Maize Profile

Maize profile

BY,

TO,

RAJENDRA SINGH PANWAR R08PGDM031

DR.M.PANDURANGa VITHAL ICM

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANTATION MANAGEMENT, BANGALORE

Maize

Content 1.

Introduction

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Description Overview History Classification Climatic reqvairement Growth promotional activity Maize production in world Maize production in India Market influencing factors. Major trading centre of maize. Seasonality of maize. In India. In world. Specialty of maize. Market structure of maize. Indian market.

8. 9.

Spot market of India Future market of India. World market Future market. Major player. International price influencing factors. 10. 11.

Demand & supply. World scenario. International consumption.

12. 13. 14.

Indian scenario. GMTR of maize. Import & export.

Maize

MAIZE Family: - Gramineae Genus: - Zea (Tribe: Maydeae) Species: - mays spp. Mays

Description Maize is the native grain crop of the New World where it has been cultivated in a wide range of environmental conditions from sea-level to over 3000m, from Chile to southern parts of Canada for more than 5000 years. Maize belongs to a small highly specialised tribe. It is a large annual with a single stout stem, usually 2-3m high (but can vary from 1-6m), with approximately 14 nodes. Leaves have long broad lance late blades and are large at 30150cm by 5-15cm. The terminal panicle bears only male flowers and is called the tassel; it can be up to 40cm long. The female inflorescence is ear borne in the axils of middle leaves approximately half way up the stem, 1-3 per plant. Each ear consists of a short stout axis or cob. The ear and the grains are sheathed in closely packed leaves which completely enclose the upper fertile part of the ear and originate at the base of the lower nodes of the cob. The spike is very dense with a number of vertical rows of very much reduced spikelet‟s. Pollination is made possible by the very great development of the single style of each ovary forming a long thread extending up from each flower to the apex of the husk; the numerous threads emerge as a conspicuous tuft known as the silks. The upper part of each style is receptive and wind-borne pollen germinate on its surface, the pollen tube then grows down through the whole length of the thread to reach the ovule. After pollination the silks wither

Maize

and enlargement of the grain proceeds. The husk leaves become dry and papery but remain around the mature ear.

Overview Maize is the most important crop in the world after wheat and rice. It has continued to be the leading crop in terms of production and area of land on which it has been produced during the last decade. It is as much a significant crop in the American countries like rice and wheat in Asia. Maize has a wide variety of usage too. It is used as a feed and in the production of alcoholic beverages and of food sweeteners, starch, oil and proteins. Recently, it has been discovered that maize or corn can also be used in the production of fuel. United States of America is a major corn producing country. The states in US like Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Minnesota and Indiana contributes to over 80% of the total production in US. The production of maize was 614.3 million tons in 2003 and was still rising in the later years. Consumption of corns is also on an increasing level. It is basically consumed for three uses – as food, as feed for animals and as raw material for industry. USA and China are the major maize consuming countries. As USA is the largest corn producing country, it is also the largest exporter of maize to the rest of the world. Argentina and Brazil comes on the 2nd and 3rd place. On the other hand, the major share of maize imports is constituted by:        

Japan Korea Taiwan Mexico Egypt Malaysia European Union Colombia.

History Maize has a very long and interesting history behind it. There are many stories and legends relating to the origin of corn in different cultures. Maize is considered to be a human invention, as naturally this plant cannot exist. It is believed that the people in Mexico developed this cereal from a wild grass known as „Teosinte‟ around 7000 years ago. Maize then got popular and spread in whole of the South America and some parts of North America. Even before Columbus discovered America, maize had already become a major constituent in the food of the native people. When he discovered America, maize spread to the world and got popular everywhere.

Maize

Classification Maize (Zea mays) is an annual plant which belongs to family Gramineae and Genus Zea. A Zea may L. has a normal chromosome complement of 10 pairs. It is divided into seven groups. The classification is based largely on the character of the kernels (Kipps, 1959). (1) Zea mays indurata or 'Flint corn': The endosperm in this type of maize kernel is soft and starchy in the centre and completely enclosed by a very hard outer layer. The kernels are usually rounded but are sometimes short and fiat. Colour may be white or yellow. This is the type most commonly cultivated in India. (2) Zea mays indentata or 'Dent corn': In this type of maize kernels have both hard and soft starches. The hard starch extends on the sides, and the soft starch is in the centre and extends to the top of the kernels. In the drying and shrinking of the soft starch, various forms and degrees of indentation result. This is the most common type of maize grown in USA (3) Zea mays everta or 'Pop corn': It possesses exceptional popping qualities. Size of the kernels is small but the endosperm is hard. When they are heated the pressure built up within the kernel suddenly results in an explosion and the grain is turned inside out. (4) Zea mays saccharata or 'Sweet corn': Kernels possess a considerable amount of sugar which absorbs water, making the cells turgid, on drying these cells collapse, making the grains shrivelled or wrinkled. It has sweeter taste than other corns. (5) Zea mays amylacea or 'Soft corn': It possesses a soft endosperm. Kernels are soft and of all colours, but white and blue are the most common. They are like flint kernels in shape. (6) Zea mays tunicata or 'Pod corn': The pod corns are characterized by having each kernel enclosed within a pod or husk. It is a primitive type of corn and hence of no importance. (7) Zea mays Ceratina Kulesh or 'Waxy corn': The endosperm of the kernel when cut or broken gives a waxy appearance. It produces the starch similar to tapioca starch for making adhesive for articles.

Climatic requirements Maize crop is grown in warm weather condition and it is grown in wide range of climatic conditions. About 85% of the total acreage under maize is grown during mansoon because of the fact that the crop stops growing if the night temperature falls below 15.60 C or 600 F.

Maize

Growth promotional activities To meet the growing demand, per hectare yield of maize is estimated to rise to 2.36 tonnes as against 1.7 tonnes currently by the end of 2020. Maize does possess tremendous potential in terms of feed for dairy, poultry and piggery agro-industries. In order to increase the production and productivity of maize, the government adopted the new approach for area expansion for maize in view of serious competition from food and cereal crops. The program envisages transfer of improved technology through demonstration on improved crop production technology and Integrated Pest Management training programs, seeds production programs, insecticides, pesticides, weedicides and other inputs, etc.

