Lessons 8&9 Unrevised

lesson 8 past imperfective tense and continuous tenses the hindi verb, in the first place, distinguishes tenses: past, presence, and future. within these tenses, another distinction takes place relating to the state of action: 1. actions that are completed (perfective) 2. actions that are habitual or have general meaning (imperfective) 3. actions that are going on (continuous) we have learned the present imperfective tense before, which is used for habitual actions or general statements in the present:

वह कोई करख़ाने मे नौकी करता है

– he works in a factory.

शाम को माताजी टे िििवज़न दे खती है

– in the evenings, mother watches tv.

अमरीकन िोग अंगेज़ी बोिते है

– americans speak english.

हम िोग गोशत नहीं खाते

– we do not eat meat.

फि और सििज़याँ ससती होती है

– fruits and vegetables are cheap.

transferred to past tense, the imperfective gives the meaning „used to“ and is formed by using „was“ and „were“

(था, थे, थी, थीं) instead of the present forms of „to be“. so here’s the complete list, with the verb बोिना serving as example: masculine

feminine

मै बोिता था

मै बोिती थी

तू बोिता था

तू बोिती थी

यह/वह/वो बोिता था

main boltaa thaa / main boltii thii tuu boltaa thaa / tuu boltii thii

यह/वह/वो

yah boltaa thaa / yah boltii thii

बोिती थी

i used to speak you used to speak he/she used to speak

हम बोिते थे

हम बोिती थीं

ham bolte the / ham boltii thii:

we used to speak

तुम बोिते थे

तुम बोिती थीं

tum bolte the / tum boltii thii:

you used to speak

आप बोिते थे

आप बोिती थीं

aap bolte the / aap boltii thii:

you used to speak

ये/वे बोिते थे

ये/वे बोिती थीं

ye bolte the / ye boltii thii:

they used to speak

here are the above sample sentences in past imperfective:

वह कोई करख़ाने मे नौकी करता था

– he used to work in a factory.

शाम को माताजी टे िििवज़न दे खती थीं

– in the evenings, mother used to watch tv.

अमरीकन िोग अंगेज़ी बोिते थे

– americans used to speak english.

हम िोग गोशत नहीं खाते थे

– we used not to eat meat.

फि और सििज़याँ ससती होती थीं

– fruits and vegetables used to be cheap.

in everyday usage, the application of the imperfective tenses is not restricted to habitual actions and general statements. they are commonly used indefinitely as long as there is no actual need to apply the continuous tense. the continuous tenses, as already mentioned, are used to express actions that are (or were, or will be) going on at a particular moment in present, past or future. for present and past, the continuous tenses are formed as follows (again, we take बोिना as sample verb): masculine

feminine

present continuous

मै बोि रहा हूँ

मै बोि रही हूँ

main bol rahaa/rahii huu:

तू बोि रहा है

तू बोि रही है

tuu bol rahaa/rahii hai

यह/वह/वो बोि रहा है

यह/वह/वो बोि रही है

yah bol rahaa/rahii hai

हम बोि रहे है

हम बोि रही है

ham bol rahe/rahii hain

तुम बोि रहे हो

तुम बोि रही हो

tum bol rahe/rahii ho

आप बोि रहे है

आप बोि रही है

aap bol rahe/rahii hain

ये/वे बोि रहे है

ये/वे बोि रही है

ve bol rahe/rahii hain

i am speaking you are speaking he/she is speaking we are speaking you are speaking you are speaking they are speaking

past continuous

मै बोि रहा था

मै बोि रही थी

main bol rahaa thaa / rahii thii

तू बोि रहा था

तू बोि रही थी

tuu bol rahaa thaa / rahii thii

यह/वह/वो बोि रहा था यह/वह/वो बोि रही थी

yah bol rahaa thaa / rahii thii

हम बोि रहे थे

हम बोि रही थीं

ham bol rahe the / rahii thii:

तुम बोि रहे थे

तुम बोि रही थीं

tum bol rahe the / rahii thii:

आप बोि रहे थे

आप बोि रही थीं

aap bol rahe the / rahii thii:

ये/वे बोि रहे थे

ये/वे बोि रही थीं

ve bol rahe the / rahii thii:

i was speaking you were speaking he/she was speaking we were speaking you were speaking you were speaking they were speaking

as can be seen, the continuous is formed by taking the stem of the verb one wishes to conjugate, बोि in our case, and adding the participle of रहना “to stay, to remain” followed by the respective form of होना, „to be“. the participle of रहना is रहा for masculine singular, रहे for masculine plural, and रही for feminine both singular and plural.

