L'histoire Du Cameroun

λ Government After a 1972 plebiscite, a unitary republic was formed out of East and West Cameroon to replace the former federal republic.

λ History Bantu speakers were among the first groups to settle Cameroon, followed by the Muslim Fulani in the 18th and 19th centuries. The land escaped colonial rule until 1884, when treaties with tribal chiefs brought the area under German domination. After World War I, the League of Nations gave the French a mandate over 80% of the area, and the British 20% adjacent to Nigeria. After World War II, when the country came under a UN trusteeship in 1946, self-government was granted, and the Cameroon People's Union emerged as the dominant party by campaigning for reunification of French and British Cameroon and for independence. Accused of being under Communist control, the party waged a campaign of revolutionary terror from 1955 to 1958, when it was crushed. In British Cameroon, unification was also promoted by the leading party, the Kamerun National Democratic Party, led by John Foncha. France set up Cameroon as an autonomous state in 1957, and the next year its legislative assembly voted for independence by 1960. In 1959 a fully autonomous government of Cameroon was formed under Ahmadou Ahidjo. Cameroon became an independent republic on Jan. 1, 1960. In 1961 the southern part of the British territory joined the new Federal Republic of Cameroon and the northern section voted for unification with Nigeria. The president of Cameroon since independence, Ahmadou Ahidjo was replaced in 1982 by the prime minister, Paul Biya. Both administrations have been authoritarian. With the expansion of oil, timber, and coffee exports, the economy has continued to improve, although corruption is prevalent, and environmental degradation remains a concern. In June 2000 the World Bank agreed to provide more than $200 million to build a $3.7 billion pipeline connecting the oil fields in neighboring Chad with the Cameroon coast. In Aug. 2006 Nigeria turned over the disputed oil-rich Bakassi peninsula to Cameroon—Nigeria had been resisting the World Court ruling since 2002.

History Main article: History of Cameroon

Joseph Merrick (shown here attending an Isubu funeral in 1845) was a Jamaican Baptist missionary who established a church among the Isubu of the coast. The territory of present day Cameroon was first settled during the Neolithic. The longest continuous

inhabitants are the Pygmy groups such as the Baka.[1] The Sao culture arose around Lake Chad c. AD 500 and gave way to the Kanem and its successor state, the Bornu empire. Kingdoms, fondoms, and chiefdoms arose in the west. Portuguese sailors reached the coast in 1472. They noted an abundance of prawns and crayfish in the Wouri River and named it Rio dos Camarões, Portuguese for "River of Prawns", and the phrase from which Cameroon is derived. Over the following few centuries, European interests regularised trade with the coastal peoples, and Christian missionaries pushed inland. In the early 19th century, Modibo Adama led Fulani soldiers on a jihad in the north against non-Muslim and partially Muslim peoples and established the Adamawa Emirate. Settled peoples who fled the Fulani caused a major redistribution of population.[2] The German Empire claimed the territory as the colony of Kamerun in 1884 and began a steady push inland. They initiated projects to improve the colony's infrastructure, relying on a harsh system of forced labour.[3] With the defeat of Germany in World War I, Kamerun became a League of Nations mandate territory and was split into French Cameroun and British Cameroons in 1919. The French carefully integrated the economy of Cameroun with that of France[4] and improved the infrastructure with capital investments, skilled workers, and continued forced labour.[3] The British administered their territory from neighbouring Nigeria. Natives complained that this made them a neglected "colony of a colony". Nigerian migrant workers flocked to Southern Cameroons, ending forced labour but angering indigenous peoples.[5] The League of Nations mandates were converted into United Nations Trusteeships in 1946, and the question of independence became a pressing issue in French Cameroun. [4] France outlawed the most radical political party, the Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC), on 13 July 1955. This prompted a long guerrilla war and the assassination of the party's leader, Ruben Um Nyobé.[6] In British Cameroons, the question was whether to reunify with French Cameroun or join Nigeria.