Maize producing countries       

United states China 25 countries in the European Union Brazil Mexico Argentina India

These countries produce about 4/5ths of the world‟s total maize production. The production of maize is constantly increasing. This is because of the rising demand from the industries in maize is used as raw material. The area under cultivation for maize is maximum in the countries United States, China, Brazil, Mexico and India. Continued adverse weather in Argentina and Brazil results in a cut of 6m. Tons in estimated World 2008/09 production to 782m. Tons, 4m. Short of last season‟s record. The global economic downturn appears to be affecting feed demand in some countries, while relatively abundant wheat and barley compete strongly with maize in feed markets. Forecast world maize consumption is 774m. Tons, 5m. Less than last month. Feed use is put at 469m. tons, 18m. Down from 2007/08, but industrial consumption (chiefly for ethanol and starch) is a record 188m. tons, 20m. More than last year. The world stocks forecast is unchanged at 139m. tons, 9m. more than at the end of 2007/08. Forecast maize trade is 79m. tons, 2m. down from January, as shipments to Pacific Asia, particularly South Korea, slow on fierce competition from wheat, barley and other feeds. Due to its small crop, Argentine exports (year to February 2010) are projected to fall by half; sales by Brazil and the US are likely to accelerate due to the reduced competition.

MAIZE PRODUCTION (million tonnes) 1997

1998

1999

2000

Maize

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

estimate

forecast

ASIA China India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of Korea, D.P.R. Kyrgystan Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Thailand Turkey Viet Nam

AFRICA Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Malawi Mozambique Nigeria South Africa Tanzania

CENTRAL AMERICA Mexico

SOUTH AMERICA Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Peru Venezuela

NORTH AMERICA Canada United States of America

EUROPE European Union 1/ Romania Russian Federation Ukraine Yugoslavia Fed. Rep.

OCEANIA WORLD Developing countries Developed countries LIFDCs 2/ LDCs 3/ NFIDCs 3/

143.4 104.6 10.8 8.8 0.9 1.0 0.2 0.3 1.3 1.5 4.3 3.8 2.1 1.7

174.8 133.2 10.7 10.2 0.9 1.8 0.2 0.3 1.4 1.7 3.8 4.6 2.3 1.6

170.1 128.3 11.5 9.2 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.3 1.3 1.7 4.6 4.3 2.3 1.8

149.0 106.2 12.0 9.7 1.1 1.0 0.2 0.4 1.4 1.6 4.5 4.5 2.3 2.0

158.9 114.3 13.2 9.3 1.1 1.5 0.4 0.5 1.5 1.7 4.5 4.5 2.2 2.2

165.4 121.4 11.2 9.6 1.4 1.7 0.4 0.6 1.5 1.7 4.3 4.2 2.1 2.5

167.2 115.9 15.0 10.9 1.7 1.7 0.4 0.7 1.6 1.9 4.6 4.2 2.8 3.1

183.6 130.3 14.2 11.2 1.5 1.7 0.5 0.8 1.6 2.8 5.4 4.2 3.0 3.4

195.8 139.4 14.9 12.5 1.5 2.1 0.4 0.9 1.6 3.3 5.3 3.4 3.7 3.8

198.6 142.0 14.5 12.1 1.7 1.9 0.4 1.0 1.6 3.3 6.1 3.7 3.2 3.8

41.3 5.8 2.3 2.2 1.5 1.0 5.3 10.1 1.9

41.0 6.3 2.8 2.4 1.8 1.1 5.9 7.7 2.8

42.1 6.1 2.7 2.3 2.5 1.2 5.5 8.0 2.5

44.8 6.5 3.3 2.2 2.5 1.0 4.1 11.4 2.0

41.0 6.8 2.8 2.8 1.6 1.1 4.6 7.8 2.6

42.4 6.4 2.8 2.4 1.6 1.2 4.9 10.1 2.7

45.0 6.5 2.7 2.7 2.0 1.2 5.2 9.7 2.9

45.0 6.7 2.4 2.6 1.7 1.4 5.6 9.7 3.0

49.0 7.7 2.9 2.8 1.3 1.4 6.0 11.7 3.3

46.1 6.8 3.0 2.9 2.6 1.5 6.4 6.6 3.4

20.4 17.7

21.3 18.5

20.8 17.7

20.8 17.6

23.4 20.1

22.6 19.3

24.2 20.7

25.0 21.7

23.3 19.8

25.5 22.0

58.2 15.5 36.2 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.2

55.1 19.4 30.2 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0

51.4 13.5 32.0 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.1

55.8 16.8 32.3 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.7

64.9 15.4 42.0 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.8

57.7 14.7 35.9 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.4

71.6 15.0 48.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.8

65.6 15.0 41.8 1.3 1.4 1.2 2.2

64.4 20.5 35.1 1.5 1.4 1.2 2.1

65.3 14.5 42.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 2.1

241.0 7.2 233.9

256.8 9.0 247.9

248.7 9.2 239.5

258.7 6.8 251.9

249.9 8.4 241.5

236.8 9.0 227.8

265.9 9.6 256.3

308.7 8.8 299.9

291.7 9.5 282.3

281.2 8.8 272.4

81.3 39.4 12.7 2.7 5.3 6.9

66.5 36.4 8.6 0.9 2.3 5.2

72.6 37.1 10.9 1.1 1.7 6.1

62.8 38.3 4.9 1.5 3.8 2.9

76.1 41.0 9.1 0.8 3.5 5.9

75.5 40.5 8.4 1.6 3.1 5.6

69.5 33.7 9.6 2.1 6.9 3.8

96.4 54.9 14.7 3.5 8.9 6.6

85.1 50.9 9.9 3.2 7.2 7.1

77.0 46.4 8.7 3.3 6.0 5.7

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.6

586.3 252.2 334.2 168.0 15.4 13.4

616.0 283.4 332.5 200.4 17.2 13.9

606.3 275.1 331.2 196.7 18.5 13.9

592.5 257.9 334.5 174.1 18.5 15.0

614.7 279.1 335.6 183.9 18.1 16.0

601.0 276.5 324.5 189.0 18.3 14.9

643.9 296.7 347.2 192.6 20.7 16.0

725.0 307.7 417.2 208.7 20.2 17.3

710.0 319.3 390.7 222.8 21.5 18.8

694.2 327.1 367.1 227.3 23.3 18.1

Maize Production in India In India, maize is cultivated in locations where temperatures range from as low as 10oC to as high as 45oC and where rainfall ranges from as little as 200 millimetres per year (mm/yr) to as much as 2,500 mm/yr. Indian maize production has traditionally been

