Lj Experimental Design
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FEVER Shi Xiangfen 20025310120 pharmacy Fever,fever, I have had one ever, Which I can’t forget forever. I clearly remember, The temperature increased faster, Like something burning inside, But couldn’t scatter. Then I felt shiver, And the gooseflesh covered the body all over.
Several hours later, The shiver became weaker, And the heat scattered faster. But high temperature as ever With lip drier And great pain suffer. So I feel asleep quicker. When awoke, A lot of sweat covered all over, But I felt as well as former. Health came back, And I became cheerful and happier as ever.
Scientific method
Scientific method
Scientific method is the tool that devised for the analysis and solution of problems in the natural world. The method can be applied as much to situations in everyday life as to conventional “scientific”problems. The world might even be a happier place if more people attempted to solve their problems in a “scientific”way.
Scientific method
Stages of scientific method Observing a phenomenon that is in some way interesting or puzzling Making a guess as to the explanation of the phenomenon. Devising a test to show how likely this explanation is to be true or false. Carrying out the test, and on the basis of the results, deciding whether the explanation is a good or not.
Scientific method The dog understands English? Mr Smith has a dog. He notices that every evening, after dinner, when he goes to the door with his coat on and says “let’s go”, the dog immediately understands and runs. So, Mr Smith thinks his dog can understand English. • What is the observation here? The dog apparently responds to the call of “let’s go”. • What is Mr Smith's hypothesis? The dog understands English. • Is this the only explanation? No. The dog may respond to a total situation (after dinner, going to the door, coat on, call) , what is called is only a small part of them. A change in the call may not matter much to the dog.
Scientific method Can we devise a test to discriminate between these possibilities? (a) Call “let’s go" to the dog in a different situation: for example, in the morning when the owner does not usually go for a walk. (b) Go to the door, in the normal way (coat on, after dinner) without calling anything. (c) Do likewise and call some other thing like “listen to music".
Medical Experimental Design
Experimental design
Scientific experiments are popular in modern medical research. Before the experiment, the researcher must have an imagination of the specific content and objective of the medical research. This is called Experimental Design.
features
control randomization replication
The Basic Format of Experimental Design Report Title Introduction Material
and Method
experimental object (sample content) drugs and instruments dividing groups (control 、 randomization 、 replication) experimental steps Experimental Result
result (forecasting)
analyse
Conclusion
Title
small , The title should be
not big.
material ， not abstractive.
The effect of chinese hurbs to heart disease. The effect of dan shen to Angina pectoris.
Title
The principle of selecting subject : Select the subject you are familiar and interested within the wide field of Pathophysiology.
The title had better include three factors : study object 、 study aim 、 study method Suppression of peritoneal metastasis in human gastric carcinoma by enhanced immunogenicity of B7-1 transfection .
Introduction
(theory basis of research 、 actuality of research 、 aim of researc Why do you choose this subject? What have been done by other researchers in this subject? And What have not been resolved?(refer to medical literature) Bring forward your hypothesis.
hypothesis is the core of the experiment.
Introduction
Could you have some hypothesis connecting frog to human organ transplant?
Some frogs naturally freeze in winter,they hop again in spring. Canadian scientists are studying frozen frogs. Frogs can keep alive in frozen state, so scientists think these frogs hold the secret for better organ transplant.
Introduction
There is an good idea, there is an opportunity to success.
Do you know
the invention of stethoscope?
Introduction If your doctor examined you by placing his ear against your chest, you would think this method wasn't very scientific. But that is how doctors listened to the sounds of the heart before the invention of the stethoscope. Doctors knew that the thumps and thuds inside the body could tell them a great deal. They looked for ways to hear these sounds better.
Introduction In 1816, a French doctor, Rene Laennec, was watching some children play. He saw child A had her ear pressed against a long piece of wood. Child B made a pinging sound with a pin at the opposite end of the wood. The child A could hear the pinging sound very clearly. Observing the game,Laennec thought he could apply the physical principle of this game to improve auscultation of the patient's chest. Initially he made a cylinder from a notebook and placed one end of this tube to his ear and the other to the patient's chest ,he heard the heart sounds more clearly. In this way,he invented mediate auscultation to overcome the limitations of the immediate one.
Material and method
Experimental object : having enough sample content Quantitative index: animal heat 、 blood pressure 、 pulse…
10 ~15/group Qualitative index : good or bad 、 dead or alive 、 hydrops or not …
20 ~30/group
Dividing group
Control is the first principle of experimental design. ∗ Eliminate the interference of non-experimental factors. Experimental group: A+B+C+D+E Control group:
A+B+C+D
Result （ changes ）
Dividing group An example: Growth hormone is secreted in response to a number of agents, including the arginine. This was shown by injecting volunteers with arginine. As a control, the researchers injected the volunteers with a saline solution. To their surprise, growth hormone was again secreted. The researchers then waved a syringe and needle in front of their volunteers, and found that the waving provoked growth hormone secretion too. Growth hormone is now known to be secreted in response to stress as well as arginine.
Dividing group
Randomization is the second principle of experimental design. Randomization is important statistics method to enhance the balance between the groups.
Dividing group
Replication is the third principle of experimental design . ∗ Experiment be required certain replication times. ∗ Experiment could be replicated by other researchers.
Experimental results
Record
the original data and figure.
the result as table﹑ figure﹑ words and so on. Show
Target 1 Target 2 Target 3
Target 4
Experimental group Control group C Experimental group
Control group
1
2
3
4
T
Conclusion
Summarize your experiment. Surport or overthrow the hypothesis. Conclusion must be proper, and should not be exaggerated.
