Markings Airports
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- Pages: 31
Airport Markings and Lighting
Dr. A. A. Trani Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Associate Director of NEXTOR
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, VA April 21, 2003
Virginia Tech
1 of 31
Outline of this Presentation •
A human factors problem
•
How important are markings
•
Why standardized markings
•
Various marking schemes
•
Lights
•
Approach light types
•
Signage
Virginia Tech
2 of 31
A Human Factors Problem •
Cockpit visibility is an issue during approach and landing operations
•
Aircraft usually fly a 3 degree approach slope but the actual fuselage deck angle might be 7-10 degrees with the horizontal
Aircraft Visibility Cone Flight Path Runway Virginia Tech
3 of 31
Aircraft Approach Attitude Consider the aircraft attitude during the landing roll on why markings are important B727-200 Flare
Touchdown Markings
Virginia Tech
4 of 31
Runway Markings •
For detailed information refer to FAA Advisory Circular 150/5340-1H
•
There are six basic runway markings: • • • • •
Runway designation Centerline Threshold markers Touchdown zone Side stripes
•
Two runway ends can have different runway markings
•
When runways intersect use runway marking precedence rules (see page 3 in AC 150/5340-1H) Virginia Tech
5 of 31
Runway Markings (FAA) There are three basic runway marking arrangements
Virginia Tech
6 of 31
Runway Markings Threshold Marks Runway Identification Number Touchdown Marks (1000 ft.) Runway Edge Marks Runway Centerline Marks
Runway Turnoff Runway Shoulder
Virginia Tech
7 of 31
Table for Runway Markings
Source: FAA AC 150/5340-1H Virginia Tech
8 of 31
Runway Designation Markings •
Designates the runway magnetic azimuth (remember to divide by 10)
•
White color
Virginia Tech
9 of 31
Runway Designation Markings Runway CL Marks
150 ft Runway Number 20-30 ft Threshold Markers Virginia Tech
10 of 31
Runway Threshold Markings •
Two configurations:
•
Configuration A - Fixed number of threshold stripes (8)
•
Configuration B - Variable number of threshold stripes
Virginia Tech
11 of 31
Runway Aiming Point Markings •
Provide guidance on where to land on the runway
•
Typically start 1,020 ft. from the runway threshold (an allowance of +/- 200 ft. is possible if runway intersections are to be avoided)
•
Two large rectangular markings (150 x 30 ft.)
•
White color
•
For narrow runways reduce the width proportionately. No reduction in length is needed.
Virginia Tech
12 of 31
Runway Aiming Point Markings
Aiming Point Markers
1,020 ft.
Threshold Markers
Virginia Tech
13 of 31
Runway Touchdown Zone Markings •
Identify touchdown zone areas
•
Groups of one, two and three rectangular bars
Runway TD Markers
150 ft Runway Number Virginia Tech
14 of 31
Runway Side Stripes Markings •
Delineate the runway from surrounding terrain
•
Part of the usable runway
•
36 inches in width for runways 100 ft. or wider
•
18 inches if runway width is less than 100 ft.
•
Extend to the displaced threshold (if available)
Virginia Tech
15 of 31
Runway Side Stripe Markings Runway CL Marks Runway Side Stripe Markings
CL Taxiway
Virginia Tech
16 of 31
High-Speed Exit Markings
Runway CL Marks
CL Taxiway
Virginia Tech
17 of 31
HS Exit Markings HS exits deserve special attention because they are seldom used at the design speed by pilots
REDIM 3520 Geometry 35 m/s Design Exit Speed 20 Degree Exit Angle
Virginia Tech
18 of 31
Holding Line Markers •
Delineate positions on taxiways where pilots are expected to hold short of the runway
•
Also used in Landing and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) - operations in intersecting runways
Source: Table 4 in FAA AC 150/5340-1H Virginia Tech
19 of 31
Taxiway Markings Taxiway markings provide guidance during good and bad weather conditions (note the yellow markings) Cessna 650 Holding Line Marks Taxiway Centerline Markings
Virginia Tech
20 of 31
Approach Lights •
Provide navigation guidance to the runway
•
Vertical and lateral guidance
•
Several types of approach lighting systems have been developed
•
Check technical specifications at Honeywell web site at http://airportsystems.honeywell.com/airfieldlighting/ productfamilies/approachlights
Virginia Tech
21 of 31
Approach Lights Categories •
ALSF I and II - single and three intensity lighting system (typically 2,400 ft. or longer)
•
MALSF - medium intensity lighting system (1,400 ft.)