तुम यहाँ कया कर रहे हो ?

-

what are you doing here?

मै इस दफ़तर पर काम कर रहा हूँ

-

i’m working at this office.

हमारे दोसत हमारे साथ खाना खा रहा था

-

our friend was eating with us.

सब िोग आज होिी मना रहे है

-

all the people are celebrating holi today.

राम हमारे ििए िसतार बजा रहा है

-

ram is playing the sitar for us.

माताजी बचचो को कहानी बता रही थीं

-

mother was telling the children a story.

*** word order there is a general word order in hindi sentences which does not lay particular emphasis on any part of the sentence:

1. the subject; 2. adverbs

3. objects:

a) of time,

मै

तुम

वे

कि

आज

------

b) of place,

शहर

------

यहाँ

c) of manner;

बस से

------

------

a) indirect object,

--------

मुझे

------

b) direct object;

--------

िकताब

अपने बचचे

कयो

4. interrogative word (if any); --------

कब

जाता था

5. the verb.

दे ते हो?

िाते है ?

to emphasize one of the elements of the sentence, this element is shifted immediately before the verb (respectively before the interrogative word):

मै कि बस से शहर जाता था

- i went to the city by bus yesterday.

मै शहर बस से कि जाता था

- i went to the city by bus yesterday.

तुम मुझे िकताब आज कयो दे ते हो?

- why do you give me the book today?

तुम आज िकताब मुझे कयो दे ते हो?

- why do you give me the book today?

वे अपने बचचे यहाँ कब िाते है ?

- when will they bring their children here?

*** conjunct verbs

hindi makes extensive use of conjunct verbs, taking a simple verb such as करना or होना and placing a noun or adjective before it to create a new meaning. we have already come across some of them, like बात करना to talk,

काम करना to work, साफ़ करना to clean, and bollywood fans of course know पयार करना or पेम करना to love, which sometimes cumulates in शादी करना to marry. some of those conjunct verbs come as transitive and intransitive couples:

बनद करना

to close sth

बनद होना

शुर करना

to begin sth

शुर होना

ख़तम करना

to finish sth

to close (intr.), to be closed to begin (intr.)

ख़तम होना to end (intr.)

to illustrate the transitive respectively intransitive meanings of the latter, here are some sample sentences:

कृ पया दरवाज़ा बनद कीिजए

–

please close the door.

दक ु ाने शाम को बनद होती है

–

the shops close (are closed) in the evening.

तुम अपना सफ़र यहीं शुर करते हो

–

you begin your journey right here.

छुििटयाँ आज शुर होती है

–

holidays begin today.

हम शाम को काम ख़तम करते थे

–

we used to finish work in the evening.

यह िफ़लम अभी ख़तम हो रही है

–

this film is ending just now.

*** to have as there is no verb “to have” in hindi, the meaning has to be expressed otherwise. there are several ways to do this:

a) by using the possessive particles ( का, की, के). by this usage, permanent belonging is understood, such as with relatives, body parts, or even real estate and other immovable things.

उनका िदलिी मे एक बडा मकान है

- they have a large house in delhi.

कमाि जी का नए दफ़तर है

- mr. kamal has a new office.

नाग और मछिी के पाँव नहीं होते है

- snakes and fish do not have legs.

इस िडकी की सुनदर नीिी आंखे है

- this girl has beautiful blue eyes.

उसकी पती की तीन बिहने है

- his wife has three sisters.

हमारे दो बचचे है

- we have two children.

मेरे िसफ़ एक बेटी है *

- i have only one daughter. *

( * the latter example makes us feel uneasy, doesn’t it? shouldn’t it be “मेरी”, as it refers to only one person, and a female one on top of this? it should indeed. but the one who utters this sentence makes in fact use of the construction explained in b) – omitting the word “यहाँ“; this is sometimes applied when referring to family members.)

b) by using the postposition के यहाँ, „at the house/place of“. माताजी के यहाँ सुनदर बाग है

- mother has a beautiful garden.

हमारे यहाँ नए सामान है

- we have new furniture at our house.

c) by using the postposition के पास, „close, near to“. this expresses a more volatile kind of belonging, referring to all kinds of things that can easily change hands; it is also used for immaterial and abstract things:

इस िवदाथी के पास बहुत िकताबे है

– this student has many books.

उसके पास पुरानी कािी गाडी है

– he has an old black car.

हमारे पास बहुत पैसा कभी नहीं होता था

– we never had much money.

मेरे पास काफ़ी समय है

– i have plenty of time.

कया मेरा पता तुमहारे पास है ?