Maize

concentrated in the southern “Corn Belt” states of Karnataka and Andra Pradesh, where the main maize crop is grown during the summer (kharif) season. In recent years, introduction of cold-tolerant varieties has led to the emergence of an irrigated winter (rabi) maize crop in the northern states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. The spread of improved germplasm and crop management practices resulted in a continuous growth in average maize yields from the 1950s onwards. Rising yields, coupled with a steady expansion in area, led to growth in maize production of 5.9% and 5.2% per annum in the 1950s and 1960s, respectively. After slowing down in the 1970s as the area under cultivation stabilized, growth in maize production, fuelled by continuing improvements in yield, averaged about 2.6% per annum in the 1980s and 3.2% per annum in the 1990s. Total maize production exceeded 10 million tons in 199798.Production of corn in India is showing increasing trend consistently except the year of 2002 when due to drought condition production showed a little decline. Major states that contribute in Maize productions are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Virtually all of India‟s maize is used domestically for food (70%), feed (15%) and industrial uses (15%). Direct human consumption of maize has declined over time, while feed and industrial uses have increased. Rising household incomes have shifted consumption from maize to other cereals like rice and wheat. They have also led to an increased consumption of meat, particularly of poultry, which has increased the demand for maize as feed. Increased industrial demand for maize comes primarily from the starch industry.

The Indian states in which maize is produced are:        

Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Bihar Punjab Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Himachal Pradesh

Maize

ALL-INDIA AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF MAIZE

AREA

PRODUCTION

YIELD

% COVERAGE

(M.HECTS)

(M.TONNES)

(KGS/HECT)

UNDER IRRIGATION

1

2

3

4

5

1949-50

3.26

2.05

627

12.8

1950-51

3.16

1.73

547

11.4

1951-52

3.31

2.08

627

16.4

1952-53

3.61

2.87

796

14

1953-54

3.87

3.04

785

11.5

1954-55

3.75

2.98

794

14.6

1955-56

3.7

2.6

704

11.8

1956-57

3.76

3.08

819

13.1

1957-58

4.08

3.15

772

13.4

1958-59

4.27

3.46

812

10.5

1959-60

4.34

4.07

938

9.9

1960-61

4.41

4.08

926

12.6

1961-62

4.51

4.31

957

9.5

YEAR

Maize

1962-63

4.64

4.61

992

11.5

1963-64

4.58

4.56

995

11.4

1964-65

4.62

4.66

1010

12.1

1965-66

4.8

4.82

1005

16.1

1966-67

5.07

4.89

964

15.6

1967-68

5.58

6.27

1123

11.9

1968-69

5.72

5.7

997

19.5

1969-70

5.86

5.67

968

18.2

1970-71

5.85

7.49

1279

15.9

1971-72

5.67

5.1

900

14.3

1972-73

5.84

6.39

1094

18.8

1973-74

6.02

5.8

965

14.7

1974-75

5.86

5.56

948

21

1975-76

6.03

7.26

1203

16.2

1976-77

6

6.36

1060

17.7

1977-78

5.68

5.97

1051

16.3

1978-79

5.76

6.2

1076

16.3

Maize

1979-80

5.72

5.6

979

24

1980-81

6.01

6.96

1159

20.1

1981-82

5.94

6.9

1162

19.8

1982-83

5.72

6.55

1145

21.7

1983-84

5.86

7.92

1352

16.9

1984-85

5.8

8.44

1456

17.5

1985-86

5.8

6.64

1146

18.7

1986-87

5.92

7.59

1282

21.2

1987-88

5.56

5.72

1029

21.2

1988-89

5.9

8.23

1395

21

1989-90

5.92

9.65

1632

20.8

1990-91

5.9

8.96

1518

19.7

1991-92

5.86

8.06

1376

22.5

1992-93

5.96

9.99

1676

21.6

1993-94

6

9.6

1602

22.6

1994-95

6.14

8.88

1570

20.5

1995-96

5.98

9.53

1595

22.7

Maize

1996-97

6.26

10.77

1720

1997-98

6.31

10.85

1721

STATE-WISE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF MAIZE IN INDIA 1997-98

STATE

AREA (M. HECT S)

% OF PRODUCTI % OF TOT ON TOTAL AL (M.TONNE PRODUCTI ARE S) ON A

YIELD (KGS/HE CT)

%COVER AGE UNDER IRRIGATI ON (1995-96)

1

2

3

4

5

6

12

ANDHRA PRADESH

0.4

6.3

1.08

10

2737

34.2

BIHAR

0.69

10.9

1.17

10.8

1703

40

GUJARAT

0.4

6.3

0.66

6.1

1646

9.6

HIMACHAL PRADESH

0.31

4.9

0.62

5.7

1990

7.5

JAMMU & KASHMIR

0.31

4.9

0.44

4.1

1418

5.9

KARNATAK A

0.56

8.9

1.67

15.4

2984

65.2

MADHYA PRADESH

0.83

13.2

1.1

10.1

1318

1.3

MAHARASH TRA

0.24

3.8

0.3

2.8

1234

16.3

ORISSA

0.05

0.8

0.06

0.6

1228

10.8

Maize

PUNJAB

0.17

2.7

0.35

3.2

2095

56.7

RAJASTHAN

0.96

15.2

1.22

11.2

1263

13.5

UTTAR PRADESH

1.07

17

1.66

15.3

1543

31.3

WEST BENGAL

0.04

0.6

0.13

1.2

2998

-

OTHERS

0.28

4.4

0.39

3.6

ALL-INDIA

6.31

100

10.85

100

1721

22.8

Market Influencing Factors     

Weather of the area in which it is produced and natural calamities like floods, droughts etc Changes in the government policies relating to the minimum support prices Cheaper prices of the substitute products Changes in the seasons Technological changes and improvements

Factors influencing maize marketing    

Time of the year. Location Transport and infrastructure. Size of the harvest, both nationally and in neighboring countries.

INFLUENCES ON PRICES:There are a number of factors which influence the prices of products.  Supply and demand.  Location.  Time of the year.  Information.  Quality.

