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CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS

JAMES E. WHITE

Junabel Esper A. Manuel

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CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS By: James E. White

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-JamesWhite/dp/0495553204/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235317352&sr=8-1 To defend one is not to defend the other. We may assume – quite properly, if my analysis has been correct – that the virtue of beneficence does, and indeed should, occupy an important place in the moral institution of life. Learning Expectations: I expect to learn the definition of egoism and moral scepticism. Egoism and Moral Scepticism – James Rachels Review: It was mentioned in this chapter that, our ordinary thinking about morality is full of assumptions that we almost never question. There are these sceptical views that were suggested by Glaucon that have come to be knows as psychological egoism and ethical egoism. Psychological egoism, as mentioned in this chapter, is the view that all men are selfish in everything that they do, that the only motive that anyone ever act is self-interest. Glaucon’s point here is that even if people act the way that benefits others, people are motivated to do that because of the belief that if they act this way it will be for their own advantage. In contrast, Ethical egoism is a normative view about how men ought to act. It was stated in this chapter that, regardless of how men behave, they have no obligation to do anything except what is in their own interests. The author, James Rachels, mentioned also about the confusion of selfishness with self-interests. The author said that it is not the same. He also mentioned that, selfish behavior is a behavior that ignores the interests of others. Also, the author mentioned about the fallacy regarding every action done is either from self-interest or from other-regarding motives. In example that he gave, he said that a man who continues to smoke cigarettes even after knowing the connection of cigars with cancer, is said that he’s not acting from self-interest. Self-interest would dictate that he quit smoking. He continues smoking because of the pleasure of it. The author said that what the man shows us is the undisciplined pleasureseeking.

Lesson Learned: I learned that there are two types of egoism; psychological egoism and ethical egoism. I also learned the difference between the two. In this chapter I also learned about selfishness and self-interest and how the two differs.

Integrative Questions: 1. What is egoism? 2. What is moral scepticism? 3. What is psychological egoism? 4. What is ethical egoism? 5. Is egoism right?

CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS By: James E. White

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-JamesWhite/dp/0495553204/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235317352&sr=8-1

Even if we agree that God loves justice or kindness because of their nature, not arbitrarily, there still remains a sense in which God could change morality even having rejected the divine command theory. Learning Expectations: I expect to learn the definition of egoism and moral scepticism. Religion, Morality and Conscience – John Arthur Review: It was mentioned in this chapter that, religion is often said necessary so that people will do right. Therefore it is said to be necessary because it provides motivation to do the right thing. It was also mentioned in this chapter that if we are to use revelation as a moral guide, we must know first what is to count as revelation. God made us and the entire world. Because of that he has an absolute claim on our obedience. It was also stated in this chapter that many philosophers have felt that morality rests on its own perfectly sound footing, be it reason, human nature or natural sentiments. The divine command theory faces other problems as well. Morality is said to be influenced by religion. The author also mentioned that morality is social. It governs relationships among people, defining our responsibilities to others and theirs to us. Morality is said to provide standards that we rely in gauging interactions with our family, lovers, friends, fellow citizens and even strangers. Also, it was mentioned in this chapter that, morality is indeed social since we are subject to criticism by others for our actions. We discuss with the people around us what we should do and hear from them if our decisions are acceptable. Blame and praise are central feature of morality. The author mentioned in this chapter that morality is inherently social. It depends on socially learned language. It is learned from interactions with others and governs interactions with others in society. God might play a role in moral reflection and conscience. For the religious person, conscience would almost certainly include the imagined reaction of God along with the reactions of others who might be affected by the action. For a religious person, morality and God’s will cannot be separated.

Lesson Learned: I learned how morality, religion and conscience influence each other. Integrative Questions: 1. What is the connection between religion morality and conscience? 2. Is morality necessary in religion? 3. How is morality connected with conscience? 4. What is conscience? 5. Is morality influence by religion?

CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS By: James E. White

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-JamesWhite/dp/0495553204/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235317352&sr=8-1 The noble soul accepts the fact of his egoism without question, and also without consciousness of harshness, constraint, or arbitrariness therein, but rather as something that may have its basis in the primary law of things – if he sought a designation for it he would say: “it is justice itself” Learning Expectations: I think this chapter overviews morality found in a master and a slave. Master- and Slave-Morality – Friedrich Nietzsche Review: Friedrich Nietzsche mentioned that the essential thing in a good and healthy aristocracy is that it should not regard itself as a function either of the kingship or the commonwealth but as the significance and the highest justification that it should accept with a good conscience. Its fundamental belief must be precisely that society is not allowed to exist for its own sake but only as a foundation and scaffolding be means of which a select class of beings may be able to elevate themselves to their higher duties and in general to a higher existence. One is said to think profoundly to the very basis and resist all sentimental weakness: life itself is essentially appropriation, injury, and conquest of the strange and weak, suppression, severity, obtrusions of peculiar forms, incorporation and at the least putting it mildest exploitation. It is obvious that everywhere the designations of moral value were at first applied to men, and were only derivatively and at a later period applied to actions. Slave morality is essentially the morality of utility. Here is the seat of the origin of the famous antithesis “good” and “evil”. It is an additional instance of his egoism, this artfulness and self-limitation in intercourse with his equals every star is a similar egoist. He honours himself in them and in the rights which he concedes to them he has no doubt that the exchange of honours and rights.

Lesson Learned: I learned something about the master and slave morality and how it affects egoist. Also, I learned something about justification and good conscience.

Integrative Questions: 1. What is Master-Morality? 2. What is Slave-Morality? 3. How is the two connected? 4. How does master and slave morality differ? 5. What advantages do master and slave get?

CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS By: James E. White

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-JamesWhite/dp/0495553204/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235317352&sr=8-1 We call our society “the information society” because of the pivotal role played by intellectual, intangible assets (knowledge-based economy), information-intensive services (business and property services, communications, finance, and insurance), and public sectors (education, public administration, health care). Learning Expectations: I think this chapter overviews things about how and when was the foundation of Internet and things about Information Ethics and how you can relate those two with each other. Trying Out One’s New Sword – Mary Midgley Review: The authors own impression is that she believes that outsiders can in principle deliver perfectly good indictments. She mentioned something about how moral isolationism forbids us to form any opinions on these matters. Its ground for doing so is that we don't understand them. Our efforts to do so will be much damaged if we are really deprived of our opinions about other societies, because these provide the range of comparison, the spectrum of alternatives against which we set what we want to understand. Moral isolationism would lay down a general ban on moral reasoning. This is the programme of immoralism and it carries a distressing logical difficulty. The author mentioned also that, immoralists like Niewtzsche are actually just a rather specialized sect of moralist. They cannot afford to put moralizing out of business than smugglers can afford to abolish customer regulations. The power of moral judgement for Mary is in fact not a luxury not a perverse indulgence of the self-righteous. It is said to be a necessity. Real moral scepticism is said that can lead only to inaction. Isolating barriers simply cannot arise here. The author also said that if we accept something as a serious moral truth about one culture, we can’t refuse to apply it. However, to other cultures as well, wherever circumstance admit it. If we refuse to do this, we just are not taking the other culture seriously. The universal predicament has been obscured by the fact that anthropologists used to concentrate largely on very small and remote cultures, which did not seem to have this problem. The

author mentioned also that if there were really an isolating barrier our own culture could never have been formed. The moral isolationist’s picture of separate, unmixable cultures is quite unreal.

Lesson Learned: I learned something about respecting other’s culture, something about barriers. I also learned what moral isolationism is and hat real moral scepticism is.

Integrative Questions: 1. What is universal predicament? 2. What is real moral scepticism? 3. Who are the immoralists mentioned by the author? 4. How powerful is moral judgement? 5. What is moral judgement?

CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS By: James E. White

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-JamesWhite/dp/0495553204/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235317352&sr=8-1 By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure. Learning Expectations: I think this chapter overviews the definition of utilitarianism and how it affect us and how it affect our interaction with other people. Utilitarianism – John Stuart Mill Review: The author said that if he is asked what he means by different quality in pleasures, or what makes one pleasure more valuable than another, except its being greater in amount. There is but one possible he said. Of there be one to which all or almost all who have irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to prefer it, that is the more desirable pleasure. The author said something according to the Greatest Happiness Principle, the ultimate end, with reference to and for the sake of which all other things are desirable, is an existence exempt as far as possible from pain, and as rich as possible in enjoyments, both in point of quantity and quality; the test of quality, and the rule for measuring it against quantity being the preference felt by those who in their opportunities experience to which must be added their habits of self-consciousness and self-observation. He also said that to do as you would be done by and to love your neighbor as yourself, constitute the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality. As the means of making the nearest approach to this ideal, utility would enjoin, first, that laws and social arrangements should place the happiness or the interest, of every individual, as nearly as possible in harmony with the interest of the whole The author did mention also that what was once desired as an instrument for the attainment of happiness has come to be desired for its own sake. Being desired for its own sake it is, desired as part of happiness. The person is made, or thinks he would be made, happy by its mere possession and is made unhappy by failure to obtain it.

Virtue according to the utilitarian conception is a good of this description. The utilitarian standard tolerates and approves those other acquired desires, up to the point beyond which they would be more injurious to the general happiness than promotive of it.

Lesson Learned: I learned what utilitarian is and what it does to people. I also believe that utilitarian is a good thing because for me, utilitarian means that you are being serviceable or useful to others.

Integrative Questions: 1. What is virtue? 2. What is utilitarianism? 3. What is moral obligation? 4. How is virtue related to utilitarianism? 5. What is utilitarian morality?

CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS By: James E. White

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-JamesWhite/dp/0495553204/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235317352&sr=8-1 The utilitarian doctrine is that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other things being desirable as means to the end. Learning Expectations: I think this chapter overviews the both sides of utilitarianism. The good effect it brings and also I this chapter will discuss the disadvantage it has. The Debate over Utilitarianism – James Rachels Review: The author said that the right actions are those that produce the greatest possible balance of happiness over unhappiness. Is happiness the only thing that matters? This is the one of the questions asked in this chapter. Right actions are the ones that produce the most good. But then again this chapter asks what is good? The classical utilitarian reply is: one thing and one thing only, happiness. The idea that happiness is the one ultimate good is knows as Hedonism. It has always been an attractive theory because of its beautiful simplicity, and because it expresses the intuitively plausible notion that things are good or bad only on account of the way they makes us feel. This chapter mentioned also that Hedonism misunderstands the nature of happiness. Happiness is said that is not recognized as good. Instead, happiness is said to be a response of what we have to the attainment of things. Utilitarianism says that actions are defensible if they produce a favourable balance of happiness over unhappiness. Utilitarianism is said to be in some form, true. This chapter mentioned something about the line of defense. The first line of defense is pointing out that the examples used in antiutilitarian arguments are unrealistic and do not describe situations that come up in the real world. The second line of defense talks about how utilitarian comes into conflict with common sense. The second line of defense points out all this and proposes to save utilitarianism by giving it a new formulation. The last line of defense, the author said that admittedly utilitarianism does

have consequences which are incompatible with the common moral consciousness. Our moral common sense is after all not necessarily reliable. Act-utilitarianism is a perfectly defensible doctrine and does not need to be modified. Ruleutilitarianism, by contrast, is an unnecessarily watered-down version of the theory, which gives rules a greater importance that they merit.

Lesson Learned: What I learned in this chapter is that we must know what we prioritize. From there it would be easy for us to distinguish which path to choose since we already have our priorities in mind. We also maximize the use of internet and not neglect its capabilities. Internet plays a very important to most of us because it made our lives.

Integrative Questions: 1. What is Act-Utilitarianism? 2. What is anti-utilitarian? 3. What is utilitarianism? 4. How are the three related? 5. What is rule-utilitarianism?

CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS By: James E. White

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-JamesWhite/dp/0495553204/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235317352&sr=8-1

Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. Learning Expectations: I expect to learn what categorical imperative is. The Categorical Imperative – Immanuel Kant Review: The author mentioned something about, good will. It is said that it is impossible to conceive anything at all in the world, or even out of it, which can be taken as good without qualification, except a good will. Intelligence, wit, judgement and any other talents of the mind we may care to name of courage, resolution and constancy of purpose, as qualities of temperament are without a doubt good and desirable in many respects. A good will said to be not good because of what is effects or accomplishes because of its fitness for attaining some proposed end. Also, it was stated that, the moral worth of an action does not depend on the result expected from it and so too does not depend on any principle of action that needs to borrow its motive from this expected result. This chapter mentioned also that if all imperatives of duty can be derived from this one imperative as their principle, then even although we leave it unsettled whether what we call duty may not be an empty concept, we shall still be able to show at least what we understand by ti and what the concept means. The author pointed out also that the will is conceived as a power of determining oneself to action in accordance with the idea of certain laws. He also mentioned something about the practical imperative will therefore be as follows: Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means but always at the same time as an end.

Lesson Learned: I learned something about categorical imperative. I learned what it means and I learned something about good will.

Integrative Questions: 1. What is good will? 2. What is categorical imperative? 3. What is impossible to conceive? 4. How is good will connected to categorical imperative? 5. What are the moral worth of an action?

CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS By: James E. White

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-JamesWhite/dp/0495553204/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235317352&sr=8-1 Happiness is an activity of soul in accordance with perfect virtue, we must consider the nature of virtue. Learning Expectations: By its title itself, I think this chapter will discuss about happiness and virtue. I also think that the author will discuss how the contradict or affect each other. Happiness and Virtue – Aristotle Review: According to Aristotle, happiness is not pleasure, honour, or wealth. Happiness by his definition is related to virtue because based on what Aristotle said happiness is an activity of the soul with accordance with virtue. Aristotle mentioned that happiness by his definition is related to virtue. He also pointed out the two kinds of Virtue: Moral and Intellectual. He mentioned that moral virtue comes from training and habit. Also, he said that moral virtue is a state of character that is a mean between the vices of excess and deficiency. In the other hand, Aristotle defined intellectual virtue as the most perfect happiness and is found in the activity of reason or contemplation. Happiness is related to pleasure in the sense that based on what Aristotle said that most men seem to identify happiness with pleasure that is why they love the life of enjoyment. He said that moral virtue comes from training and habit. He pointed out also that moral virtue is a state of character that is a mean between the vices of excess and deficiency. In example to that is courage as a mean between the extremes of rashness and cowardice. Based on how I understand the content, I think it is possible for everyone in our society to be happy. Everyone can be happy but to what happiness is differs depending on the aspect that a certain person finds fulfilment. In example to that, for some pleasure can be a form of happiness while for others

it may be honour or wealth. There are a lot of reasons for a person to be happy and every person has different views about their own happiness.

Lesson Learned: I learned that happiness is not pleasure, honour, or wealth. Happiness by his definition is related to virtue because based on what Aristotle said happiness is an activity of the soul with accordance with virtue. Aristotle mentioned that happiness by his definition is related to virtue. He also pointed out the two kinds of Virtue: Moral and Intellectual. He mentioned that moral virtue comes from training and habit. Also, he said that moral virtue is a state of character that is a mean between the vices of excess and deficiency. In the other hand, Aristotle defined intellectual virtue as the most perfect happiness and is found in the activity of reason or contemplation. Integrative Questions: 1. What is happiness according to Aristotle? 2. What is virtue according to Aristotle? 3. How are the two connected? 4. What are the two kinds of virtue? 5. What is intellectual virtue? Happiness and Virtue: Review Questions: 1.) What is happiness according to Aristotle? How is it related to virtue? How is it related to pleasure? According to Aristotle, happiness is not pleasure, honour, or wealth. Happiness by his definition is related to virtue because based on what Aristotle said happiness is an activity of the soul with accordance with virtue. Aristotle mentioned that happiness by his definition is related to virtue. He also pointed out the two kinds of Virtue: Moral and Intellectual. He mentioned that moral virtue comes from training and habit. Also, he said that moral virtue is a state of character that is a mean between the vices of excess and deficiency. In the other hand, Aristotle defined intellectual virtue as the most perfect happiness and is found in the activity of reason or contemplation. Happiness is related to pleasure in the sense that based on what Aristotle said that most men seem to identify happiness with pleasure that is why they love the life of enjoyment. 2.) How does Aristotle explain moral virtue? Give some examples. He said that moral virtue comes from training and habit. He pointed out also that moral virtue is a state of character that is a mean between the vices of excess and deficiency. In example to that is courage as a mean between the extremes of rashness and cowardice. 3.) Is it possible for everyone in our society to be happy as Aristotle explains it? If not, who cannot be happy?

