Majumdar

Reducing

Energy

Consump2on

Arun
Majumdar Depts.
Of
Mechanical
Engineering
&
Materials
Science
and
Engineering,
UC
Berkeley Environmental
Energy
Technologies
Division;
Materials
Sciences
Division Lawrence
Berkeley
Na2onal
Laboratory

CO2
Emissions
of
Selected
Countries

Courtesy: Steve Chu, LBL

Supply

Transmission & Distribution

Demand

Courtesy:
Lawrence
Livermore
Lab

Supply Side Berkeley Programs - Helios Project Helios Carbon dioxide

Nano science

~$80M/yr

Synthetic Biology Methanol Ethanol Hydrogen

Water

Hydrocarbons

Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI) - DOE Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI) - BP

Solar Energy Research Center (SERC) - DOE

Per
Capita
Electricity
in
the
U.S.
and
California (1960‐2001) kWh

14,000

Formation of EETD, LBL 12,000

12,000

U.S.

10,000 8,000 KWh

8,000 7,000

California 6,000

California Policy
on
Decoupling for
Investor
Owned
U>li>es

4,000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1984

1982

1980

1974

1972

1970

1968

1966

1964

1962

1960

0

1978

1976

2000

2,000

U.S.
Refrigerator
Energy
Use
vs.
Time

Buildings
MaTer Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005. Buildings use 72% of nation’s electricity and 55% of its natural gas.

By
2030,
Business
as
Usual • 16%
growth
in
electricity demand • Addi>onal
200
GW
of electricity
at
cost
of
$500‐ 1000B,
or
$25‐50B/yr

Buildings
Can
Provide Grid‐Level
Storage Senate
&
House
Tes>monies:
Google
“Majumdar
Tes>mony”;
“Michael
McQuade
Tes>mony” h\p://energy.senate.gov/public/_files/MajumdarTes>mony022609.pdf http://democrats.science.house.gov/Media/file/Commdocs/hearings/2009/Energy/28apr/McQuade _Testimony.pdf Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007

The
Opportunity

Zero Net Energy Commercial Buildings Initiative Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007

New: 80% reduction Existing: 50% reduction

China

India 8.5%/yr growth

The
Challenge Analysis of 121 LEED-Rated Buildings Low-to-Medium Energy Use Intensity Buildings

Building
codes
are
for
Design
Performance,
NOT
based
on
Measured
Performance.

The
Spread

EUI
in
kBTU/sq.Z.‐yr

Gaps • Lack
of
Measurements
&
Policies
Requiring
it • Fragmenta>on
of
Process:
Design,
Build, Delivery,
Opera>on • Fragmenta>on
of
Market

Measured
to
Design
Ra2o

Towards Zero-Net Energy

M.
Frankel,
“The
Energy
Performance
of
LEED
Buildings,”presented
at
the
Summer
Study
on
Energy
Efficient
Buildings, American
Council
of
Energy
Efficiency
Economy,
Asilomar
Conference
Center,
Pacific
Grove,
CA,
August
17‐22,
2008.

Fragmentation of Industry and Process

Need to: • Integrate process & communities • Integrate building system • Align incentives

Policy
Innova2on: Na2onal
Standards
Based
on Measured
Energy
and
Indoor Environmental
Quality
Performance

Courtesy:
World
Business
Council
for
Sustainable
Development
(WBCSD)
Report
on
Energy
Efficiency
in
Buildings,
July
2008

Systems
Approach
to
Whole
Building
Integra2on

Coopera2on
between
Sub‐Systems
to
Reduce
Overall
Energy
Consump2on Windows & Lighting

HVAC

Appliances Building Materials Natural Ventilation, Indoor Environment Onsite Power & Heat

Thermal & Electrical Storage Integrated Building Design & Operating Platform Physical Science & Engineering, Architecture, Information Science & Technology

Experience with New York Times HQ Just a start “one of a kind” new building without system integration • Construction complete, occupied June 2007 • Automated shading and daylight dimming installed and working • Extensive monitoring planned • Challenge: Adoption by others… Experimental Validation

• San
Francisco Federal Building, 800ksf

Demand
Response
Research
Center

Contact: Mary Ann Piette (LBL)

Demand
Response
Research
Center

BaTeries Specific Energy (Wh/kg)

Range

1000 IC Engine

6 4 2

100

Fuel Cells

100 h

EV goal

Li-ion PHEV goal

6 4 2

Ni-MH Lead-Acid

HEV goal

10 h

10 6 4 2

1h

1 0 10 Acceleration

Tesla
Roadster

10

1

Major
Issues: Capacitors •
Cost •
Cycle
Life 0.1 h 36 s 3.6 s •
Safety 2 3 4 •
Energy
Density 10 10 10 Specific Power (W/kg) •
Power
Density Source: Product data sheets

Gasoline
Energy
Density:
~
10,000
Whr/kg Engine
Efficiency:
 ~20‐25%

Limits Theoretical Energy Density

theoretical energy densities 6000

5200

5000 4000 2600

3000 2000

1085 365

1000 0

Lithium
ion ‐ Today

Consumer
BaTeries •
Capacity
doubled
last
16‐18
years •
Graphite
anode;
LiCoO2
cathode

18650
cells

Fundamental
understanding
of
materials at
atomic/molecular
scales
combined
with nanostructured
architecture
could
lead
to major
advances
in
baTery
technology

Zn/air

Lithium/S

Lithium
/Air

Block‐Copolymer Electrolyte

Balsara
et
al.

CO2
Capture
&
Sequestra2on Gas
 CO2
Absorber Mixture

+
H2O


CO2
Regenerator

+
H+ + R‐NH4+/Na+/Ca++

Need
catalyst
‐
carbonic
anydrase
analogs

Post‐Processing

High
Binding
Strength • High
selec>vity
and
capture
efficiency
‐ Small
Size
and
Low
Capital
Cost • High
temperature
heat
needed
for desorp>on
‐
High
Opera>ng
Cost Low‐Binding
Strength • Low
capture
efficiency
‐
high
capital
cost • Low
temperature
heat
(waste
heat)
‐
low opera>ng
cost

Thermoelectricity
&

Energy
Conversion T2

T1

Seebeck Coefficient, S = V/ΔT

b

a

V

S 2!T ZT = k

Bi2Te3

Bismuth Telluride (low efficiency, expensive)

a

History Majumdar, Science 303, 777 (2004)

Abundance
of
Elements
in
Earth
Crust

Bi2Te3

Current
state‐of‐the‐art Bi
~
$5/lb,
Te
~
$100/lb
(First
Solar
demand
explosion!) Not
enough
tellurium
in
the
earth’s
crust
to
recover
a
significant
por@on
of
waste
heat worldwide
or
wide
scale
refrigera@on Limited
efficiency
above
100°C

Electroless
Etched
Si
Nanowires Wafer-Scale Wet Etching Process Nature (2008)

Reduc>on:
Ag+
+
e‐
‐‐‐‐‐>
Ag







E0red
=
0.7996
V Oxida>on:
Si
+
6
F‐
‐‐‐‐‐>
SiF62‐
+
4
e‐


E0ox=
1.24
V Etching of Si at 50 0C in 5M HF, 0.02M AgNO3 for 1h

Amorphous Limit

Rough SiNW

D: 94 nm

EE VLS Renkun Chen, Kedar Hipalgaonkar (Majumdar Lab) Allon Hochbaum, Sean Andrews (Yang Lab)