List Of Representatives Of Protists.pdf

GROUP ACTIVITY FOR EXERCISE 3 Objective 2: Identify the characteristics of the major phylogenetic groups of protists Table 1 Major phylogenetic groups, their representatives, and major characteristics GROUP

REPRESENTATIVE

CHARACTERISTICS

​Euglena

-​ unicellular simple flagellates -may be photosynthetic or heterotrophic

​Paramecium

-​ ​unicellular microorganisms with diverse characteristics in subgroups -unified by the presence of air sacs called alveoli beneath cell surfaces

Stramenopiles: Bacillariophytes

Navicula

-unicellular microorganisms which has intricate skeletons and various symmetrical body organizations -cell walls are called frustules that are made up of pectin and silica; -reproductive cells are motile and flagellated -photosynthetic

Rhodophytes

​Galaxaura

-unicellular to multicellular, photosynthetic organisms -red in color -cell walls contain polysaccharides agar and carrageenan -food material is floridean starch

Chlorophytes

Spirogyra,​ ​Volvox

-unicellular, colonial, to filamentous green-colored organisms -photosynthetic

Euglenozoans

Alveolates

-motile with various methods of motility Mycetozoans: Myxomycetes

Physarum

-unicellular, plasmodial slime molds -has alternating generation in sporic meiosis (can become amoeba-like and flagellated cells after spore germination)

Stramenopiles: Phaeophytes

​Sargassum

-microscopic filamentous to macroscopic seaweeds -brown in color -photosynthetic -cell walls contain large amounts of alginic acid -food materials are polysaccharide laminarin, sugar alcohol mannitol, and lipid droplets -reproductive cells are flagellated

Rhizopods

Amoeba

-​unicellular protist that use cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopods for motility and food ingestion

Objective 3: Define terms used in identification and classification of major protistan taxa Objective 4: Recognize representative taxa Table 2.1 ​ The Euglenozoa: ​Euglena

General information Feature we can derive from its name:

True eyes (but not really)

Cell number:

unicellular

Shape:

Irregular, eggplant, cucumber

Habitat:

Freshwater ponds

Relevant structures/process for:

motility

Specific structure/process flagella

Plant-like or animal-like animal-like

covering

pellicle

animal-like

sensory

eyespot

plant-like

chloroplasts

plant-like

Paramylon body

plant-like

Cytostome, reservoir

animal-like

organelles for food production for food storage vestigial structure Other terms/concepts *Type of movement *Paramylon

-metaboly -carbohydrate

animal-like plant-like

Checklist of structures in label: ​flagellum | cytostome/gullet | reservoir | eye-spot/stigma | chloroplasts | paramylum bodies | pellicle Table 2.2 ​The Alveolates: ​Paramecium

General information Feature we can derive from its name:

Elongated

Cell number:

unicellular

Shape:

slipper-shaped

Habitat:

freshwater

Relevant structures/process for:

Specific structure/process

Plant-like or animal-like

motility

cilia

animal-like

feeding

Cytostome, gullet

animal-like

covering

pellicle

animal-like

genetic material

Macronucleus, micronucleus

animal-like

osmoregulation

Contractile vacuole

animal-like

Other terms/concepts *Type of movement *For slide 2: means of reproduction

-spiral -transverse fission (asexual), conjugation (sexual)

Animal-like animal-like

Checklist of structures in label: ​cilia | macronucleus | micronucleus | Anterior end | Posterior end | Pellicle | Oral groove | Cytostome | gullet/cytopharynx | food vacuoles | contractile vacuoles & radiating canals

Table 2.3 The Stramenopiles: ​Navicula

General information Feature we can derive from its name: Cell number:

“boat-shaped” Unicellular

Shape:

Boat

Habitat:

Freshwater or Saltwater

Relevant structures/process for:

motility

Specific structure/process Reproductive cells only (flagellated)

Plant-like or animal-like Animal-like

feeding

Photosynthetic (stored as ​oils ​ & chrysolaminarin​)

Plant-like

covering

Cell Wall (​Pectin & Silica)​

Plant-like

Frustules - two halves of the cell wall - Hypotheca - ​inner - Epitheca - ​outer genetic material

Nucleus

Plant-like and Animal-like

Raphe - ​main line Striae - ​branching from raphe Polar Nodules - ​at both ends of raphe

Plant-like

*Two views

Girdle View - ​ side view Valve View - ​top view

-

*Symmetry

Bilateral - ​“winged” (Pennate Diatoms)

-

​*Life cycle (type of meiosis)

Diplontic (​ Gametic Meiosis)