– do you have my address?

d) by using the postposition मे (in cases where this makes sense): हमारे मकान मे बडा रसोईघर है

– our house has a big kitchen.

रसोईघर मे दो िखडिकयाँ है

– the kitchen has two windows.

इस मिहिे के िसर मे ददद है

– this lady has a headache.

e) „to have“ can also be paraphrased by using expressions like का सवामी होना or का माििक होना „to be the master/owner of“, which sounds overstated, though, unless the thing owned is of considerable importance or dimension.

यह अमीर आदमी भीमकाय मकान का सवामी है

– this rich man has/owns a huge house.

वह शहर के सबसे बडे कारख़ाने का माििक है

– he has/owns the biggest factory in town.

*** vocab lesson 8 अकसर

often, usually

पयार करना

teacher

पेम

अभी

right now

पेम करना

अमरीकन

american

िफर

अधयापक

m

आिख़र

m

end

िफ़लम

आंख (आँख)

f

eye

बंगिा

to love m

love to love then, again

f

film, movie the bengali language

आम

mango

बजाना

to play (an instrument)

उिडया

the oriya language

बनद (बंद) करना

to close (tr.)

कचचा

unripe, raw, uncooked; crude, rough

बनद (बंद) होना

to close (intr.)

कब

when?

बाग

m

garden

कभी

sometimes

बाज़ार

m

shopping area, market

कभी नहीं

never

बात करना

किकता

calcutta

बाहर

m

to talk, to converse outside

कहानी

f

story

भीमकाय

कागज़

m

(piece of) paper

भाषा

f

language

काफ़ी

f

coffee

मंिदर

m

temple

काफ़ी

quite, quite a few, enough, very

मछिी

f

fish

काम करना

to work

मनाना

huge, gigantic

to celebrate

कारख़ाना

m

factory, workshop

मिहिा

f

lady

िकिो

m

kilo(gram)

माििक

m

owner, master

कैसे

how ?

मुसािफ़र

m

traveller

खडा होना

to stand

यहीं

ख़तम करना

to finish

रे िगाडी

f

train

ख़तम होना

to end

िवदाती

m

student

f

marriage, wedding

right here

छुिटी

f

holiday, leave, release from work

शादी

ज़माना

m

period, time

शाबाश

to know

शाम

f

evening, dusk

m

beginning

जानना

well done! bravo!

टे िििवज़न

m

television

शुर

टे न

f

train

शुर करना

to begin

the tamil language

शुर होना

to begin

तिमि दफ़तर

m

office

संतरा

m

orange

ददद

m

pain, ache

सफ़र

m

journey, travel

दादा

m

paternal grandfather

सिज़ी

f

vegetable

दादा-दादी

m

paternal grandparents

समझना

दादी

f

paternal grandmother

साधू

to understand, to think, to consider m

hindu holy man; sadhu

दे श

m

country, region

साफ़

clean

नाग

m

snake

साफ़ करना

to clean

ripe, cooked; well-made

साि

m

year

address

िसतार

f

sitar

the day before yesterday / the day after tomorrow

िसर

m

head

family

सुनाना

to reach, to arrive at

सुबह

पकका पता

m

परसो पिरवार

m

पहुँचना पुसतक

f

book

सोना

पयार

m

love

सवामी

to tell, to relate f

morning to sleep

m

master, owner

*** lesson 9 numbers before we come to the subject of dates and time, we will have a look at the numbers. this is a somewhat dry subject, but in order to express a date, we can’t do without them. of course, we will not learn all of them by heart now; the following tables are meant as a reference for future requirements: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

०

शूनय

१

एक

२

दो

३

तीन

४

चार

५

पाँच

६

छह / छः

७

सात

८

आठ

९

नौ

१०

दस

११

गयारह

१२

बारह

१३

तेरह

१४

चौदह

१५

पंदह

१६

सोिह

१७

सतह

१८

अठारह

१९

उननीस

२०

बीस

२१

इककीस

२२

बाईस

shuunya ek

51

do

52

tiin

53

caar

54

paa:c

55

chah

56

saat

57

aath

58

nau

59

das

60

gyaarah

61

baarah

62

terah

63

caudah

64

pandrah

65

solah

66

satrah

67

athaarah

68

unniis

69

biis

70

ikkiis

71

baaiis

72

५१

इकावन

५२

बावन

५३

ितरपन

५४

चौवन

५५

पचपन

५६

छपपन

५७

सतावन

५८

अठावन

५९

उनसठ

६०

साठ

६१

इकसठ

६२

बासठ

६३

ितरसठ

६४

चौसठ

६५

पैसठ

६६

िछयासठ

६७

सरसठ

६८

अडसठ

६९

उनहतर

७०

सतर

७१

इकहतर

७२

बहतर

ikaavan baavan tirpan cauvan pacpan chappan sattaavan athaavan unsath saath iksath baasath tirsath causath pai:sath chiyaasath sarsath arsath unhattar sattar ikhattar bahattar