Maize

Major trading centers of maize    

Chicago Budapest (Hungary) South Africa Liaoning (China)

In India, maize is traded at           

Patna (Bihar) Chapra (Bihar) Begusarai (Bihar) Motihari (Bihar) Dohad (Gujrat) Banglore (Karnataka) Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh) Udaipur (Rajasthan) Bahraich (Uttar Pradesh) Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) Kenya

Seasonality of Maize in India:May

Jun

Jul

Andhra Pradesh (K) Andhra Pradesh (R) Rajasthan (K) Madhya Pradesh (K) Bihar (K) Uttar Pradesh (K) Karnataka (K) Karnataka (R)

Sowing Harvesting

Maize

Aug Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb Mar

World seasonality Month January February March April May June July August September October November December

Northern Hemisphere Crop Stage Weather

Planting Planting Dormant Silking Maturing Harvesting Harvesting Harvesting

M M M C C C M M

Southern Hemisphere Crop Stage Weather Silking C Filling C Maturing C Harvesting M Harvesting M

Planting Planting Planting Dormant

M M M M

M= Time of year weather can be a Major Price determining factor. C= Time of year weather can be a Most Critical price determining factor.

Speciality of maize Given the importance of the United States, not only as the world‟s largest producer and exporter of maize but, equally significant, as the largest and most advanced consumer of maize, it is useful to provide an overview of how maize is used in that country. Tables illustrate the amount of products that can potentially be derived from one 1 tonne of maize. What Can One Tonne Of Maize Produce? 29 Kg of Corn Oil AND 241 Kg of 21% Protein Gluten Feed

AN D

AND 46 Kg of 60% Gluten Meal

571 Kg of Starch OR 589 Kg of Sweetener OR 402 Litters of Ethanol / Alcohol

Maize

Much Meat Can One Tonne Of Maize Produce? Maize Input Potential Production of Meat 100 kg Beef 250 kg Pork 1 tonne of Maize 333 kg Chicken 500 kg Catfish

Market structure Indian maize market Maize as a crop needs a vast variety of environments for production. India as big and an agriculture-oriented country provide all the basic requirements for it. India produces around 10 million ton of maize. Karnataka is the leading producer of maize in India as it falls under the corn belt of India and produces around 15% of India‟s total produce. In India, the area on which maize is cultivated is 7 million hectares in 2004. India consumes almost all the maize that it produces. About 50% of the total Indian produce is consumed as poultry feed and about 8% is consumed by the starch industry. Indian maize exports fluctuates around 5 lakh tons annually. Mostly the south-western countries import maize from India. In another words, India can be considered as maize importing country. Government fixes the quantity of maize to be imported each year and the imports are to be done on 15%.

Spot market: The improved crop prospect due to weeks of benign weather pressured the domestic maize cash market prices despite higher closing in CBOT.  A subdued trading activity was witnessed in the major trading centres due to incessant rainfall over the major trading centres that created logistic problems.  Prices continued to lose in Davangare and Nizamabad, the two major trading centres after surging to highest level early in this month on tight physical supply.  Feed industries are keenly watching the crop prospects while starch makers are buying maize at lower price level. Experts estimate a similar crop as that of the last year.  Acreage gap compared to last year has been minimized due to weeks of rainfall that speeded up the sowing and crop is progressing well.  In Punjab, new maize is selling at Rs.700-800 on lack of substantial buyers and higher moisture in the grain than the normal. Maize is likely to trade range bound with a steady bias.

Maize

Future market (MCX & NCDEX):Contract specification of maize Symbol Description Contracts available for trading January Contract February Contract

MAIZE MAIZEMMYY 16th July of the earlier year to 15th January of the contract year 16th August of the earlier year to 15th February of the contract year

Maize

March contract April Contract May contract June Contract Trading period Trading session Trading unit Quotation/Base Value Maximum order size Tick size (minimum price movement) Daily price limits

Initial margin

16th September of the earlier year to 15th March of the contract year 16th October of the earlier year to 15th April of the contract year 16th November of the earlier year to 15th May of the contract year 16th December of the earlier year to 15th June of the contract year Mondays through Saturdays Monday through Friday 10.00 am to 5.00 pm Saturday 10.00 am to 2.00 pm Trading 10 MT Rs/100 kg. Ex – Nizamabad (inclusive of market cess and other levies, if any) 2000 MT 50 paise The base price limit will be 3%. Whenever the base daily price limit is breached, the relaxation will be allowed up to the 4% with a cooling off period of 15 minutes 5%

Special Margin

In case of additional volatility, a special margin as deemed fit, will be imposed immediately on both buy and sale side in respect of all outstanding position, which will remain in force for next 2 days, after which the special margin will be relaxed.

Delivery period margin

25% on the marked quantity

Maximum Allowable Open Position

For individual clients: 10000 MT For a member collectively for all clients: 30000 MT or 15% of the market-wide open position, whichever is higher. Near Month Limits For individual clients: 2000 MT

Maize

For a member collectively for all clients: 6000 MT or 15% of the market-wide open position, whichever is higher

Delivery unit Delivery centre(s)

Quality specification/ Deliverable grades Moisture  Basis  Acceptable between  Rejected Foreign matters and other food grains  Basis  Acceptable between  Rejected Damaged grains  Basis  Rejected Slightly damaged, discoloured and touched grains  Basis  Acceptable between  Rejected Shrivelled and immature grains  Basis  Acceptable between  Rejected Weevil led grains  Basis  Acceptable between  Rejected

Delivery 10 MT with tolerance limit of 2% MCX approved warehouse at Nizamabad and Karim Nagar. Both centres will be at par without any discount or premium, whether it is delivered at Nizamabad or Karim Nagar. It will be seller‟s option to deliver at Nizamabad or Karim Nagar, which is Binding on the buyer. Dried and matured grains of Maize confirming to the following specification: 12 % 12 – 14 % Above 14 %

With rebate 1 : 1

2% 2%–3% Above 3 %

With rebate 1: 1

1.5 % Above 1.5 %

2.5 % 2.5 % - 4.5 % Above 4.5 %

With rebate 1 : 1

2 % maximum 2%-3% Above 3 %

With rebate 1 : 1

1% 1%-2% Above 2 %

With rebate 1 : 1

Maize

Packaging

Packed in jute bags (old) containing approx 50 Kg per bag. Delivery will be affected on gross weight basis, which implies that weighing of Maize will be done on inclusive of bags basis and no additional payment will be given for the cost of bag. Method of testing The definition of above refractions and method of analysis to be followed will be as per BIS “ Method of analysis for food grains Nose Is : 4333(Part I) 1967 and IS: 4333 ( Part II) 1967 and Terminology For food grains IS: 2813 – 1995 as amended from time to time. The method of sampling to be followed will be as per BIS “ Method of sampling of cereal and pulses” No IS: 14818 – 2000. Within the overall limit allowed for foreign matters, the poisonous shall not exceed 0.5 %are of The small sizedseeds maize grains, if the same which Dhatura Akta seeds not to 0.025 Otherwise fullyand developed, should notexceed be treated as Sellers Delivery Logic % and 0.2 and % respectively, and further, mineral shrivelled immature grains. matter by weight shall not be more than 0.25 % and Price analysis at NCDEX spot vs.NCDEX future on 28 march 2009:impurities of animal origin shall not be more than 0.10 %.

