Lecture 3
This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA
Overview
Download & View Lecture 3 as PDF for free.
More details
- Words: 1,309
- Pages: 26
Network And Internet Application
LECTURE-03 Physical
Layer: Transmission medium MAC address Network Interface Card Introduction to TCP/IP Protocol Stack Function of different layer of TCP/IP
Physical Layer
The function of Physical layer is the transmission of data. The transmission process is typically accomplished through networking media. Common types networking media includes Coaxial
cable Shielded twisted-pair cable Unshielded twisted-pair cable Fiber-optic cable Wireless
Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable consists of two conducting elements. One of these elements - located in the center of the cable - is a copper conductor. Surrounding it is a layer of flexible insulation. Over this insulating material is a woven copper braid or metallic foil that acts as the second wire in the circuit, and as a shield for the inner conductor. Covering this shield is the cable jacket.
Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable
Two types of coaxial cable are commonly used in networking: Thicknet
or 10BASE5 – Approximately .4 inches in diameter. Thinnet or 10BASE2 – Approximately .2 inches in diameter.
For LANs coaxial cable offers the following advantages: It
can run for longer distances than either STP or UTP cable. Coaxial cable is less expensive than fiber-optic cable, and the technology is well known Its reduces EMI and RFI
Coaxial cable
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Shielded twisted-pair cable (STP) combines the techniques of shielding, cancellation, and twisting of wires. As specified for use in Ethernet network installations. STP provides resistance to both EMI and RFI without significantly increasing the weight or size of the cable. STP affords greater protection from all types of external interference, but is more expensive than unshielded twistedpair cable. Shielded twisted-pair cable has all of the advantages and disadvantages of unshielded twisted-pair cable.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Unshielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Unshielded twisted-pair cable (UTP) is a four-pair wire medium - used in a variety of networks. Each pair of wires is insulated from the others. This type of cable relies solely on the cancellation effect, produced by the twisted wire pairs, to limit signal degradation caused by EMI and RFI. To further reduce crosstalk between the pairs in UTP cable, the number of twists in the wire pairs varies. UTP cable must follow precise specifications as to how many twists or braids are permitted per foot of cable.
Unshielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Unshielded Twisted Pair (STP)
It is easy to install and is less expensive than other types of networking media. UTP costs less per meter than any other type of LAN cabling, Since it has such a small external diameter, UTP does not fill up wiring ducts as rapidly as other types of cable. UTP cable is installed using an RJ connector, potential sources of network noise are greatly reduced, and a good solid connection is practically guaranteed.
Optical Fiber Cable
Fiber-optic cable is a networking medium capable of conducting modulated light transmissions. It is not susceptible to electromagnetic interference. It is capable of higher data rates than any of the other types of networking media. Fiber-optic cable does not carry electrical impulses. Instead, signals that represent bits, are converted into beams of light. Compared to other networking media, it is more expensive.
Optical Fiber Cable
Wireless communication
Wireless signals are electromagnetic waves, which can travel through the vacuum of outer space and through media such as air. No physical medium is necessary for wireless signals, making them a very versatile way to build a network. The most common application of wireless data communications is for mobile users. There are three basic types of wireless communication: 1. 2. 3.
Radio waves transmission at 10kHz to 1GHz Microwaves transmission at 1GHz to 500GHz Infrared transmission at 500GHz to 1THz
MAC Address
Every computer, whether it is attached to a network or not, has a physical address. This address is known as MAC address and located on Network Interface Card (NIC). MAC addresses are 48 bits in length and are expressed as twelve hexadecimal digits. The first six hexadecimal digits, which are administered by the IEEE, identify the manufacturer or vendor and thus comprise the Organizational Unique Identifier (OUI). The remaining six hexadecimal digits comprise the interface serial number, or another value administered by the specific vendor.
MAC Address
MAC addresses are sometimes referred to as burned-in addresses (BIAs) because they are burned into readonly memory (ROM) and are copied into random-access memory (RAM) when the NIC initializes.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
A network interface card (NIC) plugs into a motherboard and provides ports for network connection.