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

२३

तेईस

२४

चौबीस

२५

पचचीस

२६

छिबीस

२७

सताईस

२८

अठाईस

२९

उनतीस

३०

तीस

३१

इकतीस

३२

बतीस

३३

तेतीस

३४

चौतीस

३५

पैतीस

३६

छतीस

३७

सैतीस

३८

अडतीस

३९

उनतािीस

४०

चािीस

४१

इकतािीस

४२

बयािीस

४३

तेतािीस

४४

चवािीस

४५

पैतािीस

४६

िछयािीस

४७

सैतािीस

४८

अडतािीस

४९

उनचास

५०

पचास

teiis

73

caubiis

74

pacciis

75

chabbiis

76

sattaaiis

77

athaaiis

78

untiis

79

tiis

80

iktiis

81

battiis

82

te:tiis

83

cautiis

84

pai:tiis

85

chattiis

86

sai:tiis

87

artiis

88

untaaliis

89

caaliis

90

iktaaliis

91

bayaaliis

92

te:taaliis

93

cavaaliis

94

pai:taaliis

95

chiyaaliis

96

sai:taaliis

97

artaaliis

98

uncaas

99

pacaas

100

७३

ितहतर

७४

चौहतर

७५

पचहतर

७६

िछहतर

७७

सतहतर

७८

अठहतर

७९

उनासी

८०

अससी

८१

इकासी

८२

बयासी

८३

ितरासी

८४

चौरासी

८५

पचासी

८६

िछयासी

८७

सतासी

८८

अठासी

८९

नवासी

९०

नववे

९१

इकानवे

९२

बानवे

९३

ितरानवे

९४

चौरानवे

९५

पचानवे

९६

िछयानवे

९७

सतानवे

९८

अठानवे

९९

िननानवे

१००

सौ

tihattar cauhattar pachattar chihattar sathattar athhattar unaasii assii ikaasii bayaasii tiraasii cauraasii pacaasii chiyaasii sataasii athaasii navaasii navve ikaanave baanave tiraanave cauraanave pacaanave chiyaanave sattanave athaanave ninaanave sau

having reached one thousand, the denomination of hindi numbers does not advance in threefold steps like ours (one/ten/hundred thousand, then one/ten/hundred million), but in twofold steps: 101 500 1000 10.000 100.000 1.000.000 10.000.000 100.000.000 1.000.000.000

१०१

एक सौ एक

५००

पाँच सौ

१०००

हज़ार / सहस

१०,००० १,००,००० ९०,००,०००

pa:c sau

दस हज़ार / दस सहस िाख दस िाख

९,००,००,०००

करोड

१०,००,००,०००

दस करोड

१,००,००,००,०००

ek sau ek

अरब

hazaar / sahastra das hazaar / das sahastra laakh das laakh karor das karor arab

fractional numbers: we will need them to specify the hour of day later on. as you see from the table, 1 ½ and 2 ½ are expressed by special words, from 3 ½ onwards, “and a half” is expressed by using साढे . ¼ 1/3

चौथाई ितहाई

cauthaai tihaaii

a quarter a third

आधा

½ ¾

डे ढ

1½

three quarters

derh

one and a half

dhaaii

two and a half

savaa

and a quarter

सवा

plus ¼

सवा दो

2¼

savaa do

पौने

less ¼

paune

पौने तीन

2¾

paune tiin

साढे

plus ½

saarhe

साढे पाँच

5½

saarhe pa:c

तीसरा चौथा पाँचवाँ

two and a quarter less a quarter two and three quarters and a half five and a half

छठा

ordinal numbers:

दस ू रा

a half

paun, paunaa

ढाई

2½

पहिा

aadhaa

पौन, पौना

pahlaa

first

duusraa

second

tiisraa

third

cauthaa

fourth

pa:cva:

fifth

सातवाँ आठवाँ नौवाँ

chathaa

sixth

saatva:

seventh

aathva:

eighth

nauva:

nineth

dasva:

tenth

sauva:

hundredth

दसवाँ सौवाँ

from seven onwards, the ordinal numbers are formed regularly, by adding –वाँ to the number. grammatically, the ordinal numbers are adjectives and inflect like बडा. the ending –वाँ then changes to –वे and thus remains nasalized. finally, some particularities concerning the use of numbers in hindi sentences: repetition of a number gives a sense of distribution:

दादीजी बचचो को दो दो सेब दे ती है

– grandmother gives the children two apples each.

with an undecided numeral statement, like in the following sentence, no word for “or” is applied:

मै तीन चार दोसतो के ििए खाना बनाता हूँ

– i prepare a meal for three or four friends.