Several hours later, The shiver became weaker, And the heat scattered faster. But high temperature as ever With lip drier And great pain suffer. So I feel asleep quicker. When awoke, A lot of sweat covered all over, But I felt as well as former. Health came back, And I became cheerful and happier as ever.
Scientific method
Scientific method
Scientific method is the tool that devised for the analysis and solution of problems in the natural world. The method can be applied as much to situations in everyday life as to conventional “scientific”problems. The world might even be a happier place if more people attempted to solve their problems in a “scientific”way.
Scientific method
Stages of scientific method Observing a phenomenon that is in some way interesting or puzzling Making a guess as to the explanation of the phenomenon. Devising a test to show how likely this explanation is to be true or false. Carrying out the test, and on the basis of the results, deciding whether the explanation is a good or not.
Scientific method The dog understands English? Mr Smith has a dog. He notices that every evening, after dinner, when he goes to the door with his coat on and says “let’s go”, the dog immediately understands and runs. So, Mr Smith thinks his dog can understand English. • What is the observation here? The dog apparently responds to the call of “let’s go”. • What is Mr Smith's hypothesis? The dog understands English. • Is this the only explanation? No. The dog may respond to a total situation (after dinner, going to the door, coat on, call) , what is called is only a small part of them. A change in the call may not matter much to the dog.
Scientific method Can we devise a test to discriminate between these possibilities? (a) Call “let’s go" to the dog in a different situation: for example, in the morning when the owner does not usually go for a walk. (b) Go to the door, in the normal way (coat on, after dinner) without calling anything. (c) Do likewise and call some other thing like “listen to music".
Medical Experimental Design
Experimental design
Scientific experiments are popular in modern medical research. Before the experiment, the researcher must have an imagination of the specific content and objective of the medical research. This is called Experimental Design.
features
control randomization replication
The Basic Format of Experimental Design Report Title Introduction Material
and Method
experimental object (sample content) drugs and instruments dividing groups (control 、 randomization 、 replication) experimental steps Experimental Result
result (forecasting)
analyse
Conclusion
Title
small , The title should be
not big.
material ， not abstractive.
The effect of chinese hurbs to heart disease. The effect of dan shen to Angina pectoris.
Title
The principle of selecting subject : Select the subject you are familiar and interested within the wide field of Pathophysiology.
The title had better include three factors : study object 、 study aim 、 study method Suppression of peritoneal metastasis in human gastric carcinoma by enhanced immunogenicity of B7-1 transfection .
Introduction
(theory basis of research 、 actuality of research 、 aim of researc Why do you choose this subject? What have been done by other researchers in this subject? And What have not been resolved?(refer to medical literature) Bring forward your hypothesis.
hypothesis is the core of the experiment.
Introduction
Could you have some hypothesis connecting frog to human organ transplant?
Some frogs naturally freeze in winter,they hop again in spring. Canadian scientists are studying frozen frogs. Frogs can keep alive in frozen state, so scientists think these frogs hold the secret for better organ transplant.
Introduction
There is an good idea, there is an opportunity to success.
Do you know
the invention of stethoscope?
Introduction If your doctor examined you by placing his ear against your chest, you would think this method wasn't very scientific. But that is how doctors listened to the sounds of the heart before the invention of the stethoscope. Doctors knew that the thumps and thuds inside the body could tell them a great deal. They looked for ways to hear these sounds better.
Introduction In 1816, a French doctor, Rene Laennec, was watching some children play. He saw child A had her ear pressed against a long piece of wood. Child B made a pinging sound with a pin at the opposite end of the wood. The child A could hear the pinging sound very clearly. Observing the game,Laennec thought he could apply the physical principle of this game to improve auscultation of the patient's chest. Initially he made a cylinder from a notebook and placed one end of this tube to his ear and the other to the patient's chest ,he heard the heart sounds more clearly. In this way,he invented mediate auscultation to overcome the limitations of the immediate one.
Material and method
Experimental object : having enough sample content Quantitative index: animal heat 、 blood pressure 、 pulse…
10 ~15/group Qualitative index : good or bad 、 dead or alive 、 hydrops or not …
20 ~30/group
Dividing group
Control is the first principle of experimental design. ∗ Eliminate the interference of non-experimental factors. Experimental group: A+B+C+D+E Control group:
A+B+C+D
Result （ changes ）
Dividing group An example: Growth hormone is secreted in response to a number of agents, including the arginine. This was shown by injecting volunteers with arginine. As a control, the researchers injected the volunteers with a saline solution. To their surprise, growth hormone was again secreted. The researchers then waved a syringe and needle in front of their volunteers, and found that the waving provoked growth hormone secretion too. Growth hormone is now known to be secreted in response to stress as well as arginine.
Dividing group
Randomization is the second principle of experimental design. Randomization is important statistics method to enhance the balance between the groups.
Dividing group
Replication is the third principle of experimental design . ∗ Experiment be required certain replication times. ∗ Experiment could be replicated by other researchers.
Experimental results
Record
the original data and figure.
the result as table﹑ figure﹑ words and so on. Show
Target 1 Target 2 Target 3
Target 4
Experimental group Control group C Experimental group
Control group
1
2
3
4
T
Conclusion
Summarize your experiment. Surport or overthrow the hypothesis. Conclusion must be proper, and should not be exaggerated.
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