Future price

Last Traded Price

Symbol

MAIZYRNZM 20 Apr, 2009 RS/QUINTAL

827

MAIZYRNZM

MAIZYRNZM 20 May, 2009 RS/QUINTAL

846

MAIZYRNZM 19 Jun, 2009 RS/QUINTAL

858.5

20 Jul, 2009 RS/QUINTAL

872.5

Symbol

Contract/ Expiry Date

spot price

Unit

MAIZYRNZM MAIZYRNZM MAIZYRNZM

MAIZYRNZM

MAIZYRNZM MAIZYRKRM

Future market of other countries:-

MAIZYRRTL MAIZYRNBD

 CBOT (Chicago board of trade). MAIZYRDNG  SAFEX (South African future exchange).  Rosario future exchange (Argentina).  Dalian commodity exchange (china).

Maize

Date 28 Mar, 09 28 Mar, 09 28 Mar, 09 28 Mar, 09 28 Mar, 09 28 Mar, 09 28 Mar, 09 28 Mar, 09 28 Mar, 09

Unit

Last Traded Price

Rs/QUINTAL

802.95

Rs/QUINTAL

802.95

Rs/QUINTAL

802.95

Rs/QUINTAL

802.95

Rs/QUINTAL

802.95

Rs/Quintal

790

Rs/Quintal

830

RS./QTL

837.5

Rs/Qtl

789.2

Future price of maize at CBOT on 21 march 2009 (1) For may delivery $ 156/mt. (2) July delivery $ 160.22/mt. (3) September delivery $ 163.77/mt. Major Player in world:Cargill (United States) is a privately-owned agricultural trading and processing firm headquartered in the United States, playing a major role in world markets for grain and oilseeds processing and trading, for livestock and poultry, for cotton, and active in a range of other commodities. The company is the world‟s largest food trader, with a volume of over 50 million tonnes of cereals and oilseeds/oils traded. It is, among other things, the world‟s largest maize trader, accounts for 20 percent share of United States wheat exports, and a quarter of Argentina‟s exports of wheat, maize and soybeans. In the late 1990s, Cargill took over Continental Grains, the world‟s second largest firm.

Archer Daniels Midland Company (United States) is a major agricultural processing and trading firm. It is the largest bio fuels producer and the world‟s second biggest grain trader after Cargill. In 2002, Archer Daniels Midland, known as ADM, became 80 percent holder of the German-based (and leading European) firm Alfred C. Toper International. Toper alone trades over 40 million tonnes of grains, oilseeds and oils a year. ADM is the largest crusher of soybeans in the United States, with a 31 percent market share (about one sixth of world production), and a 30-40 percent market share in Europe (another 4-5 percent of world production).

Bunge Group (Argentina) formerly known as Bunge y Born, annually trades some 30 million tonnes of soybeans, wheat, maize and other grains. It is responsible for about a fifth of world trade in oilseeds and oils, and is a major grains and soybean exporter from Argentina and Brazil. The group operates one of the world‟s largest flour milling operations. Bunge is the largest soybean processor in the western hemisphere with substantial business in Brazil and Argentina (through an alliance with Aceitera General Deheza S.A.).

Louis Dreyfus (France) is a family firm specialized in agricultural trade. It accounts for some 15 percent of world market trade in grains and oilseeds.

Nidera (The Netherlands) is a family firm with its headquarters in the Netherlands. It has its major trading operations in Latin America and annually trades some 18 million tonnes of soybeans, wheat, maize, rice and other grains.

Maize

Noble (Hong-Kong based) is a large, diversified commodity trading company, with, among other commodities, operations in a range of grains and oilseeds.

ZenNoh (Japan) the National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations, is the third largest exporter of maize from the United States and the third largest soybean and oil exporter. The federation represents over 1 000 cooperatives bringing together most of Japan's 4.7 million farming households. ZenNoh also procures soybeans and oil from Canada and Australia, and is active in the rice and livestock markets in Japan.

International price influencing factor:While the price of yellow US maize is regarded as a the world‟s most representative price, the maize futures traded at the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) are also widely considered as the world most important price discovery mechanism. There are numerous futures exchanges spread throughout the world and the most relevant ones are listed in Annex II. However, in most cases and nearly at all times, all maize futures tend to move in the same direction as those in Chicago. Periodically, some exceptions may occur as local/regional conditions could influence prices more than the developments in CBOT. For example, price movements in the South African Futures Exchange (SAFEX), where both yellow and white maize are traded, may be subject to diverging fundamentals than those in Chicago depending on the prevailing supply and demand conditions in the region and most importantly in the Republic of South Africa itself which is the region‟s main surplus producer and exporter of maize. Other important commodity exchanges include Rosario Futures Exchange in Argentina; EURONEXT, which is Europe's leading cross-border exchange; China‟s Dalian Commodity Exchange (DCE), the largest agricultural futures in that country; and the Tokyo Grain Exchange. As with most agricultural crops, the geography of maize production is widely spread around the world. Even inside the producing countries, the main growing areas may not always be near to one another. For this reason, maize distribution and trade hinges on different routes and transportation systems as well as on the location of ports and terminal facilities. These factors play important roles in maize economy and are critical in the competition for markets within the national boundaries as well as outside. In addition, for the many countries which import maize but are landlocked, the regional transport systems are also critical. For example, in eastern Africa, Mombasa is the largest port which not only serves Kenya but also the landlocked countries of Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Southern Sudan. Similarly, Dar Es Salaam which is the second largest port in East Africa (after Mombasa) provides alternative and more competitive rail/lake route to Uganda while also serving the landlocked countries of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, and Rwanda (by road) as well as Zambia,