Ahmadou Ahidjo arrives at Washington, D.C., in July 1982. On 1 January 1960, French Cameroun gained independence from France under President Ahmadou Ahidjo, and on 1 October 1961, the formerly-British Southern Cameroons united with its neighbour to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. Ahidjo used the ongoing war with the UPC and fears of ethnic conflict to concentrate power in the presidency, continuing with this even after the suppression of the UPC in 1971.[6] His political party, the Cameroon National Union (CNU), became the sole legal political party on 1 September 1966 and in 1972, the federal system of government was abolished in favour of a United Republic of Cameroon, headed from Yaoundé.[7] Ahidjo pursued an economic policy of planned liberalism, prioritising cash crops and petroleum exploitation. The government used oil money to create a national cash reserve, pay farmers, and finance major development projects; however, many initiatives failed when Ahidjo appointed unqualified allies to direct them.[8] Ahidjo stepped down on 4 November 1982 and left power to his constitutional successor, Paul Biya. However, Ahidjo remained in control of the CNU and tried to run the country from behind the scenes until Biya and his allies pressured him into resigning. Biya began his administration by moving toward a more democratic government, but a failed coup d'état nudged him toward the leadership style of his predecessor.[9] An economic crisis took effect in the mid-1980s to late 1990s as a result of

international economic conditions, drought, falling petroleum prices, and years of corruption, mismanagement, and cronyism. Cameroon turned to foreign aid, cut government spending, and privatised industries. With the reintroduction of multi-party politics in December 1990, Anglophone pressure groups called for greater autonomy, with some advocating complete secession as the Republic of Ambazonia.[10]

Sejarah Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Sejarah Kamerun

Joseph Merrick adalah seorang misionaris Baptis dari Jamaika yang mendirikan sebuah gereja di antara suku Isubu Daerah yang sekarang dikenal sebagai Kamerun pertama dihuni dalam jaman Neolitikum. Penduduk terlama adalah kelompok-kelompok Pygmy seperti suku Baka.[1] Kebudayaan Sao muncul di dekat danau Chad sekitar 500 M dan digantikan oleh kerajaan Kanem dan kemudian kerajaan Bornu. Berbagai kerajaan, fondom, dan chiefdom juga muncul di barat. Pelaut dari Portugal mencapai pantai Kamerun pada 1472. Mereka melihat kelimpahan udang dan kepiting di sungai Wouri dan menamainya Rio dos Camarões (sungai udang), dan dari kata ini kemudian diturunkan "Kamerun". Setelah itu, pedagang dan misionaris Eropa datang ke Kamerun dan masuk ke pedalaman. Pada awal abad ke-19, Modibo Adama memimpin tentara suku Fula dalam jihad di utara melawan orang-orang non-Muslim dan mendirikan Emirat Adamawa. Orang-orang yang melarikan diri dari tentara Fulani ini kemudian menetap di berbagai daerah.[2] Kekaisaran Jerman menjajah Kamerun mulai 1884 dan masuk ke pedalaman. Mereka memulai proyek untuk memperbaiki infrastruktur dengan sistem perbudakan.[3] Dengan kekalahan Jerman dalam Perang Dunia II, Kamerun menjadi daerah mandat Liga Bangsa-Bangsa dan dibagi menjadi daerah Perancis Cameroun dan daerah Britania Cameroons pada 1919. Perancis kemudian menggabungkan ekonomi Cameroun dengan ekonomi Perancis[4] dan memperbaiki infrastruktur dengan penanaman modal, pekerja terampil, dan perbudakan.[3] Britania memerintah daerah mereka dari negara tetangga Nigeria. Hal ini menyebabkan Kamerun menjadi "koloni dari koloni" yang terabaikan. Tenaga kerja migran Nigeria masuk ke Cameroons selatan, mengakhiri perbudakan tapi juga membuat penduduk asli marah.[5] Mandat Liga Bangsa-Bangsa diubah menjadi United Nations Trusteeships pada 1946, dan masalah kemerdekaan mulai muncul di Cameroun.[4] Perancis melarang partai politik paling radikal, Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC), pada 13 Juli 1955. Hal ini menyebabkan perang gerilya panjang dan pembunuhan pemimpin partai ini, Ruben Um Nyobé.[6] Di Cameroons diperdebatkan antara bergabung dengan Cameroun atau Nigeria.