•
ODALS - Omnidirectional approach lighting systems
•
SSALR - high-intensity lighting system (2,400 ft.)
•
MALSR - medium intensity system (2,400 ft.)
•
MALS - medium intensity system (1,400 ft.)
Virginia Tech
22 of 31
Typical Approach Lights The approach lights provide roll guidance during landing (very important during low visibility operations)
2000 ft
Virginia Tech
3000 ft
23 of 31
Sample View from the Cockpit Another sample of precision approach lights as viewed from 1000 ft (note the color of these lights) HS Exits Touchdown Lights Runway End Identififier Lights (REIL)
Virginia Tech
24 of 31
Detail of High Speed Exit Lights HS exit lights are shown in more detail in this figure
HS Exit Lights Touchdown Lights REIL
Virginia Tech
25 of 31
Placement of Runway Touchdown Lights Runway lights are flushed on runways to avoid damage to the aircraft landing gear Mounting Support
17” inch PCC Runway
26 inches
Virginia Tech
26 of 31
Runway Light Fixtures (RLF) RLF are frangible structures located near the runway or taxiway shoulders Shoulder
Light Fixture
Virginia Tech
27 of 31
Apron Lights Apron areas need to be properly lighted to help pilots guide aircraft under adverse weather conditions UPS Boeing 747 PW JT9D-7R Engine
Virginia Tech
28 of 31
Apron Lights (Deicing Crane) Deicing sections near runways or aprons have to be properly lighted to avoid ground collisions Adjustable Deicing Crane at UPS Facility
245 ft
Virginia Tech
29 of 31
Airport Signs Airport signs are very important to provide guidance on runways, taxiways and apron areas
36 inches
Virginia Tech
30 of 31
Runway Length Markers Remaining runway markers are very critical to pilots during takeoff roll manuevers
In this case the remaining runway is 6,000 ft long
Virginia Tech
31 of 31
Dr. A. A. Trani Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Associate Director of NEXTOR
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, VA April 21, 2003
Virginia Tech
1 of 31
Outline of this Presentation •
A human factors problem
•
How important are markings
•
Why standardized markings
•
Various marking schemes
•
Lights
•
Approach light types
•
Signage
Virginia Tech
2 of 31
A Human Factors Problem •
Cockpit visibility is an issue during approach and landing operations
•
Aircraft usually fly a 3 degree approach slope but the actual fuselage deck angle might be 7-10 degrees with the horizontal
Aircraft Visibility Cone Flight Path Runway Virginia Tech
3 of 31
Aircraft Approach Attitude Consider the aircraft attitude during the landing roll on why markings are important B727-200 Flare
Touchdown Markings
Virginia Tech
4 of 31
Runway Markings •
For detailed information refer to FAA Advisory Circular 150/5340-1H
•
There are six basic runway markings: • • • • •
Runway designation Centerline Threshold markers Touchdown zone Side stripes
•
Two runway ends can have different runway markings
•
When runways intersect use runway marking precedence rules (see page 3 in AC 150/5340-1H) Virginia Tech
5 of 31
Runway Markings (FAA) There are three basic runway marking arrangements
Virginia Tech
6 of 31
Runway Markings Threshold Marks Runway Identification Number Touchdown Marks (1000 ft.) Runway Edge Marks Runway Centerline Marks
Runway Turnoff Runway Shoulder
Virginia Tech
7 of 31
Table for Runway Markings
Source: FAA AC 150/5340-1H Virginia Tech
8 of 31
Runway Designation Markings •
Designates the runway magnetic azimuth (remember to divide by 10)
•
White color
Virginia Tech
9 of 31
Runway Designation Markings Runway CL Marks
150 ft Runway Number 20-30 ft Threshold Markers Virginia Tech
10 of 31
Runway Threshold Markings •
Two configurations:
•
Configuration A - Fixed number of threshold stripes (8)
•
Configuration B - Variable number of threshold stripes
Virginia Tech
11 of 31
Runway Aiming Point Markings •
Provide guidance on where to land on the runway
•
Typically start 1,020 ft. from the runway threshold (an allowance of +/- 200 ft. is possible if runway intersections are to be avoided)
•
Two large rectangular markings (150 x 30 ft.)
•
White color
•
For narrow runways reduce the width proportionately. No reduction in length is needed.
Virginia Tech
12 of 31
Runway Aiming Point Markings
Aiming Point Markers
1,020 ft.
Threshold Markers
Virginia Tech
13 of 31
Runway Touchdown Zone Markings •
Identify touchdown zone areas
•
Groups of one, two and three rectangular bars
Runway TD Markers
150 ft Runway Number Virginia Tech
14 of 31
Runway Side Stripes Markings •
Delineate the runway from surrounding terrain
•
Part of the usable runway
•
36 inches in width for runways 100 ft. or wider
•
18 inches if runway width is less than 100 ft.
•
Extend to the displaced threshold (if available)
Virginia Tech
15 of 31
Runway Side Stripe Markings Runway CL Marks Runway Side Stripe Markings
CL Taxiway
Virginia Tech
16 of 31
High-Speed Exit Markings
Runway CL Marks
CL Taxiway
Virginia Tech
17 of 31
HS Exit Markings HS exits deserve special attention because they are seldom used at the design speed by pilots
REDIM 3520 Geometry 35 m/s Design Exit Speed 20 Degree Exit Angle
Virginia Tech
18 of 31
Holding Line Markers •
Delineate positions on taxiways where pilots are expected to hold short of the runway
•
Also used in Landing and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) - operations in intersecting runways
Source: Table 4 in FAA AC 150/5340-1H Virginia Tech
19 of 31
Taxiway Markings Taxiway markings provide guidance during good and bad weather conditions (note the yellow markings) Cessna 650 Holding Line Marks Taxiway Centerline Markings
Virginia Tech
20 of 31
Approach Lights •
Provide navigation guidance to the runway
•
Vertical and lateral guidance
•
Several types of approach lighting systems have been developed
•
Check technical specifications at Honeywell web site at http://airportsystems.honeywell.com/airfieldlighting/ productfamilies/approachlights
Virginia Tech
21 of 31
Approach Lights Categories •
ALSF I and II - single and three intensity lighting system (typically 2,400 ft. or longer)
•
MALSF - medium intensity lighting system (1,400 ft.)
•
ODALS - Omnidirectional approach lighting systems
•
SSALR - high-intensity lighting system (2,400 ft.)
•
MALSR - medium intensity system (2,400 ft.)
•
MALS - medium intensity system (1,400 ft.)
Virginia Tech
22 of 31
Typical Approach Lights The approach lights provide roll guidance during landing (very important during low visibility operations)
2000 ft
Virginia Tech
3000 ft
23 of 31
Sample View from the Cockpit Another sample of precision approach lights as viewed from 1000 ft (note the color of these lights) HS Exits Touchdown Lights Runway End Identififier Lights (REIL)
Virginia Tech
24 of 31
Detail of High Speed Exit Lights HS exit lights are shown in more detail in this figure
HS Exit Lights Touchdown Lights REIL
Virginia Tech
25 of 31
Placement of Runway Touchdown Lights Runway lights are flushed on runways to avoid damage to the aircraft landing gear Mounting Support
17” inch PCC Runway
26 inches
Virginia Tech
26 of 31
Runway Light Fixtures (RLF) RLF are frangible structures located near the runway or taxiway shoulders Shoulder
Light Fixture
Virginia Tech
27 of 31
Apron Lights Apron areas need to be properly lighted to help pilots guide aircraft under adverse weather conditions UPS Boeing 747 PW JT9D-7R Engine
Virginia Tech
28 of 31
Apron Lights (Deicing Crane) Deicing sections near runways or aprons have to be properly lighted to avoid ground collisions Adjustable Deicing Crane at UPS Facility
245 ft
Virginia Tech
29 of 31
Airport Signs Airport signs are very important to provide guidance on runways, taxiways and apron areas
36 inches
Virginia Tech
30 of 31
Runway Length Markers Remaining runway markers are very critical to pilots during takeoff roll manuevers
In this case the remaining runway is 6,000 ft long
Virginia Tech
31 of 31
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