-

Other terms/concepts *Other structures

Checklist of structures in label: ​Nucleus | Cell Wall (Hypotheca & Epitheca) | Raphe | Striae | Polar Nodules | Chloroplast

Table 2.4 ​The Phaeophytes: ​Sargassum

General Information Feature we can derive from its name:

-

Sargasso ​– seaweed Phaeo – ​brown Phyta –​ algae

Cell Number:

-

Multicellular Filamentous under microscope

Color: Habitat:

Brown Salt water

Relevant Structures/processes for:

Motility

Covering

Specific structure/process Non-motile but floats along currents and waves -

Cellulosic layer Mucilaginous layer

Plant-like or Animal-like ​Plant-like

​Plant-like

Organelles For food production For storage

Chloroplast

​Plant-like

-

Laminarin Mannitol Lipid droplets

​Plant-like

-

Stipe Holdfast

​Plant-like

Blade

​Plant-like

For floatation

Air bladder

​Plant-like

For reproduction

Receptacle

​Plant-like

Cryptostomata

​Plant-like

Other structures For support

For food production

Sterile cavities bearing small hairs Other terms/concepts *means of reproduction *type of meiosis *type of life cycle

-

Binary Fission (Asexual) Gametic/Diplon tic cycle (Sexual)

​Animal-like -

Table 2.5 ​The Rhodophytes: ​Galaxaura

General information Feature we can derive from its name:

Named after an oceanid creature in Greek mythology; organism is found in oceans especially in the benthic region

Cell number:

Multicellular

Shape:

Dichotomous branching

Habitat:

Saltwater

Color:

Red, masking chlorophyll a and d, through presence of biliprotein pigments, r-phycoerythrin (red) and r-phycocyanin (blue)

Motility: Relevant structures/process for:

Non-motile Specific structure/process

Plant-like or animal-like

Feeding

Photosynthetic (Floridean starch)

Plant-like

Covering

Cell Wall (​Mucilagenous, Cellulosic, Agar and Carrageenan​)

Plant-like

Nucleus

Plant-like and Animal-like

Diplohaplontic (​ Zygotic Meiosis)

-

Dichotomous

Plant-like

genetic material

Other terms/concepts Life cycle (type of meiosis)

Type of frond branching

Checklist of structures in label: ​Cell Membrane | Cell Wall | Mitochondrion | Nucleus | Stellate Chloroplast | Floridean Starch | Vacuole

Table 2.6 ​The Chlorophytes: ​Volvox

General Information Feature we can derive from its name Cell Number

“To roll” Unicellular, colonial

Shape

Spherical

Habitat

Freshwater

Color

Green

Motility Relevant structures/processes for: Food production Covering Motility Reproduction

Sensory Other terms/concepts Coenobic - each colony of ​Volvox h ​ as definite number of daughter cells Protoplasmic strand - connect each individual cell for the colony to act as One

Non-motile Specific structure/process

Plant-like or animal-like

Chlorophyll Photosynthetic

Plant-like

Gelatinous matrix

Animal-like

Flagella

Animal-like

Sexual (ova and spermatozoa) Asexual (gonidia)

Animal-like

eyespots

Animal-like -

Checklist of structures in label:​ Flagella | Daughter cell | Gelatinous Matrix |Gonidia | Protoplasmic Strands |

Table 2.7 ​The Chlorophytes: ​Spirogyra

General information Feature we can derive from its name: Cell number:

Helical or spiral arrangement of chloroplasts Filamentous

Shape:

Cylindrical shape

Habitat:

Freshwater

Relevant structure/process for:

Specific structure/process

Plant-like or animal-like

Cell Wall (Outer: Pectin; inner: Cellulose)

Plant-like

Chloroplast and Pyrenoids

Plant-like

For food storage

Vacuoles

Plant-like

For the storage of DNA

Nucleus

Plant-like and Animal-like

Cytoplasm

Plant-like and Animal-like

Conjugation Tube and Zygospore

-

Covering

Organelles For food production

For cellular process

Other Terms/concepts: *Means of Reproduction

Checklist of structure in label: ​Filament | Zygospore | Conjugation Tube | Chloroplast | Cell wall | pyrenoid | nucleus | cytoplasm

Table 2.8 The Mycetozoa:​ ​Physarum

General information Feature we can derive from its name: Cell number: Shape:

Habitat:

Slimy (snail-like) unicellular Fan-shaped (plasmodium) | mushroom-like (fruiting body) damp, dark places

Relevant structures/process for:

Specific structure/process

Plant-like or animal-like

motility

Plasmodium is motile like amoeba

animal-like

feeding

phagotrophic

animal-like

fruiting body

sporangium

plant-like

spores

plant-like

Spores (sexual) Fission (asexual)

plant-like plant-like

plasmodium sporangium activated spore

plant-like plant-like animal-like

genetic material reproduction

Life cycle Plasmodial form Sporulation Amoeba and Flagellate (swarm cell) Other terms/concepts Movement: ​amoeboid Survival: ​scloretia (hardening and drying) Sensory: ​chemotaxis

Animal-like Animal-like animal-like

Checklist of structure in label: ​Plasmodium | Sporangium | Sporangiophore | Spore | Swarm Cell

Table 2.9 ​The Rhizopods: ​Amoeba

General information Feature we can derive from its name:

Cell number:

Greek ​amoibē ​meaning it changes or alters its form unicellular

Shape:

Irregular; has many cytoplasmic extensions

Habitat:

Freshwater, sea, soil, animals, etc.; ubiquitous

Relevant structures/process for:

Specific structure/process

Plant-like or animal-like

motility

Pseudopodia (false feet)

animal-like

feeding

Pseudopodia (cytoplasmic extensions)

animal-like

Other terms/concepts *Two layers of cytoplasm:

-​ clear ectoplasm (aids in motility and food ingestion) -granular endoplasm (contains the vacuoles, granules, food vesicles, and other organelles)

​animal-like

Mode of reproduction:

-binary fission and multiple fission (both asexual only)

animal-like

Checklist of structure in label: ​Pseudopodia | Endoplasm | Ectoplasm

Objective 5: Explain why protists are the most diverse in terms of metabolism, structure and life cycle Table 3. Summary of similarities and differences among the different major groups GROUP

REPRESENT ATIVE

MOTILITY

FEEDING HABITS

MEANS OF REPRODUCTI ON

Other info

Stramenopiles: Baciliariophyte s

Navicula

Vegetative cells are nonmotile but reproductive cells are flagellated

Photosynthetic

Alveolates

Paramecium

Spiral due to specialized structure called cilia; dinoflagellates have flagella

Phagotrophy

● Ciliates:Trans verse fission (asexual); Conjugation (sexual) ● Apicomplexan s: Multiple fission (asexual); Sporogony (sexual) ● Dinoflagellate s: Binary fission (asexual); Isogamy (sexual)

-possess air sacs called alveoli beneath cell surfaces

Stramenopiles: Phaeophytes

Sargassum

Vegetative cells are nonmotile but reproductive cells are flagellated

Photosynthesi s

Fragmentation, zoospores and aplanospores (asexual); Isogamy, anisogamy, and

-microscopic filamentous to macroscopic seaweeds -brown in color

Shrinking Cell walls are division/MacDon called frustules ald-Pfitzer rule/ and are (asexual); composed of oogamy in the hypotheca centric and (inner covering) isogamy in and epitheca pennate (outer diatoms (sexual) covering) made up of pectin and silica

oogamy (sexual)

due to masking of chlorophyll by xanthophyll pigment--fucox anthin -photosynthetic -cell walls contain large amounts of alginic acid -food materials are polysaccharide laminarin, sugar alcohol mannitol, and lipid droplets

Euglenozoans

Euglena

Metaboly and has a flagellum

Photosynthesi s and some heterotrophic parasites

Longitudinal fission in euglenoids, binary fission in kinetoplastids (asexual); no known sexual mode of reproduction

-flagellated organisms -diverse in modes of nutrition

Rhodophytes

Galaxaura

Non-motile

Photosynthesi s

Aplanospores (asexual); Oogamy (sexual

-photosynthetic red-colored algae which are masked by pigments r-phycoerythrin and r-phycocyanin -food material is called floridean starch -cell walls contain polysaccharide s agar and carrageenan

Chlorophytes

Spirogyra, Volvox

Complex methods of motility

Photosynthesi s

Binary fission, fragmentation, zoospores (asexual); Isogamy, Anisogamy, Oogamy (sexual)

-green-colored photosynthetic organisms -unicellular, colonial, to filamentous forms

Mycetozoans: Myxomycetes

Physarum

Plasmodium state: protoplasmic streaming Swarm cell state: flagella

Phagotrophy

Mitotic division and sporulation (asexual); Nuclear fusion (sexual)

-has alternating generations in sporic meiosis

Rhizopoda

Amoeba

Amoeboid locomotion due to pseudopods

Phagotrophy

Binary fission, multiple fission (asexual); no known sexual mode of reproduction

Flexible endoplasm (granulated membrane) which engulfs its food and releases digestive enzymes.