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Based on how I understand the content, I think it is possible for everyone in our society to be happy. Everyone can be happy but to what happiness is differs depending on the aspect that a certain person finds fulfilment. In example to that, for some pleasure can be a form of happiness while for others it may be honour or wealth. There are a lot of reasons for a person to be happy and every person has different views about their own happiness.

Discussion Questions: 1.) Aristotle claims that the philosopher will be happier than anyone else. Why is this? Do you agree or not? I think the reason why Aristotle claims that a philosopher will be happier than anyone else is because a philosopher is a truth-seeker. He gets to see things in life in different ways. In that way, I think a philosopher gets to appreciate everything around them because of the way they think and by appreciating things they can say that they are indeed happier than anyone else.

CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS By: James E. White

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-JamesWhite/dp/0495553204/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235317352&sr=8-1

If forcing a man to testify against himself, or forbidding him to speak, does the damage that the rights against self-incrimination and the right of free speech assume, then it would be contemptuous for the state to tell a man that he must suffer this damage against the possibility that other men’s risk for loss may be marginally reduced. Learning Expectations: I think this chapter overviews that we must know the nature and value of rights. The Nature and Value of Rights – Joel Feinberg Review: The author mentioned that there is a clear difference between saying that someone has a right to do something in this sense and saying that it is the right thing for him to do or that he does no wrong in doing it. Someone may have the right to do something that is wrong for him to do. It was said that conservatives and liberals do agree that sometimes a man does not do the wrong thing to break a law, when his conscience so requires. I think that in this chapter it points out that one must know their rights. And not everything that is for us will do well for us is a right thing to do. Sometimes things that we think that is right for us are not always right in the eyes of many. We should do right things based on what is right for many and not just what will benefit us. The author mentioned something also about organized labor, even this picture he said is now archaic. He also said that claiming that one has a right is another sort of thing once can do with language. He also mentioned that if there conceivable circumstances in which one would admit rights differently there is no doubt that their characteristic use and that for which they are distinctively well suited.

Lesson Learned: I learned that one must know the nature and value of rights. Like for example as a person we must know our rights so that we won’t let people stepping on us. Integrative Questions: 1. What is right? 2. What is the nature of rights? 3. What is the value of rights? 4. How are two connected? 5. What are the conceivable circumstances?

CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS By: James E. White

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-JamesWhite/dp/0495553204/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235317352&sr=8-1

If forcing a man to testify against himself, or forbidding him to speak, does the damage that the rights against self-incrimination and the right of free speech assume, then it would be contemptuous for the state to tell a man that he must suffer this damage against the possibility that other men’s risk for loss may be marginally reduced. Learning Expectations: I think this chapter overviews that all of us should take rights seriously because it is what defies a community and in a community I think it is right to have rights that we should abide. Taking Rights Seriously – Ronald Dworkin Review: The author mentioned that there is a clear difference between saying that someone has a right to do something in this sense and saying that it is the right thing for him to do or that he does no wrong in doing it. Someone may have the right to do something that is wrong for him to do. It was said that conservatives and liberals do agree that sometimes a man does not do the wrong thing to break a law, when his conscience so requires. I think that in this chapter it points out that one must know their rights. And not everything that is for us will do well for us is a right thing to do. Sometimes things that we think that is right for us are not always right in the eyes of many. We should do right things based on what is right for many and not just what will benefit us.

Lesson Learned:

I learned that taking right seriously is very important because it is where the harmony of a society or community depends. That is why I think it is important to know these things. I also believe that it is important that we take rights seriously because that is how we define ourselves. Integrative Questions: 1. Why should we take rights seriously? 2. Are things done by a person right? 3. How are things considered right? 4. What are the things that are considered right? 5. Knowing your rights really important?

CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS By: James E. White

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-JamesWhite/dp/0495553204/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235317352&sr=8-1 Yet a society satisfying the principles of justice as fairness comes as close as a society can to being a voluntary scheme, for it meets the principles which free and equal persons would assent to under circumstances that are fair. Learning Expectations: I think this chapter overviews regarding a theory of justice. I think this chapter will discuss that certain theory. A Theory of Justice – John Rawls Review: Justice as fairness said by the author begins. He said with one of the most general of all choices which person might make together. Our social situation is just if it is such that by this sequence of hypothetical agreements we would have contracted into the general system of rules which defines it. He also said that in working out the conception of justice as fairness one main task clearly is to determine which principles of justice would be chosen in the original position. One feature of justice as fairness is to think of the parties in the initial situation as rational and mutually disinterested. The author said also that justice as fairness is not a complete contract theory. Obviously if justice as fairness succeeds reasonably well, a next step would be to study the more general view suggested by the name rightness as fairness. John Rawls mentioned about two principles of justice. First, he said that each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others. Second, social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both reasonably expected to be to everyone’s advantage and attached to positions an offices open to all.

Lesson Learned: I learned something about justice. And I definitely agree with what John Rawls mentioned. I also learned the two principles of justice.

Integrative Questions: 1. What is justice? 2. What is the theory of justice? 3. Who is the author if this chapter? 4. Is John Rawls statements correct? 5. What is the feature of justice?

CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS By: James E. White

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-JamesWhite/dp/0495553204/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235317352&sr=8-1

If forcing a man to testify against himself, or forbidding him to speak, does the damage that the rights against self-incrimination and the right of free speech assume, then it would be contemptuous for the state to tell a man that he must suffer this damage against the possibility that other men’s risk for loss may be marginally reduced. Learning Expectations: I think this chapter overviews the need of people for justice.

The Need for More than Justice – Annette Baier Review: The author mentioned something about moral tradition which developed the concept of rights, autonomy and justice is the same tradition that provided justifications The author mentioned that there is a clear difference between saying that someone has a right to do something in this sense and saying that it is the right thing for him to do or that he does no wrong in doing it. Someone may have the right to do something that is wrong for him to do. It was said that conservatives and liberals do agree that sometimes a man does not do the wrong thing to break a law, when his conscience so requires. I think that in this chapter it points out that one must know their rights. And not everything that is for us will do well for us is a right thing to do. Sometimes things that we think that is right for us are not always right in the eyes of many. We should do right things based on what is right for many and not just what will benefit us. Justice as fairness said by the author begins. He said with one of the most general of all choices which person might make together. Our social situation is just if it is such that by this sequence of hypothetical agreements we would have contracted into the general system of rules which defines it.

He also said that in working out the conception of justice as fairness one main task clearly is to determine which principles of justice would be chosen in the original position. One feature of justice as fairness is to think of the parties in the initial situation as rational and mutually disinterested. The author said also that it is clear for her that the best moral theory has to be a cooperative product of women and men, has to harmonize justice and care.

Lesson Learned: I learned that justice should be given to people. I learned something about justice. And I definitely agree with what the author talked about.

Integrative Questions: 1. What is justice? 2. Why is there a need for more justice? 3. Is justice fair? 4. Is everything right for us just? 5. How can we know if things are just?

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Actors: Author

Flow of Events:

Pre Conditions: 1. Author should be able to upload his material first to be able to pay the fee Main Success Scenario: 1. Author has been able to upload his material 2. Author has been able to pay the fee Post Conditions 1. The Employee will now give the receipt to the author Alternative Sequence: 1. Author did not pay Title: Print Receipt

Summary: After the author has paid, the employee will now give a receipt to the author

Creation Date: February 28 2009

Modification Date:

Version: 1.0

Person-in-charge: Junabel Esper A. Manuel

Actors: Employee

Flow of Events:

Pre Conditions: 1. The author should be able to pay first Main Success Scenario: 1. Employee had given a copy of a receipt to the author Post Conditions 1. The customer will return after a month and present the receipt to be able to get his material Alternative Sequence: 1. No available employee