Maize

Zimbabwe, and Botswana (by rail). For local farmers, domestic transportation cost is one important determining factor in prices they collect. Similarly, at the international level, the cost of transportation between countries can be a determining factor for exporters and importers alike. As with all field crops, maize is transported via trucks, rail and on barge (local waterways river transport) inside countries while as much as 70 percent of its international trade is bulk-handled by mid and large size shipping vessels. A recent study by the USDA demonstrated that of all grains produced in the United States, maize “has the highest transportation requirements due to volume” and between 2000 and 2004, maize movements increased 5 percent, from 230 million tonnes to 242 million tonnes. The report also points out that while export movements fluctuated during this time, domestic movements of maize “reached record levels in 3 of the 5 years”. Also, barge is the dominant transport mode for moving maize to export facilities in the United States, “primarily because of the proximity of the Corn Belt to the Upper Mississippi River system. From 2000 to 2004, barge moved about 68 percent of total inland movements of corn to coastal export locations. Railroads handled about 30 percent of the export corn, and trucks moved the remaining 2 percent.” On the domestic front, however, “movements of corn are dominated by trucks, accounting for roughly 67 percent of the traffic from 2000 to 2004. Railroads move about 31 percent of corn within the United States. Barges handle only small amounts of domestic corn.” On average, ocean freights costs (or shipping costs excluding insurance and port handling) for maize represent between 25 to 40 percent of the landed cost (paid by importers). Not surprisingly, therefore, recent price swings in world ocean shipping rates were unsettling for the grain market. China‟s growing appetite for coal and raw materials have continued to fuel demand for more vessels, providing support to freight rates across the board. The steep rise and fall of freight rates are cause for concern for grain exporters and importers since they have little influence in the management of the shipping sector. In fact, the size of world grain shipment represents no more than 5 percent of total bulk shipments and for maize this share is even smaller. The fact that the shipping industry traditionally adjusts slowly to rising demand has contributed to a continuing supply uncertainty and more volatile rates. For example, in 2004 in spite of high and rising rates, old fleets were increasingly destined for supplying scraping in response to even more attractive steel prices at the time.

Maize

Demand and supply Demand Over the next 20 years, global demand for maize is projected to grow at roughly the same rate as in the recent past. The composition of demand will continue to change, with feed use of maize increasing more rapidly than food use in both developed and developing countries . As a result of projected faster growth in feed use, the market for yellow maize will expand relative to the market for white maize. However, demand for white maize will remain strong in certain countries and regions, including Mexico, Central America, and Eastern and Southern Africa, and white maize is likely to command a modest price premium in these markets. Meanwhile, niche markets are likely to emerge for certain types of specialty maize (including maize with suitable industrial characteristics and maize with improved nutritional quality), assuming that appropriate germplasm becomes available and the necessary market structures develop. Studies conducted in southern Mexico show that the emergence of these markets requires institutional development and new breeding methodologies to develop varieties with the right traits (Bellon pers. comm.). These markets could be important for small-scale farmers, as they may enable them to produce a differentiated product that would not be in competition with the cheaper maize produced by the largest producers. Demand for maize will be very concentrated. By 2020, the four largest consumers (China, USA, Brazil, and sub- Saharan Africa) will account for approximately 70% of world demand. China will become a major importer because of its rapidly growing livestock industry. Food consumption of maize will remain concentrated in Eastern and Southern Africa, Mexico, and the smaller Latin American countries.

Supply At the global level, supply of maize will keep pace with demand for the foreseeable future, since most of the major producing countries and regions have considerable capacity to expand production quickly in response to favourable changes in price incentives. Assuming no major changes in producer support policies, the USA will remain the world‟s largest maize producer (297 million tons) in 2020, followed by China (259 million tons), Brazil (54 million tons), Eastern Europe (40 million tons), and the EC151 (39 million tons) (Table 7.2a). Most of the maize produced by these countries will be yellow maize destined for domestic and international feed markets. Maize production will continue to increase slowly in developing countries where maize is an important food staple, although production will continue to experience significant year-to-year variability in some countries and regions, especially where maize is grown in drought-prone environments (e.g., eastern and southern

Maize

Africa, parts of Central America). Most maize produced for food will continue to be white maize.

Maize Supply and Demand at a Glance

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

estimate

forecast

million tonnes

Change: 2006/07 over 2005/06 %

WORLD BALANCE Production Trade (exports) Total utilization Food Feed Other uses Ending stocks

725.0 77.8 689.7 101.2 462.1 126.4 139.5

710.0 79.5 706.6 103.4 462.0 141.2 137.4

694.2 80.0 720.1 105.3 458.4 156.4 109.8

-2.2 0.7 1.9 1.9 -0.8 10.8 -20.1

SUPPLY AND DEMAND INDICATORS Per caput food consumption: World (Kg/year) World stock-to-use ratio % Major exporters‟ stock-to-disappearance ratio %

15.9 19.7 17.8

16.0 19.1 16.4

16.1 15.1 8.7

0.7 -20.7 -46.5

The distribution of global maize production could change if policy reforms succeed in reducing the level of support afforded to producers in the EU and USA. Brazil and Argentina, both of which have considerable amounts of untapped crop land, could increase their importance in the world maize market under such a scenario (assuming additional investment in transportation infrastructure, e.g., roads and port facilities).2 In particular, Brazil could become self sufficient or even have a small surplus that could be exported. Developing countries in which maize is produced mainly for domestic food consumption, especially those in eastern and southern Africa, would remain largely unaffected by movements in international maize prices.