*** dates and time days of the week

सोमवार

monday

जनवरी

मंगिवार

tuesday

फ़रवरी

months of the year january (f) february (f)

बुधवार

wednesday

माचद

march (m)

गुरवार or बह ृ सपितवार

thursday

अपैि

april (m)

शुकवार

friday

मई

may (f)

शिनवार

saturday

जून

june (m)

रिववार or इतवार

sunday

जुिाई

july (f)

अगसत

august (m)

( all the days’ names

िसतंबर

are of masculine gender )

अकूबर नवंबर

september (m) oktober (m) november (m)

िदसंबर

december (m)

the days’s names are frequently used omitting the ending –वार, so मंगि, बुध, बह ृ सपित equally mean „tuesday“, „wednesday“, “thursday”. in order to express a certain date, we simply put the number of the day before the name of the month: उननीस

जनवरी, the 19th of january; तेईस अकूबर, the 23rd of october. only for the first and second of a month, ordinal numbers are used: पहिी िदसंबर, the first of december; दस ू री अपैि, the second of april. you see that

पहिा and दस ू रा appear in their feminine form: this is because the feminine word तारीख़, „date“, is implicit

here. we may as well include the explicit word: िदसंबर की पहिी तारीख़, अपैि की दस ू री तारीख़, माचद

की दस तारीख़… and to ask for the current date, we may say: आज कया तारीख़ है ? what is the date today?

clock time: to specify this, we use बजा, a participle of the verb बजना, to chime. with clock times involving “two” and onwards, the plural form बजे is applied. to express quarter- and half-hours, we recur to some of the fractional numbers from the above table:

सवा, „and a quarter“

– a quarter past the hour

साढे , „and a half“

– half past the hour

पौने, „less a quarter“

– a quarter to the hour

डे ढ, „one and a half“

– used for “half past one”

ढाई, „two and a half“

– used for „half past two“

with the times around one o’clock, the first three of the above expressions are used alone, एक being understood implicitly; from 2.45 onwards, a regular scheme is followed: 0.45 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.45 2.00 2.15 2.30 2.45 3.00 3.15 3.30 3.45

पौन बजा एक बजा सवा बजा डे ढ बजा पौने दो बजे दो बजे सवा दो बजे ढाई बजे पौने तीन बजे तीन बजे सवा तीन बजे साढे तीन बजे पौने चार बजे

paun bajaa ek bajaa savaa bajaa derh bajaa paune do baje do baje savaa do baje dhaaii baje paune tiin baje tiin baje

a quarter to one one o'clock a quarter past one half past one a quarter to two two o'clock a quarter past two half past two a quarter to three three o'clock

savaa tiin baje

a quarter past three

saarhe tiin baje

half past three

paune caar baje

a quarter to four

to give the minutes before the hour, the expression बजने

मे is used, and बजकर will indicate the minutes

after the hour, sometimes supplemented by the words बाक़ी, „remaining“, respectively

हुए, „have been“: पाँच

बजने मे बीस िमनट है , it’s twenty minutes to five, or: पाँच बजने मे बीस िमनट बाक़ी है , literally: there are twenty minutes remaining until it chimes five; पाँच past five, or: पाँच

बजकर बीस िमनट है , it’s twenty minutes

बजकर बीस िमनट हुए है , literally: there have been twenty minutes since it chimed

five. you may also follow the pattern of english usage and say: पाँच बीस 5.20, आठ पचचीस 8.25…

in order to make the distinction between a.m. and p.m., we use the words सुबह, िदन, शाम and रात which are already well-known to us; they are applied according to the following pattern (roughly):

सुबह morning

िदन

– 6.00 a.m. to 11.00 a.m.

day

– 11.00 a.m. to 4.00 p.m.

शाम evening रात

thus, 10.00 a.m. will be:

– 4.00 p.m. to 8.00 p.m.

night

– 8.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.

सुबह के दस बजे, and 10.00 p.m. रात के दस बजे; 1.00 a.m. रात का एक

बजा, 1.00 p.m. िदन का एक बजा.

some sample sentences involving clock time:

कया बजा है ? or िकतने बजे है ?