Ahmadou Ahidjo tiba di Washington, D.C., Juli 1982 Pada 1 Januari 1960, Cameroun mendapat kemerdekaan dari Perancis di bawah presiden Ahmadou Ahidjo, dan pada 1 Oktober 1961, Southern Cameroons bergabung dengan tetangganya untuk membentuk Republik Federasi Kamerun. Ahidjo menggunakan perang melawan UPC dan kekhawatiran akan perang etnis untuk menggalang kekuasaan presiden, bahkan setelah UPC dikalahkan pada 1971.[6] Partai politiknya, Cameroon National Union (CNU), menjadi satu-satunya partai politik pada 1 September 1966 dan pada 1972, sistem pemerintahan federasi diubah menjadi United Republic of Cameroon (Republik Kesatuan Kamerun), dengan ibukota Yaoundé.[7] Ahidjo memilih kebijakan ekonomi planned liberalism, mengutamakan cash crops dan minyak bumi. Pemerintah menggunakan uang dari minyak untuk menciptakan persediaan uang nasional, membayar petani, dan membiayai proyek-proyek pembangunan besar; namun banyak proyek gagal karena Ahidjo melakukan nepotisme dengan menunjuk teman-temannya walaupun mereka tidak kompeten.[8] Ahidjo mengundurkan diri pada 4 November 1982 dan menunjuk penerusnya, Paul Biya. Namun Ahidjo tetap mengendalikan CNU dan mencoba untuk memerintah negara dari belakang tirai sampai Biya dan sekutu-sekutunya mendesak Ahidjo untuk mundur. Biya memulai masa pemerintahannya dengan bergerak ke arah demokrasi, namun sebuah usaha kudeta mengembalikan gaya pemerintahannya ke pendahulunya.[9] Sebuah krisis ekonomi terjadi pada pertengahan 1980-an sampai akhir 1990-an karena keadaan ekonomi dunia, kekeringan, harga minyak bumi yang jatuh, korupsi, mismanagement, dan kolusi. Kamerun meminta bantuan asing, memotong pengeluaran negara, dan memprivatisasi industri. Dengan dimulainya politik multipartai pada Desember 1990, kelompokkelompok Anglophone menuntut otonomi yang lebih besar, dan sebagian menuntut kemerdekaan sebagai Republik Ambazonia.[10]

Histoire

[modifier]

Article détaillé : Histoire du Cameroun. Le premier contact avec les européens serait survenu lors du périple du Carthaginois Hannon qui, selon la légende, au Ve siècle av. J.-C., aurait atteint le Mont Cameroun qu'il baptisa le « Char des Dieux »[réf. nécessaire]. En 1472, les marins du Portugais Fernando Pó entrent dans l'estuaire du Wouri, s'extasient devant l'abondance des crevettes dans le cours d'eau qu'ils appellent aussitôt Río dos Camarões, d'où le nom actuel de Cameroun. Après les Portugais viennent les Néerlandais puis les Allemands. Avec les contacts avec les européens débutent des échanges commerciaux, y compris la traite négrière, l'introduction du christianisme et le démantèlement progressif de l'organisation politique existante (comme le Royaume Bamoun). Les Allemands perdent leur colonie en même temps que la Grande Guerre, en 1918 : la Société Des Nations confie la partie orientale à la France, et la zone occidentale au Royaume-Uni. Chacun de ces deux pays imprimera sa marque à « son » Cameroun, la France adoptant la politique de l'assimilation et le Royaume-Uni celle de l'indirect rule. Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le mouvement de l'UPC (Union des Populations du

Cameroun créée le 10 avril 1948 à Douala par le groupe des douze) revendique l'indépendance et la réunification avant d'être interdit puis lourdement réprimé par le pouvoir colonial français, conduisant à de véritables massacres en pays Bassa et en pays Bamileke. L'indépendance de la zone française est proclamée le 1er janvier 1960 et la réunification a lieu l'année suivante avec la partie sud de la zone britannique. Il s'ensuit une période de violente répression contre le mouvement de l'U.P.C., et l'ALNK, son « Armée de libération nationale Kamerounaise », par le nouveau gouvernement avec l'assistance de la France, qui durera jusqu'à la fin des années 1960 [1]. Le 20 mai 1972, un référendum conduit à un État unitaire et met fin au fédéralisme. (translate di altavista) History [ to modify ] detailed Article: History of Cameroun. The first contact with Europeans would have occurred at the time of the tour of the Hannon Carthaginian which, according to the legend, in Ve front century. J.-C., would have reached the Cameroun Mount which it baptized the "Tank of the Gods" [ réf. necessary ]. In 1472, the sailors of the Portuguese Fernando Pó enter the estuary of Wouri, extasient themselves in front of the abundance of shrimps in the river which they call at once Río back Camarões, from where the current name of Cameroun. After the Portuguese the Netherlanders come then the Germans. With the contacts with Europeans begin from trade, including the draft négrière, the introduction of Christianity and the progressive dismantling of the existing political organization (like the Bamoun Kingdom). The Germans lose their colony at the same time as the Large War, in 1918: the Company Of the Nations entrusts the Eastern part to France, and the Western zone in the United Kingdom. Each one of these two countries will print its mark in "its" Cameroun, France adopting the policy of the assimilation and the United Kingdom that of indirect the rule. At the following day of the Second World war, the movement of UPC (Union of the Populations of Cameroun created on April 10, 1948 in Douala by the group of the twelve) asserts independence and the reunification before prohibited then being heavily repressed by the French colonial capacity, leading to true massacres in Bassa country and Bamileke country. The independence of the French zone is proclaimed on January 1, 1960 and the reunification takes place the following year with the southern part of the British zone. It follows one period of violent repression against the movement of the U.P.C., and the ALNK, its "Army of national release Kamerounaise", by the new government with the assistance of France, which will last until the end of 1960 [ 1 ]. May 20, 1972, a referendum led to a unit State and puts an end to the federalism.

Époque pré-coloniale

[modifier]

Article détaillé : Histoire pré-coloniale du Cameroun. Les premiers habitants du Cameroun furent probablement les Baka, également appelés pygmées. Ils habitent toujours les forêts des provinces du sud et de l'est. • 1er millénaire avant J.-C. : la zone couvrant le sud-ouest de l`actuel Cameroun et le sud-est du Nigeria aurait été le berceau des peuples bantous.

• Bases africaines [modifier] Le pays se peuple au nord de populations de langue soudanaise (Tikar,Kirdi) et au sud de peuples de langue bantous (Bamoun, Bafoussam, Bakoko, Bassa, Bamenda, Bakundu, etc.).Ve siècle ap. J.-C. la Civilisation Sao se développe aux environs du Lac Tchad et donnera naissance au royaume du KanemBornou. A part cela,les gens vivent en chefferie,le pouvoir politique ne dépasse pas le groupe de village.Les bantous comme les soudanais sont divisés en plusieurs peuples qui ne cessent d´ évoluer avec leur castes et leur probléme monarchique donnent souvent naissance à de nouveau peuple souvent

antagoniste.Au nord comme au sud la propriété privée est inconnu ainsi que la notion d´état ou d´étatnation(Ainsi il y a plusieurs chefferie bakoko). Les habitants croient en la sorcellerie,le droit fait des captifs de guerre des esclaves souvent libéré aprés un certain temps.La communication au loin se fait par le tam-tam.Le nord du pays est touché par l´islam à partir du 11e siécle.

λ La conquête coloniale [modifier] A la recherche de la route des Indes, les portugais arrivent sur les côtes en 1472. Étonné par le nombre de crevettes, le navigateur Fernando Póo baptise le pays « Rio dos Camaroes» (l'estuaire du Wouri). Vers 1532 la traite des Noirs se met en place notamment grâce à la collaboration des Doualas. Les européens n'y fonderont cependant pas d´établissements permanents comme Luanda ou Saint-Louis à cause des côtes marécageuses, difficiles d'accès et infestées de malaria. La chasse à l'homme commence à l'intérieur du pays, l'habitat de nombreuses population sera systématiquement détruit. Au fur et à mesure le pays se vide de ses habitants déportés vers les colonies britanniques ou espagnoles d'Amérique ou vers le Brésil. Dans cette esprit parasitaire les cultures du pays ne pourront se développer. Les européens mettront en place des théories racistes et pseudo scientifiques (Kant, Hume) pour légitimer cette traite. Au XVIIIe siècle arrivent les pasteurs peuls ou (Foulbe) venus de l'ouest et refoulent les Kirdis et les Massas de la plaine du Diamaré, entre Logone et Bénoué. Ils islamisent les plateaux du Sud. Leur leader, Ousmane dan Fodio, envoie son guerrier Adam islamiser les plateaux du Sud, rebaptisé Adamaoua. Il est stoppé par le royaume Bamoun. Islamisation du royaume Bamoun sous l'impulsion du roi Njoya. Njoya restera célèbre pour l'alphabet composé d'idéogrammes qu'il crée et pour la carte du pays qu'il fait établir. • XVIe siècle : accumulations de populations diverses dans les grassfields de l'ouest qui deviendront l'ethnie Bamileke. Fondation du royaume Bamoun. • 1827 : exploration britannique de la côte camerounaise et du Biafra • 1845 : début de l'évangélisation par la Baptist Missionary Society de Londres • 1847 : mort du lamido Adama ; la capitale de l'Adamaoua, Yola, se trouve alors sur la Bénoué. Le royaume bamoun, dont la capitale se situe à Foumban, doit lutter contre l'expansion peule. • 1868 : installation de négociants allemands • 1884 : les Doualas signent un traité d'assistance avec l'Allemagne, celle-ci proclame sa souveraineté sur le Kamerun • 1890 : installation de la Societas Apostolus Catholici (évangélisation) (translate dari altavista) Pre-colonial time [ to modify ] detailed Article: Pre-colonial history of Cameroun. The first inhabitants of Cameroun were probably Baka, also called Pygmies. They always live the forests of the provinces of the south and the east. * 1st millenium before J.-C.: the zone covering the south-west of l`actuel Cameroun and the south-east of Nigeria would have been the cradle of the people bantous. African bases [ to modify ] The country becomes populated in the north of populations of Sudanese language (Tikar, Kirdi) and in the south of people of language bantous (Bamoun, Bafoussam, Bakoko, Bassa, Bamenda, Bakundu, etc.).Ve century ap. J.-C. Sao Civilization develops around the Lake Chad and will give rise to the kingdom of Kanem-Bornou. Besides that, people live in cheffery, the political power does not exceed the group of village.Les bantous like the Sudaneses are divided into several people which do not cease evolving/moving with their castes and probléme monarchical often gives

rise to northern people to them again often antagoniste.Au as in the south the private property is unknown as well as the concept of state or of state-nation(Ainsi there is several cheffery bakoko). The inhabitants believe in sorcery, the made right of the prisoners of war of the often released aprés slaves some temps.La communication to far is done by the northern tam-tam.Le country is touched by Islam starting from the 11th siécle. The colonial conquest [ to modify ] To the research of the road of the Indies, Portuguese arrives on the coasts in 1472. Astonished by the number of shrimps, the navigator Fernando Póo baptizes the country "Rio back Camaroes" (the estuary of Wouri). About 1532 the draft of the Blacks is set up in particular thanks to the collaboration of Doualas. Europeans will however not found there permanent establishments like Luanda or Saint-Louis because of the marshy, difficult of access and infested coasts malaria. Hunting for the man starts inside the country, the habitat of many population will be systematically destroyed. Progressively the country empties its inhabitants off-set towards the British or Spanish colonies of America or towards Brazil. In this parasitic spirit the cultures of the country will not be able to develop. Europeans will set up racist and pseudo theories scientific (Kant, Hume) to legitimate this draft. At the XVIIIe century arrive the pastors peuls or (Foulbe) come from the west and drive back Kirdis and them Massas plain of Diamaré, between Logone and Bénoué. They Islamize the plates of the South Their leader, Ousmane daN Fodio, sends its Adam warrior to Islamize the plates of the South, renamed Adamaoua. It is stopped by the Bamoun kingdom. Islamization of the Bamoun kingdom under the impulse of king Njoya. Njoya will remain famous for the alphabet made up of ideograms which it creates and for the chart of the country that it makes establish. * XVIe century: accumulations of various populations in the grassfields of the west which will become the Bamileke ethnos group. Foundation of the Bamoun kingdom. * 1827: British exploration of the Cameronian coast and Biafra * 1845: beginning of the evangelization by Baptist Missionary Society of London * 1847: died of the lamido Adama; the capital of Adamaoua, Yola, is then on Bénoué. The kingdom bamoun, whose capital is located at Foumban, must fight against the expansion peule. * 1868: installation of German traders * 1884: Doualas sign a treaty of assistance with Germany, this one proclaims its sovereignty on Kamerun * 1890: installation of Societas Apostolus Catholici (evangelization)

Pendidikan dan kesehatan

Papan nama seorang "traditional doctor" atau dukun di Tatum, Provinsi Barat Laut Sebagian besar anak-anak dapat memperoleh pendidikan di sekolah negeri yang gratis atau sekolah swasta yang diberi subsidi[29] Sistem pendidikan di Kamerun adalah campuran antara sistem Inggris dan Perancis[30] dengan bahasa pengantar sebagian besar bahasa Inggris atau Perancis.[31] Kamerun memiliki tingkat kehadiran sekolah tertinggi di Afrika.[29] Anak perempuan lebih jarang bersekolah daripada anak laki-laki karena pengaruh budaya, kewajiban rumah tangga, pernikahan dan kehamilan dini, dan pelecehan seksual. Walaupun tingkat kehadiran lebih tinggi di selatan,[29] terlalu banyak guru ditugaskan ke sana, sehingga di utara sekolah-sekolah memiliki terlalu sedikit guru.[18] Kualitas kesehatan di Kamerun pada umumnya rendah.[32] Di luar kota-kota besar, fasilitas kesehatan biasanya kotor dan tidak lengkap.[33] Penyakit yang berjangkit misalnya demam berdarah, filariasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, meningitis, schistosomiasis, dan penyakit tidur.[34] Tingkat infeksi HIV/AIDS

diperkirakan 5,4% dari penduduk usia 15–49,[35] walaupun tekanan sosial membuat jumlah laporan lebih rendah dari sebenarnya.[36] Dukun adalah alternatif populer terhadap ilmu pengobatan barat.[37]