World Scenario Maize originated in Central America and was introduced into Africa by the Portuguese in the 16th century. In Africa the production and consumption of maize exceeds that of other cereals such as wheat or sorghum. Today maize has become Africa's most important staple food crop and is grown by both large and small-scale farmers. The developing countries have more area given to maize cultivation than developed countries, but yield in the latter is about four times higher. Since 1961, yields per ha in the United States, for example, have increased significantly, while yields in Mexico, Guatemala and Nigeria (selected as

Maize

countries where maize intake by the human population is high, particularly in the first two) have increased only slightly. While most of the production in developing countries is for human consumption, in the developed world it is mainly for industrial use and animal feed. The high yields and production in North and Central America are mainly attributed to the United States, which out produces countries such as Mexico where maize is the most important staple cereal grain. With changing rural-to-urban populations and lifestyles in developing countries, there is a continuous shift to the consumption of wheat, which may influence maize production. There is a slow increase in its use in industry and as an animal feed, particularly for poultry and other monogastric animals. A comparison of the available data for wheat, maize and rice put maize as the second most important cereal grain, after wheat and before rice. In terms of yield per hectare, however, maize out yields the other two. The only food crop out yielding maize in tonnes per hectare is potato in their unprocessed state, though not on an equal moisture basis. Maize has three possible uses: as food, as feed for livestock and as raw material for industry. As a food, the whole grain, either mature or immature, may be used; or the maize may be processed by dry milling techniques to give a relatively large number of intermediary products, such as maize grits of different particle size, maize meal, maize flour and flaking grits. These materials in turn have a great number of applications in a large variety of foods. Maize grown in subsistence agriculture continues to be used as a basic food crop. In developed countries more than 60 percent of the production is used in compounded feeds for poultry, pigs and ruminant animals. In recent years, even in developing countries in which maize is a staple food, more of it has been used as an animal feed ingredient. "High moisture" maize has been paid much attention recently as an animal feed because of its lower cost and its capacity to improve efficiency in feed conversion. The by-products of dry milling include the germ and the seed-coat. The former is used as a source of edible oil of high quality. The seed-coat or pericarp is used mainly as a feed, although in recent years interest has developed in it as a source of dietary fibre (Earll et al., 1988; Burge and Duensing, 1989). Wet milling is a process applicable mainly in the industrial use of maize, although the alkaline cooking process used in manufacturing tortillas (the thin, flat bread of Mexico and other Central American countries) is also a wet milling operation that removes only the pericarp (Bressani, 1990). Wet milling yields maize starch and by-products such as maize gluten, used as a feed ingredient. The maize germ processed to produce oil gives as a by-product maize germ meal, used as an animal feedstuff. Some attempts have been made to use these by-products for humans in food mixes and formulations. Although the technology has been available for a long time, the increase in fuel oil prices has resulted in much research on the fermentation of maize to produce alcohol, popular in some states of North America. Fermentation also provides some alcoholic beverages.

Maize

Finally, maize plant residues also have important uses, including animal feeds as well as a number of chemicals produced from the cobs, such as furfural and xylose. These residues are also important as soil conditioners.

Production falls in 2006 but a recovery is projected for 2007 The bulk of the decline reflects smaller crops harvested earlier in the year in Argentina and South Africa and a reduced harvest, now almost completed, in the United States. The main factor for the smaller crops in all cases has been reduced incentive to plant maize because of too high production costs relative to expected returns, but adverse hot and dry weather also had an impact on yields in some parts. In contrast, aggregate (main and secondary season) maize output increased in Brazil, reflecting a larger area planted to the main season crop harvested earlier in 2006. A larger crop has also been gathered in Central America, with output in Mexico recovering from a below-average level in 2005. Also in Asia, maize output is estimated up in China, the Philippines and Thailand. The first of the 2007 maize crops are now being sown in the southern hemisphere. In South America, after a slow start to the season due to limited soil moisture in some growing areas, planting is now well underway and early indications point to a slight increase in the aggregate area. In South Africa, conditions are favourable and a survey of farmers‟ planting intentions point to a sharp increase in the area sown

International consumption scenario There has been continuous increase in the consumption demand of corn mainly owing to increase in the demand from meat and starch sector. There is growing requirement of maize from poultry sector, which use corn as feed. Consumption of corn for both the purpose feed purpose as well human consumption purpose is increasing. Major consuming Nations of corn are China and USA. Human consumption of corn is only one third of total consumption and rest of the consumption goes for feed sector.

Maize Scenario- India Maize is grown in a wide range of production environments. The total area under maize in India expanded from 3 m ha in 1951 to 7 m ha in 2004, growing annually at an average rate of 2.9%. In the early 1970s, expansion in area under maize cultivation slowed dramatically, and for three decades the maize area remained virtually unchanged. A significant shift occurred in the 1990s when irrigated winter (rabi) maize cultivation expanded rapidly, particularly in the states of Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka,

Maize

where conditions are favourable for maize production. Overall, irrigated area increased from 16% in 1970 to 23% of total area under maize in 1997. At the same time, maize cultivation moved into marginal areas with relatively low production potential, as farmers reserved more productive areas for more p r o f i t a b l e crops like wheat, paddy and sugarcane.

India Import and Export of Maize India negligibly imports maize however in recent years there is sign of export. This is due to the fact of increase in production coupled with meeting domestic requirement. Corn Export from India

Thousands tons

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1995

1996 1997

1998 1999

2000 2001

Year

Maize

2002 2003

2004

Generalised marchantillistic trade relationship

Maize

MAIZE IMPORTS (million tonnes) 2005/06

2006/07

estimate

forecast

42.1 4.5 4.5 1.0 2.4 1.0 16.5 0.5 8.3 2.5 1.4 1.6 0.4

42.0 5.0 4.8 0.5 2.2 1.0 16.6 0.5 9.1 2.4 1.5 1.2 0.1

42.5 5.6 5.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 16.4 0.5 9.0 2.4 1.5 1.2 0.1