– what time is it?

दक ु ाने िकतने बजे बनद करते है ?

- at what time do the shops close?

ठीक छः बजने पर

– at six o’clock exactly.

आठ बजनेवािे है

– it is nearly eight o’clock.

आठ बज रहे है

– it is just eight o’clock (it is just striking eight).

…and, talking about clocks…

यह घडी पाँच िमनट आगे / पीछे है

– this clock is five minutes fast/slow.

तुमहारी घडी मे कया बजा है ?

– what’s the time by your watch?

वह घडी ठीक चिती है

- that clock goes right.

speaking about time, we also have to mention the traditional indian division of the 24 hours of the day into eight three-hour periods called पहर. the first पहर starts at about 6.00 a.m., hence the expressions दोपहर noon,

तीसरे पहर in the (early) afternoon, and आठो पहर all day long.

*** further idiomatic expressions with को in order to specify dates and time, the postposition को is applied once again. this is a good occasion to introduce some more idiomatic constructions making use of that little word:

a) specifying time and date:

शाम को / रात को / सुबह (को) *

– in the evening / at night / in the morning*

कि शाम को

– tomorrow evening / yesterday evening

सोमवार को

– on monday

सोमवार की सुबह (को)*

– on monday morning*

आठ बजे शाम को

– at eight o’clock in the evening

जनवरी की बीस तारीख़ को

– on the 20th of january

or: बीस जनवरी को *(with सुबह, “morning”, को is frequently omitted)

b) चािहए : this word, related to the verb चाहना „to want“, is frequently used with को and may then be

translated as „wanted“ or „needed“: मुझको (or मुझे) पानी चािहए could be literally translated: “to/by me water is wanted/needed”, but let’s put it more elegantly: “i need water” or “i want water”.

हमारे बचचो को हर साि नए कपडे चािहए

– our children need new clothes every year.

आपको कया चािहए ?

– what do you want?

हमे ज़यादा बडा मकान चािहए

– we want a larger house.

तुमहे दो ही कुरिसयाँ कयो चािहए थीं?

– why did you need two chairs?

उसे अपनी बिहन की शादी के ििए एक नई साडी चािहए थी she needed a new sari for her sister’s wedding. from the two latter examples it can be seen that this expression agrees with the gender and number of the subject (कुरिसयाँ and साडी in these cases), which does not show in the present tense. we may, but do not have to, emphasize a plural agreement in present tense by using the nasalized form चािहएँ : उसे दो नई सािडयाँ

चािहएँ .

c) आना : in combination with को, the verb आना „to come“ expresses the meaning „to know”, “to be able to” (already mentioned once in lesson 7):

कया तुमको िहनदी आती है ?

– do you know hindi?

आपको िकतनी भाषाएँ आती है ?

– how many languages do you know?

इस छोटे बचचे को ििखना आता है !

– this little child is able to write!

उनहे गाडी चिाना नहीं आता है

– they do not know how to drive a car. (or: they can’t drive)

in the two latter examples, the verbs ििखना and चिाना are used as nouns. this is common usage in hindi and we will soon recur to that topic. for the time being, it will do to note that such verbal nouns are of masculine gender, hence the masculine form of the imperfective participle आता.

*** adverbial expressions many adverbial usages in hindi are marked by postpositions, putting the preceding word into the oblique case. in some cases, especially with को, the postposition itself is dropped, leaving the oblique word standing alone as an adverb. here is a list of adverbs thus formed:

adverbs of time:

अगिे साि/महीने/हफ़ते

िपछिे साि/महीने/हफ़ते हर साि/महीने/हफ़ते सारे िदन/शाम/रात

last year/month/week next year/month/week every year/month/week

adverbs of direction:

बाये हाथ

दहीने हाथ इस तरफ़

to the left (hand) to the right (hand) in this direction

all day/evening/night movement towards a place, sometimes expressed by को

with the oblique, but this को is also frequently dropped: किकते को जाना so becomes

दस ू रे िदन उन िदनो

the next day in those days

किकते जाना.

इन िदनो

these days

उस िदन

that day

तीसरे पहर

in the afternoon

सवेरे

in the early morning

the postposition पर

is used for adverbial expressions with समय, time, and तौर, manner.

ठीक समय पर

– punctually

िकस समय (पर)

– at what time?

ख़ास थौर पर

– specially

आम तौर पर

– generally, usually

an alternative word for तौर

is तरह, which is used with से (but से is often omitted with तरह):

िकस तरह (से) – how? in what way?

