Lecture 2

Rising Power of the Romans

Differences from Roman and Greek Sculptures Greek Characteristics

Roman Characteristics

Idealistic portraits Public monuments

Realistic portraits Private statues

The Pantheon. Rome, Italy 118-125 A.D.

A keystone is the architectural piece at the crown of a vault or arch which marks its apex, locking the other pieces into position. This makes a keystone very important structurally. In an arch, the keystone is usually larger than the voussoirs that make up the arch and may serve primarily an aesthetic purpose.

Colosseum, Rome, Italy A.D. 72-80

Art of the Asia's Growing societies India, China, and Japan

Due to conflicts between these two societies, many of practices were exchanged between the two civilizations. A belief system that was not founded necessarily on the teachings of one person, but the 2500-1500 B.C. recognition of many gods and goddess blended Harappan civilization 1776 B.C. together into what eventually is the national Shang Dynasty religion of India: Hinduism

Rise of the Hindu Religion Hindu believe revolves around a blend of several different beliefs and practices. Hinduism involves the worship of three primary process in life. Creation: Preservation: Destruction: Brahma, the Vishnu, the Preserver Shiva, the Destroyer Creator The Four Hands - The four arms represent the four * He is to be depicted as a four-armed male-form: The four directions north, east, west and south. They describe the arms indicate his all-powerful and all-pervasive nature. The mind (back right hand), intellect (back left hand), ego (front physical existence of Vishnu is represented by the two arms in right hand), and the self confidence (front left hand). the front while the two arms at the back represent his presence in the spiritual world. The Upanishad titled Gopal Uttartapani The Rosary - Symbolizes the substances used in the describes the four arms of Vishnu. progress of creation. * The color of his skin has to be new-cloud-like-blue: The blue color indicates his all-pervasive nature, blue being the The Book - Symbolizing knowledge color of the infinite space as well as the infinite ocean on which he resides. The Gold - Symbolizes activity in the universe and the * He has the mark of sage Bhrigu's feet on his chest.[citation golden face of Brahma indicates that the Lord is active needed] when involved in the process of creation. * Also on his chest is the srivatsa mark, symbolising his consort Lakshmi. It is on the chest of Vishnu, where Lakshmi The Swan - The Swan symbolizes the power of resides. discrimination. Brahma uses the swan as a vehicle. * Around his neck, he wears the auspicious "Kaustubha" jewel, and a garland of flowers (vanamaalaa). It is in this jewel, The Crown - The crown on the head implies that the on Vishnu's chest that Lakshmi dwells. Brahma has supreme authority. * A crown should adorn his head: The crown symbolizes his supreme authority. The Lotus - Lotus symbolizes the nature and living essence * He is to shown wearing two earrings: The earrings of all things and beings in the universe. represent inherent opposites in creation — knowledge and ignorance; happiness and unhappiness; pleasure and pain. The Beard - The black or white beard denotes wisdom and * He rests on Ananta: the immortal and infinite snake a longer beard denotes eternal process. The Four Faces - The four Vedas (Rig, Yajor, Athara, and Sama)

* Third Eye: Shiva is often depicted with a third eye with which he burned Desire (Kāma) to ashes.[67] There has been controversy regarding the original meaning of Shiva's name Tryambakam (Sanskrit: तयमबकम्), which occurs in many scriptural sources.[68] In classical Sanskrit the word ambaka denotes "an eye", and in the Mahabharata Shiva is depicted as three-eyed, so this name is sometimes translated as "Having Three Eyes".[69] However, in Vedic Sanskrit the word ambā or ambikā means "mother", and this early meaning of the word is the basis for the translation "Having Three Mothers" that was used by Max Müller and Arthur Macdonell.[70][71] Since no story is known in which Shiva had three mothers, E. Washburn Hopkins suggested that the name refers not to three mothers, but to three Mother-goddesses who are collectively called the Ambikās.[72] Other related translations have been "having three wives or sisters", or based on the idea that the name actually refers to the oblations given to Rudra, which according to some traditions were shared with the goddess Ambikā.[73] * Blue Throat: The epithet Nīlakaṇtha (Sanskrit नीलकणठ; nīla = blue, kaṇtha = throat)[74][75] refers to a story in which Shiva drank the poison churned up from the world ocean.[76][77] (see: Halāhala). The Hari Vanśa Purana, on the other hand, attributes the colour of Shiva's throat to an episode in which Vishnu compels Shiva to fly, after taking him by the throat and nearly strangling him.[78]

So who is Buddha? Buddhism was an earlier belief system (300 B.C.) that was built around prince, Siddhartha Gautama. His love for all creatures earned him the the name “Buddha” meaning “the Enlightened One.”

Characteristics of the Buddha Hand gestures Usually seated usually in the "heroic in meditation posture”, (the handswith arethe shown legs lying folded flatover in eachBuddha's the other. lap, palms upward or the thumb and index finger of the Always right hand depicted stand for wearing wisdom a and monasticcombined. method robe, of the type worn by Buddhist monks today. The robe may other The be shown threeas raised wornfingers in the "covering mode" symbolize the teaching (draped ofover the both shoulders)doctrine. Buddhist or in the "open mode" (leaving the right shoulder and breast uncovered). The robe is a representation of the Buddha's humility.

AVATAR vs SYMBOL Avatar: is an “object” representing the embodiment of the person. The term "avatar" can also refer to the personality connected with a screen name, or handle, of an Internet user

Symbol: an object, picture, written word, sound, or particular mark that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention.

SYMBOL

AVATAR