Development Of Ports

Welcome to the Lecture on Docks & Harbors

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The Presenter Engr. Sohail Bashir B.E (Civil), NEDUET, M.S (Transportation), NEDUET M.S (Coastal, Estuarial and Harbour Engineering), IHE, Delft, The Netherlands, C.I (Dredging) IADC,Hague, The Netherlands, C.I (Environmental Engg.), Osaka, Japan 2

Ports & Harbor in Pakistan 3

Contents of Presentation Section – I Section – II Section – III Section – IV Section – V

: Introduction : Field of Studies in Coastal & Harbor Engineering : The General Aspects of P &H : Ports & Harbors in Pakistan : Video Presentations - Dredging - Construction of Storm Surge Barrier (Hydraulic Structure) at Netherlands. 4

SECTION – I

INTRODUCTION 5

Introduction The Coastal & Harbor Engineering is the application of basic engineering principles to the planning, design, construction and management of structures that are subject to marine environments. 6

Introduction The Coastal & Harbor Engineering provides practically – based education for graduate and practicing engineers interested in the design, construction and maintenance of civil works in the off- shore and coastal zones as well as in estuaries, ports and harbors. 7

Introduction The physical phenomena of the sea and the coast in particular coastal morphology are emphasized in the subjects related to coastal engineering. 8

Introduction The study of coastal defense works, sea dikes, sea outfalls & intakes, offshore jetties planning, design & construction of ports form an important element of the Coastal & Harbor Engineering. 9

Introduction The curriculum of Coastal & Harbor Engineering focuses on applied geotechniques & foundation engineering and construction aspects of hydraulic structures. Exercise on Sheet pile design, Slope stability, Breakwater and Quay wall design form a key element of the curriculum. 10

Introduction Furthermore, subjects such as Environment, informatics, Sediment transport, Hydrographic survey, Dredging, Inland Navigation, Port management and Project management are also included in the curriculum of Coastal & Harbor Engineering. 11

Introduction NEED Pakistan has a coast line of more than 900 KM. ◆ It is extended in the region of Arabian sea and Persian gulf. ◆ Due to shortage of Engineering manpower in this area, Pakistan has not been able to take full benefits of this gift of nature. ◆

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Introduction NEED Pakistan has always relied upon the expatriates for the design of ports & harbors, offshore petroleum extraction & design of coastal and offshore structures. 13

Introduction NEED This is due to the reason that non of the Engineering University of Pakistan has ever embark upon to offer a program of study in this area of need. Now, NEDUET has embark upon to meet the need of Pakistan by offering Master’s Program in Coastal & Harbor Engineering. 14

Introduction If proper planning is not done at this stage to develop expertise in this field, it is feared that Pakistan may not be able to take full benefits of upcoming port related project such as Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara & Keti Bunder. 15

Introduction For effective utilization of indigenous manpower & resources it is a must that we should train properly qualified professional in this field for long them construction, operation and maintenance of these facilities.

Hence there exist a promising market for absorption of these expertise.

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Section – II Field of Studies in Coastal & Harbor Engineering

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Section – II Ocean & Coastal Engineering Port Planning and Design Coastal Processes Coastal Management Soil Mechanics in Coastal Engineering 18

Section – II Marine Geology Marine Dredging Offshore Engineering Analysis Computational Hydraulics Design of Marine Structures Marine Pollution & Control 19

Section – II Environmental Aspects of Coasts and Harbors. Coastal and Offshore Engineering. Geo-technical & Foundation Engineering for Marine Structures. 20

Section – II Structural Design Of Marine Structures. Port Engineering Oceanography Port Navigation & Project Management. 21

PORT PLANNING AND DESIGN Master planning of ports. Planning Of Bulk Terminals. Port Administration. Port Management Port Structures Port planning Marine Transport Merchant Shipping 22

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF COASTS AND HARBORS. Water Resources Development Environmental Aspects Of Harbors. Environmental Impact Assessment. Prevention and Combat of Oil Spills. Pollution. Ocean & Coastal Environment and Conservation

Maritime Environment.

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COASTAL AND OFFSHORE ENGINEERING. Coastal and Offshore Engineering. Tides and Tidal Currents. Salt Intrusion and Density Currents. Short Waves & Ocean Waves. Sediment Transport. Ocean Engineering Coastal Zone Management. Estuary Engineering 24

GEOTECHNICS & FOUNDATION ENGINEERING FOR MARINE STRUCTURES.

Soil Mechanics & Soil Investigations. Marine Geo-technical Investigations. Groundwater Flow. Building Pits. Foundation Engineering. Sheet Pile Design. Slope Stability. Quay Wall Design. 25

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MARINE STRUCTURES. Basic Structural Analysis. Ship Dynamic Design of Offshore Structures. Offshore Berthing Structure Breakwater Design 26

PORT ENGINEERING Access Channels. Dikes, Revetments & Tidal Channels. Barriers & Outlet Sluices. Sea Outfalls & Intakes. Navigation Locks. Berthing Fenders. Inland Navigation. 27

Dredging, Port Navigation & Project Management. Dredging & Dredging Equipment. Dredging And Reclamation For Port and Harbor Management. Heavy Duty Pavement for Ports. Aids To Navigation. Hydrographic Surveys. Projects Management Project Planning and Economics. 28

Oceanography ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆

Oceanography Ocean Engineering Wave Mechanics. Ocean Materials. Design Of Ocean Engineering Facilities. Underwater & Moored System Design. Dynamic Of Offshore Structures.

