0013

0.0010

0.0093

0.0147

0.0093

0.0010 -0.0013 -0.0003

0

0

0.0005

0

0

0

0

0.0018 -0.0013 -0.0126 -0.0198 -0.0126 -0.0013

0.0005

0

0.0005 -0.0003 -0.0027 -0.0041 -0.0027 -0.0003 0.0005

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.0025

0

0

0.0018

0

h=[

];

Freqz2(h)

1x3 RGB

y

x

R,G,B z

Help

+12

-12

Max232

1200 ser=serial('COM1','BaudRate',1200)

1

COM1

fopen(ser); R fwrite(ser,'B')

fclose(ser);

delete(ser);

clear ser;

usb IMAQHWINFO(2) vid=videoinput('winvideo',2,'RGB24_160x120'); 160x120 R,G,B

preview(vid) for i=1:200 I=getsnapshot(vid);

RGB24

End

vid=videoinput('winvideo',2,'RGB24_160x120'); preview(vid) I=getsnapshot(vid); a=I(1:15,5:20); fa=mean(mean(a));

Object Detection By White Filter clear; colorimg=imread('white lines.bmp'); imshow(colorimg); title('original image'); pause;

%load color image.

%dissect image for a=1:1:170 %ys for b=1:1:228 %x s %must cast intensities from uint8 to uint16 since they will %overflow 2^8 limit when added together red=cast(colorimg(a,b,1),'uint16'); %get red intensity green=cast(colorimg(a,b,2),'uint16'); %get green intensity blue=cast(colorimg(a,b,3),'uint16'); %get blue intensity

%cast back to uint8 for standard intensity image format gsimage(a,b)=cast((red+green+blue)/3,'uint8'); end end

%whites-only filter thresholdw=input('Whites-only intensity threshold: '); for a=1:1:170 for b=1:1:228 %all three color intensities must be higher than thresholdw if (colorimg(a,b,1) rel="nofollow"> thresholdw) && (colorimg(a,b,2) > thresholdw) && (colorimg(a,b,3) > thresholdw) %if white detected, copy original pixel woimage(a,b,1)=colorimg(a,b,1); woimage(a,b,2)=colorimg(a,b,2); woimage(a,b,3)=colorimg(a,b,3); else %otherwise make pixel black woimage(a,b,1)=0; woimage(a,b,2)=0; woimage(a,b,3)=0; end end end imshow(woimage); title('whites-only image');

%detect white pixels. for a=1:2:170 %only scan every other line. for b=1:1:228 if woimage(a,b) ~= 0 %calculate position as percentage of entire width or height ypos = [num2str(floor(a/170*1000)/10) '%']; xpos = [num2str(floor(b/228*1000)/10) '%']; stroutput=['Object detected at x=' ypos ' y=' xpos] break; %skip to next line after first positive pixel found end end end

clc p=input('enter your path : ') path=char(p); i=imread(path); [l,c,d]=size(i); for a=1:l for b=1:c red(a,b)=i(a,b,1); green(a,b)=i(a,b,2); blue(a,b)=i(a,b,3); end end %redPHOTO for a=1:l for b=1:c rphoto(a,b,1)=i(a,b,1); rphoto(a,b,2)=0; rphoto(a,b,3)=0; end end %greenPHOTO for a=1:l for b=1:c gphoto(a,b,1)=0; gphoto(a,b,2)=i(a,b,2)/255; gphoto(a,b,3)=0; end end %bluePHOTO for a=1:l for b=1:c bphoto(a,b,1)=0; bphoto(a,b,2)=0; bphoto(a,b,3)=i(a,b,3)/255; end end

imshow(rphoto) figure imshow(gphoto) figure imshow(bphoto)