NICs can provide connection for any type of networking media. A NIC uses a piece of software known as driver to communicate with the computer’s operating system.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
NICs perform important Layer 2 data link layer functions, such as the following:
logical link control communicates with upper layers in the computer naming - provides a unique MAC address identifier framing - part of the encapsulation process, packaging the bits for transport signaling - creates signals and interface with the media by using built-in transceivers
TCP/IP Protocol
TCP/IP reference model was created by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). TCP/IP model has four layers: The application layer The transport layer The Internet layer The network layer
TCP/IP Protocol
Application Layer The designers of TCP/IP felt that the higher level protocols should include the session and presentation layer details. They simply created an application layer that handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control. The TCP/IP combines all application-related issues into one layer, and assumes this data is properly packaged for the next layer.
TCP/IP Protocol
Transport Layer The transport layer deals with the quality-of-service issues of reliability, flow control, and error correction. One of its protocols, the transmission control protocol (TCP), provides excellent and flexible ways to create reliable, well-flowing, low-error network communications. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. It dialogues between source and destination while packaging application layer information into units called segments.
TCP/IP Protocol
Internet Layer The purpose of the Internet layer is to send source packets from any network on the internetwork and have them arrive at the destination independent of the path and networks they took to get there. The specific protocol that governs this layer is called the Internet protocol (IP). Best path determination and packet switching occur at this layer. Think of it in terms of the postal system. When you mail a letter, you do not know how it gets there (there are various possible routes), but you do care that it arrives.
TCP/IP Protocol
Network Layer The name of this layer is very broad and somewhat confusing. It is also called the host-to-network layer. It is the layer that is concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make a physical link, and then to make another physical link. It includes the LAN and WAN technology details, and all the details in the OSI physical and data link layers.
OSI model and the TCP/IP model
OSI model and the TCP/IP model
Similarities both have layers both have application layers, though they include very different services both have comparable transport and network layers packet-switched (not circuit-switched) technology is assumed networking professionals need to know both
Differences TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer issues into its application layer TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one layer TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers
LECTURE-03 Physical
Layer: Transmission medium MAC address Network Interface Card Introduction to TCP/IP Protocol Stack Function of different layer of TCP/IP
Physical Layer
The function of Physical layer is the transmission of data. The transmission process is typically accomplished through networking media. Common types networking media includes Coaxial
cable Shielded twisted-pair cable Unshielded twisted-pair cable Fiber-optic cable Wireless
Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable consists of two conducting elements. One of these elements - located in the center of the cable - is a copper conductor. Surrounding it is a layer of flexible insulation. Over this insulating material is a woven copper braid or metallic foil that acts as the second wire in the circuit, and as a shield for the inner conductor. Covering this shield is the cable jacket.
Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable
Two types of coaxial cable are commonly used in networking: Thicknet
or 10BASE5 – Approximately .4 inches in diameter. Thinnet or 10BASE2 – Approximately .2 inches in diameter.
For LANs coaxial cable offers the following advantages: It
can run for longer distances than either STP or UTP cable. Coaxial cable is less expensive than fiber-optic cable, and the technology is well known Its reduces EMI and RFI
Coaxial cable
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Shielded twisted-pair cable (STP) combines the techniques of shielding, cancellation, and twisting of wires. As specified for use in Ethernet network installations. STP provides resistance to both EMI and RFI without significantly increasing the weight or size of the cable. STP affords greater protection from all types of external interference, but is more expensive than unshielded twistedpair cable. Shielded twisted-pair cable has all of the advantages and disadvantages of unshielded twisted-pair cable.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Unshielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Unshielded twisted-pair cable (UTP) is a four-pair wire medium - used in a variety of networks. Each pair of wires is insulated from the others. This type of cable relies solely on the cancellation effect, produced by the twisted wire pairs, to limit signal degradation caused by EMI and RFI. To further reduce crosstalk between the pairs in UTP cable, the number of twists in the wire pairs varies. UTP cable must follow precise specifications as to how many twists or braids are permitted per foot of cable.
Unshielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Unshielded Twisted Pair (STP)
It is easy to install and is less expensive than other types of networking media. UTP costs less per meter than any other type of LAN cabling, Since it has such a small external diameter, UTP does not fill up wiring ducts as rapidly as other types of cable. UTP cable is installed using an RJ connector, potential sources of network noise are greatly reduced, and a good solid connection is practically guaranteed.
Optical Fiber Cable
Fiber-optic cable is a networking medium capable of conducting modulated light transmissions. It is not susceptible to electromagnetic interference. It is capable of higher data rates than any of the other types of networking media. Fiber-optic cable does not carry electrical impulses. Instead, signals that represent bits, are converted into beams of light. Compared to other networking media, it is more expensive.
Optical Fiber Cable
Wireless communication
Wireless signals are electromagnetic waves, which can travel through the vacuum of outer space and through media such as air. No physical medium is necessary for wireless signals, making them a very versatile way to build a network. The most common application of wireless data communications is for mobile users. There are three basic types of wireless communication: 1. 2. 3.
Radio waves transmission at 10kHz to 1GHz Microwaves transmission at 1GHz to 500GHz Infrared transmission at 500GHz to 1THz
MAC Address
Every computer, whether it is attached to a network or not, has a physical address. This address is known as MAC address and located on Network Interface Card (NIC). MAC addresses are 48 bits in length and are expressed as twelve hexadecimal digits. The first six hexadecimal digits, which are administered by the IEEE, identify the manufacturer or vendor and thus comprise the Organizational Unique Identifier (OUI). The remaining six hexadecimal digits comprise the interface serial number, or another value administered by the specific vendor.
MAC Address
MAC addresses are sometimes referred to as burned-in addresses (BIAs) because they are burned into readonly memory (ROM) and are copied into random-access memory (RAM) when the NIC initializes.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
A network interface card (NIC) plugs into a motherboard and provides ports for network connection.
NICs can provide connection for any type of networking media. A NIC uses a piece of software known as driver to communicate with the computer’s operating system.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
NICs perform important Layer 2 data link layer functions, such as the following:
logical link control communicates with upper layers in the computer naming - provides a unique MAC address identifier framing - part of the encapsulation process, packaging the bits for transport signaling - creates signals and interface with the media by using built-in transceivers
TCP/IP Protocol
TCP/IP reference model was created by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). TCP/IP model has four layers: The application layer The transport layer The Internet layer The network layer
TCP/IP Protocol
Application Layer The designers of TCP/IP felt that the higher level protocols should include the session and presentation layer details. They simply created an application layer that handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control. The TCP/IP combines all application-related issues into one layer, and assumes this data is properly packaged for the next layer.
TCP/IP Protocol
Transport Layer The transport layer deals with the quality-of-service issues of reliability, flow control, and error correction. One of its protocols, the transmission control protocol (TCP), provides excellent and flexible ways to create reliable, well-flowing, low-error network communications. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. It dialogues between source and destination while packaging application layer information into units called segments.
TCP/IP Protocol
Internet Layer The purpose of the Internet layer is to send source packets from any network on the internetwork and have them arrive at the destination independent of the path and networks they took to get there. The specific protocol that governs this layer is called the Internet protocol (IP). Best path determination and packet switching occur at this layer. Think of it in terms of the postal system. When you mail a letter, you do not know how it gets there (there are various possible routes), but you do care that it arrives.
TCP/IP Protocol
Network Layer The name of this layer is very broad and somewhat confusing. It is also called the host-to-network layer. It is the layer that is concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make a physical link, and then to make another physical link. It includes the LAN and WAN technology details, and all the details in the OSI physical and data link layers.
OSI model and the TCP/IP model
OSI model and the TCP/IP model
Similarities both have layers both have application layers, though they include very different services both have comparable transport and network layers packet-switched (not circuit-switched) technology is assumed networking professionals need to know both
Differences TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer issues into its application layer TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one layer TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers