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Section – III The General Aspects

of Port & Harbors 30

The General Aspects of P & H The word port can be used for any place where goods or passengers are transferred from one mode of transport to one or more other modes. For example, seaports, inland ports, airports, but also stations (railway ports), truck- terminals,etc. 31

The General Aspects of P & H The word port is usually connected in our mind with a place where goods (and / or passengers) are transferred from waterborne modes to land-borne modes such as trucks, railway cars, pipelines, etc. or vice-versa. More specifically: a sea port is the place where seagoing vessels are being loaded and / or unloaded. 32

The General Aspects of P & H A seaport is a very important element in the economic and social life of a country or region. Through the port, access to the world markets may be obtained for the country's export-produces and the necessary imports may be received in the most economic way, saving foreign currency. Furthermore, under certain conditions, the port itself can be an important source of foreign currency earnings. 33

The General Aspects of P & H It is also clear that the port, a particularly the general-cargo port can provide many and varied jobs, directly or indirectly connected with the loading / unloading of ships and the distribution of the goods. 34

The General Aspects of P & H A port can only be benefit to the country and the people when it is

properly laid-out sufficiently equipped and operated efficiently, so that the ships and the goods they carry can be handled safely and

efficiently.

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The General Aspects of P & H

Technological improvements in recent years have made it essential to plan the transportation system of a developing country as a whole, in order to achieve a balance between the capacities of the various parts. 36

The General Aspects of P & H Planning a sea-port without considering the connecting road, Rail and barge facilities may lead to serious faults in national communications. This is particularly true in the case of developing countries, in many of which the freight traffic is rapidly growing and changing. 37

The General Aspects of P & H

Within the ports sector, a balanced plan is needed for each class of maritime traffic. The number of ports their specialization and their location have to be considered. 38

The General Aspects of P & H Recent development trends in port engineering are characterized by the need to accommodate vessels with greater drafts. Tankers for crude oil have reached close to 0.6 million DWT (dead weight tons). Ore carriers of almost 0.4 million DWT have been built. 39

The General Aspects of P & H The largest container vessels are now 50,000 to 60,000 DWT with space to hold about 4,000 TEU containers with speeds up to 32 knots. Unitized transport by containers and pallets including roll-on roll-off (ro/ro) transport has also expanded rapidly. 40

The General Aspects of P & H This has required the development of special port installations and transportation systems. It has also contributed to the development of a new port engineering field called "terminal technology," which concerns use of marine terminals for a great variety of purposes. 41

The General Aspects of P & H Port development for bulk carriers includes facilities for mooring of tankers in the open sea either at buoys or at platforms with no connection to land other than a pipeline for loading and unloading oil. Open sea loading terminals for ore carriers are usually connected to land by a bridge structure carrying conveyors and other necessary installations. 42

The General Aspects of P & H It should be noted that in any industry the cost of a manufactured article depends upon the price of the raw material delivered to the manufacturer, i.e., the cost of the material itself at source plus transport charges. With steel, it has been estimated that about half the cost is accounted for by the delivery cost of the materials. Thus, the lower the delivery cost for raw materials from source to works, the more competitive will be the price of the finished article.

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The General Aspects of P & H Unit transport has become the most aggressive mode of transportation during recent decades, and its volume is increasing steadily. Lately, the developing countries have entered the race, and are seeking rational transports in units of still increasing dimensions. 44

The General Aspects of P & H Rational handling of cargo is an important development. The key word to rational cargo handling is unitizing. Before any improvement can be obtained, the cargo must be consolidated into larger units suitable for mechanical handling. There are two main systems of unitized cargo: the container system and the pallet system 45

Section – IV

Ports & Harbors in Pakistan 46

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Ports & Harbors in Pakistan

KARACHI PORT

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Ports & Harbors in Pakistan HISTORY OF KARACHI PORT ◆

Karachi due to its geographical and strategic location is known as the gateway to Asia and considered as a safe Harbor since long.

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However, the existing Port started taking shape in 1854, when the projects of dredging the main navigable channel and the construction of a mole or causeway joining the main harbor with the rest of the city were undertaken. 49

Ports & Harbors in Pakistan About 5 years later, construction of Manora Breakwater was started. The construction of the wharves started in 1882. Most of these facilities were obsolete by the time Pakistan came into existence in 1947. 50

Ports & Harbors in Pakistan Since then, the port administration has embarked on extensive development of the port on modern lines. The 12 km long marked channel dredged from 11 to 13m provides for day and night access to east / west wharves and oil piers. 51

Ports & Harbors in Pakistan At the time of independence in 1947, the Port capacity was about 1.5 million tons of dry cargo and 1.0 million tons of P.O.L. products per annum. Karachi Port is now handling over 14 million tons of liquid cargo and 12 million tons of dry cargo. 52

Ports & Harbors in Pakistan The port is known for handling of molasses, rice, fertilizer, steel, general cargo and various liquid products. Two private container terminal with all modern facilities caters to the needs of containerized trade. 53

Ports & Harbors in Pakistan The Port also has plans in hand to further upgrade existing facilities and undertake new projects to facilitate the shipping and trade.

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Ports & Harbors in Pakistan To meet the future challenges and accommodate big vessels, which were presently in use, KPT is planning for establishment of an 18-metre deep draft container terminal at the Keamari Groyne. A total of 10 berths were being envisaged in three stages and the terminal would have 3,500 meters quay wall. 55

Ports & Harbors in Pakistan The first phase would see a 700 meters quay wall complemented by two break waters and a 600-metre wide channel for smooth turning of ships. A large number of foreign companies are showing keen interest in this project for which dedicated road shows were currently going on for interested parties. 56

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Thank You

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