12.2 1.9 4.1 0.1 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.8 0.8

12.9 2.1 4.9 0.0 1.0 1.3 0.1 0.6 0.6

13.2 2.0 4.4 0.1 0.4 1.4 0.6 0.7 1.2

12.7 2.1 5.0 0.0 0.7 1.3 0.6 0.7 0.3

8.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 4.9

9.4 0.6 0.9 0.5 5.4

10.1 0.6 0.9 0.7 5.7

10.5 0.6 1.1 0.7 5.9

10.7 0.6 1.1 0.7 6.2

5.0 0.2 1.1 1.8 0.2 1.0 0.7

5.3 0.4 0.9 2.1 0.3 0.9 0.6

5.6 0.8 0.9 2.0 0.4 0.9 0.6

5.3 0.4 0.8 1.9 0.5 1.2 0.4

6.6 0.5 1.3 2.8 0.4 1.4 0.2

6.7 0.5 1.2 3.0 0.4 1.3 0.3

2.7 2.6 0.2

3.8 3.5 0.3

4.6 4.2 0.4

2.8 2.4 0.3

2.8 2.6 0.3

2.0 1.7 0.3

3.4 3.2 0.2

4.2 0.0 1.8 1.2

4.8 0.1 2.3 0.2

4.2 0.1 2.3 0.5

4.1 0.1 2.9 0.1

8.0 0.2 5.6 0.5

3.0 0.3 2.0 0.3

4.0 0.3 2.9 0.3

3.9 0.3 2.8 0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

68.1 45.4 22.7 13.9 1.9 10.3

73.4 50.3 23.1 16.8 2.2 10.6

77.4 52.3 25.2 17.9 1.7 12.2

77.2 51.3 25.9 18.4 2.0 11.9

79.3 52.1 27.2 19.4 2.9 11.3

82.4 52.7 29.7 18.2 2.3 11.0

76.3 52.7 23.6 19.5 2.1 12.5

78.3 54.0 24.3 18.5 2.1 11.8

80.0 54.5 25.5 18.9 1.8 12.5

1997/98

1998/99

1999/00

2000/01

2001/02

2002/03

38.8 4.8 4.7 0.9 1.2 0.5 16.2 0.5 7.8 2.3 1.3 0.5 0.5

37.2 4.5 4.3 0.1 1.0 0.7 16.3 0.5 7.1 2.4 1.3 0.4 0.8

42.3 5.4 5.3 0.9 1.2 0.6 16.3 0.4 8.5 2.4 1.3 0.7 1.3

42.5 4.6 4.6 1.5 1.2 0.9 16.3 0.5 8.6 2.7 1.4 0.8 0.8

42.3 5.1 5.1 1.1 1.3 1.0 16.2 0.5 8.4 2.4 1.4 0.9 1.2

43.6 4.8 4.8 1.7 1.6 0.8 16.8 0.5 8.9 2.4 1.4 1.0 1.1

44.3 4.8 4.8 1.4 1.5 1.4 17.0 0.5 9.4 2.4 1.5 1.2 1.0

8.4 0.9 3.1 0.0 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.0

9.3 1.1 3.6 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.4

10.0 1.1 3.8 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.2

11.4 1.5 4.9 0.1 1.1 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.0

12.2 1.6 5.4 0.0 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.3

13.1 1.2 5.3 0.1 0.3 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.8

6.2 0.0 0.6 0.6 3.8

8.9 0.3 0.8 0.4 6.0

8.3 0.5 0.9 0.4 4.8

9.3 0.5 1.0 0.5 5.8

9.7 0.5 1.0 0.6 6.0

5.2 1.0 0.8 1.4 0.1 0.9 1.0

7.1 1.6 0.8 1.8 0.4 1.2 1.4

7.2 1.5 1.3 1.9 0.2 0.9 1.3

6.7 1.2 1.2 1.9 0.2 0.8 1.1

1.5 1.3 0.2

1.3 0.8 0.5

1.4 1.0 0.4

Belarus European Union 1/ Russian Federation

3.3 0.1 1.9 0.2

4.2 0.1 2.9 0.3

OCEANIA

0.0 63.5 41.7 21.8 14.5 1.7 9.2

ASIA China Taiwan Province Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of Israel Japan Jordan Korea, Rep. of Malaysia Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey

AFRICA Algeria Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Morocco South Africa Tunisia Zimbabwe

CENTRAL AMERICA Costa Rica Dominican Rep. Guatemala Mexico

SOUTH AMERICA Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Venezuela

NORTH AMERICA Canada United States of America

EUROPE

WORLD Developing countries Developed countries LIFDCs 2/ LDCs 3/ NFIDCs 3/

Maize

2003/04

2004/05

MAIZE EXPORTS (million tonnes)

1997/98

ASIA

1998/99

1999/00

2000/01

2001/02

2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

estimate

forecast

7.7 7.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

4.1 3.3 0.0 0.1 0.1

7.9 7.2 0.0 0.1 0.0

10.9 9.8 0.0 0.1 0.5

7.2 6.3 0.0 0.1 0.3

15.9 14.9 0.1 0.2 0.1

13.3 11.3 0.8 0.1 0.7

6.9 5.6 0.3 0.2 0.4

7.2 5.9 0.3 0.3 0.2

4.3 3.0 0.3 0.3 0.2

Mozambique South Africa Tanzania Uganda

1.8 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.1

1.9 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.2

1.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3

2.7 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.3

2.0 0.1 1.3 0.1 0.3

2.0 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.4

2.4 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.4

2.9 0.2 1.1 0.3 0.4

3.5 0.2 1.9 0.4 0.3

2.7 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.4

CENTRAL AMERICA

0.2

0.4

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

12.2 11.8 0.0 0.3

10.4 10.0 0.0 0.3

8.3 7.9 0.0 0.3

14.6 11.8 2.2 0.5

14.5 9.2 5.0 0.2

14.5 11.7 2.4 0.4

16.3 9.9 5.8 0.6

15.8 12.4 2.7 0.6

13.0 11.3 1.2 0.4

13.1 10.0 2.6 0.5

36.7 0.0 36.7

48.3 0.5 47.7

50.4 0.3 50.1

47.6 0.1 47.5

50.1 0.2 49.9

42.6 0.3 42.3

47.3 0.3 47.0

47.2 0.2 47.0

51.5 0.3 51.2

56.2 0.2 56.0

Bulgaria European Union 1/ Romania Ukraine Yugoslavia Fed. Rep.

3.8 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2

3.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4

3.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3

1.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0

3.7 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3

3.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.2

2.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.1 0.2

5.0 0.6 0.2 1.5 2.2 0.2

4.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 2.6 0.3

3.6 0.3 0.2 0.6 1.8 0.3

OCEANIA

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

62.5 20.7 41.8 8.1 0.4 0.3

68.4 15.5 53.0 4.4 0.5 0.5

71.0 17.2 53.8 8.6 1.1 0.1

77.4 26.5 50.9 10.9 0.9 0.1

77.7 22.5 55.2 7.2 0.7 0.1

78.8 31.7 47.1 16.1 1.0 0.1

81.9 31.1 50.8 13.6 1.2 0.1

77.8 24.6 53.2 8.0 1.8 0.1

79.5 22.0 57.5 8.1 1.6 0.1

80.0 19.3 60.7 5.4 1.9 0.1

China India Myanmar Thailand

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA Argentina Brazil Paraguay

NORTH AMERICA Canada United States of America

EUROPE

WORLD Developing countries Developed countries LIFDCs 2/ LDCs 3/ NFIDCs 3/

Maize