ठीक तरह (से) – properly

अचछी तरह (से) – well

adverbial expressions with से often express the meaning „by means of“:

बस से – by bus

हाथ से – by hand

in other adverbial usages, से could equally be translated by “with”:

क़िम से – with a pen

ख़ुशी से – with pleasure; happily, gladly ज़ोर से – with force; forcefully, loudly धयान से – with attention, with care; attentively, carefully

other adverbial expressions with से are दे र से, late, and जिदी से, quickly; से, with these two, is frequently dropped.

we have already come across the compound postpositions with के.

the second word of some of those can also

be used alone as adverb:

के बाहर

बाहर ठहिरए

के अ ंदर

अंदर आओ

के भीतर

भीतर मत जाओ

की तरफ़

उस तरफ़ दे खो

के सा थ

साथ चिो

के अग े

अगे चिो

के पीछ े

पीछे चिो पीछे मुडो

के पास

कोई पास खडा था

के नीच े / के ऊ पर

वह नीच े / ऊपर रहता है

के पहि े

पहि े हम भी यहाँ रहते थे दस साि पहि े

के बाद

दस साि बाद

wait outside come in don't go in look in that direction come along move ahead follow behind turn back someone was standing nearby he lives upstairs / downstairs

previously we used to live here, too ten years ago ten years later

there are also some adjectives which, put into the oblique, serve as adverbs: कैसे – how?

सीधे – straight

दािहने – to the right

धीरे -धीरे – slowly बाये – to the left

*** कुछ and कोई these two words are closely akin. they are both used as a pronoun or as an adjective respectively.

when used as a pronoun, कुछ normally refers to inanimate objects and means „something“, „anything“ (or „nothing“ in the negative), whereas कोई refers to humans, meaning „someone“, „anyone“ (or „nobody“ in the negative):

मेज़ पर कुछ पडा है

–

something is lying on the table.

कुरसी पर कोई बैठा है

–

someone sits on the chair.

कया वे कुछ कहते थे?

–

did they say anything?

कया वे िकसी

–

did they meet anyone? *

इस कमरे मे कुछ नहीं है

–

there is nothing in this room.

इस कमरे मे कोई नहीं है

–

there is nobody in this room.

से िमिते थे?

* (note that िकसी is the oblique form of कोई, whereas कुछ does not change in the oblique.) when used as adjectives, the distinction between कुछ and कोई is not so clear. the adjective gives the sense „some“ or „any“ for both of them, but it depends on the context which one is applied. it might be a general rule to use कोई when a single person or object is referred to:

वो शहर मे िकसी आदमी से िमिता था

– he met some man in the city.

कोई मिहिा तुमहे पूछ रही थी

– some lady was asking for you.

मुझे कोई िदिचसप िकताब पढना चािहए

– i need to read some interesting book.

when referring to several people or things, कुछ is applied:

सेब के पेड पर कुछ पकके सेब है

– there are some ripe apples in the apple-tree.

कुछ िोग कहते है िक बािरश ख़राब मौसम है

– some people say that rain is bad weather.

वे अपने कुछ दोसतो के साथ िसनेमा दे ख रहे है

– they are watching a movie with some friends of theirs.

with materials and formless substances such as water, tea, sugar, wood, metal, कुछ is used, „some“ here expressing the meaning „a certain quantity of“:

कुछ चाय पीिजए, और कुछ चीनी भी िीिजए

– have some tea, and take some sugar, too.

वह कुछ िकडी से एक मेज़ बनाता था

– he made a table out of some wood.

(an alternative word that may replace कुछ in this context is थोडा - actually meaning “little”, ”few” or “brief”, as we already know: थोडी चाय पीिजए, और थोडी चीनी भी िीिजए – have a little tea, and take a bit of sugar, too.) in the negative, कुछ and कोई give the sense „no, not any“:

मेरे िगिास मे कुछ पानी नहीं है

– there isn’t any water in my glass.

हमारे गाँव मे कोई सकूि नहीं है

– there is no school in our village.

in questions, they both give the sense “any”:

कया तुमको इस पर कुछ सनदे ह है ?

– do you have any doubts about this?

आपके पास

– do you have any objection?

कोई आपित है कया ?

finally, कोई, when followed by a number, gives the special sense „about, approximately“:

कोई बीस औरते कुएँ से पानी िेती थीं

– some twenty women fetched water from the

well. to underline the difference of meaning between कुछ and कोई used as adjectives, take this example: उनहे

कुछ फि चिहये

– they need some fruit. (just fruit - any kind)

उनहे कोई फि चिहये

– they need some (particular kind of) fruit.

and here are some useful expressions comprising कुछ and कोई: this is often heard at the beginning of a conversation:

कोई नई बात? – कोई ख़ास बात नहीं

– what’s new? – nothing special.

and these are also frequently used:

कुछ नहीं

कोई नहीं

nothing

कुछ न कुछ

something or other

कोई न कोई

और कुछ

something else

और कोई

कुछ और

some more

कोई बात नहीं

सब कुछ

everything

हर कोई

nobody someone or other someone else no matter; never mind everyone

another word for „some“, not to be confounded with कोई, is कई (kaii). it actually means “several”. an expression with कई that is commonly used is कई बार

“several times”, “sometimes”.

*** vocab lesson 9

दे र से

late to get late

अंदर

inside

दे र होना

अगिा

next

दािहना

अचछी तरह (से)

well

िदिचसप

अमीर

rich, wealthy

दोपहर

आगे

forward, ahead; hereafter

धयान

आठो पहर

all day long, constantly

धयान से

attentively

objection

धीरे -धीरे

slowly

आम

general, usual, public

नि

m

pipe, tap

आम तौर पर

generally, usually

नि का पानी

m

tap water

और कुछ

something else

नीचे

और कोई

someone else, some other

नौकर

m

servant

age

नौकरी

f

service, job

आपित

उम

f

f

right (of direction) interesting noon m

attention

under, below, beneath

ऊपर

above, up

नौकरी करना

एअर इं िडया

air india

पडा

कई

several

पती

क़रीब

about, near, almost, nearly

पहर

8th part of a day, three-hour period

िकधर

which way? where?

पहिे

previously, ago, (at) first

िकस तरह (से)

how? in what manner?

पहुँचाना

to convey, to deliver, to cause to reach

िकस समय

at what time?

पाँव

well

पास

कुछ

some

िपछिा

previous, last

कुछ और

some more

पीछे

behind, after

कुछ न कुछ

something or other

बजना

कुछ नहीं

nothing

बदिना

to change

के भीतर

inside, within

बनाना

to make, to produce

कोई

some, any; someone, anyone; (with number) about

बाक़ी

कोई न कोई

someone or other

बाक़ी

कोई नहीं

nobody

बाते होना

ख़राब

bad

बाद

later

ख़रीदना

to buy

बायाँ

left

ख़ास

special

बार

f

time, occasion

ख़ास तौर पर

specially, particularly

बािरश

f

rain

ख़ुशी से

happily, gladly

भीड

f

crowd

गणेश

ganesh

भीतर

कुआँ (pl. कुएँ)

m

to serve, to do a job lying f

m

wife

foot, leg nearby

to chime, to ring, to resound

(inv ) remaining, left over f

remainder, arrears a conversation to take place

inside, within

िगिास

m

glass, tumbler

माँ-बाप

m

parents

घडी

f

clock, watch

िमनट

m

minute

चिाना

to drive

िमिना

चाहना

to want

मुडना

चािहए

wanted, needed

मुहलिा

m

quarter of town, locality

here: to meet to turn

चीनी

f

sugar

मूितद

f

idol, image, statue

छात

m

pupil, student

मेज़

f

table

छूटना

to leave, to be left

मोड

m

bend, turning, fold

ज़ररी

important, necessary, urgent

रासता

m

road, way, route

जिदी से

quickly

िकडी

f

wood

force, strength

शाम

f

evening, dusk

ज़ोर से

forcefully, loudly

सनदे ह (संदेह)

m

doubt, suspicion

ज़यादा

more, much, too much

सब कुछ

ठीक तरह (से)

properly

समय

ठीक से

properly

सवेरे

ठीक समय (पर)

punctually, at the right time

सवेरा

driver

साथ-साथ

to look for, to search, to trace

सामने

trouble

िसनेमा

to trouble, to bother

िसनेमा दे खना

ज़ोर

डाइवर

m

m

ढू ँ ढना तकिीफ़

f

तकिीफ़ दे ना

everything m

time in the early morning

m

early morning, daybreak, dawn together opposite, facing

m

cinema to see a film

तरफ़

f

direction, side

सीखना

तरह

f

manner, kind

सीधा

straight, straightforward

तारीख़

f

date

सीधे

straight

in the afternoon

सेब

m

apple

manner

सेब का पेड

m

apple tree

little, few

सो

तीसरे पहर तौर

m

थोडा दक ु ानदार

m

shopkeeper

सकूि

दे र

f

delay, lateness, period of time

हर कोई

to learn

so

m

school everyone