Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives •To identify different types of questions in regards to Community & Tradition. •To be able to answer these questions correctly.

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Community & Tradition (Question 1)

b. What do Muslims believe about the Qur’an, its nature & authority.

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Qur’an (Nature & Authenticity) •The Qur’an is the last & final word of Allah to mankind. •Allah sent the Qur’an to Muhammad (pbuh) and is the only preserved book till the last day. •It is read in Arabic because Muslims believe it is the language of Heaven. •The Qur’an tells people all they need to know about Islam.

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Community & Tradition (Question 2)

b. How was the Qur’an revealed to the prophet?

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Qur’an (Revelation) •The first revelation came when Muhammad was meditating in Cave Hira. •Angel Jibrail ordered him to recite what is now Surah 96 (the Blood Clots). •This occasion is known as the Night of Power (Lailat al’Qad’r). •After this, Muhammad continued to receive direct revelations for 23 years.

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Qur’an (Revelation) •As he could not read or write, he dictated them to his companions. •Muhammad himself sorted out the revelations into Surahs. •After his death the first Caliph, Abu Bakr put everything together in a book. •The third Caliph, Uthman, made six copies and sent to provinces. He ordered to destroy all unauthorized editions.

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Community & Tradition (Question 3)

b. Describe the organisation of the Qur’an (surah, ayat, bismillah)?

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Qur’an (Organisation) •The Qur’an is divided into 114 Surahs (chapters) which are subdivided into ayat (verses). The surahs are organised in order of size except for surah 1, which is the first surah because it is used as a call to worship. •Every surah except surah 9 begins with the bismillah (In the name of God the

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Community & Tradition (Question 4)

b. Describe how Muslims show their respect to the Qur’an?

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Qur’an (Respect) •Never touching it without first performing ablution. •Keeping it above all other books. •Never holding it below their waist. •Never eating, drinking or talking while reading it. •Reading it in Arabic, the language of God.

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Community & Tradition (Question 5)

Question Time c. Explain why the Qur’an is important to Muslims."

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Community & Tradition (Question 6)

• b. Describe Prophet Muhammad’s life before prophethood.

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Prophethood (Before prophethood)

• Muhammad (pbuh) was born in 570CE in the tribe of Quraysh. • Grew up as an orphan brought up by both his grandfather Abdul Mutalib & uncle Abu Talib • He worked in trading and was employed by khadijah, a wealthy widow .

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Community & Tradition (Question 7)

• b. Describe Prophet Muhammad’s call to prophethood.

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Prophethood (First Revelation)

• In Ramadan 610 CE, the prophet was meditating in Cave Hira on Mount Nur. The angel Jibrail clasped him three times and told him to recite. • Muhammad whowas illiterate, found himself reciting.

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Prophethood (First Revelation)

• The experience frightened him to the extent he thought he was going mad. • His wife Khadija took him to see her cousin Waraqa, an Arabian Christian. • Waraqa convinced him he was a prophet of God. It was mentioned in the Bible.

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Community & Tradition (Question 8)

• b. Describe Prophet Muhammad’s work in Makkah.

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Prophethood (Makkah)

• Muhammad invited some of his relatives & closest friends to Islam. • Many of the people who initially embraced were among the young in the wealthy clans. • He would do this secretly to begin with until God commanded him to declare it publically.

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Prophethood (Makkah)

He preached . . . . . . . • Tawhid, oneness of Allah. • Foolishness of polytheism. • Resurrection of the body. • Judgement Day. • Living a good life. • Rich helping the poor.

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Prophethood (Persecution)

• Muhammad was seen as a threat towards their polytheism, their trade & their leadership. • Rich clans began persecuting Muslims. • Muhammad could no longer preach & Islam could not expand.

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Prophethood (Hijrah)

• The immigration of Muslims to Madinah. • Muhammad becomes their leader & a new opportunity arises to spread Islam. • AnIslamic system is established with a powerful military.

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Prophethood (Madinah)

• Established an Ummah or community with agreed laws. • Fought against oppression by Makkan tribes. • Battle of Badr, Uhud & Trench. • Changed direction of prayer from Jerusalam to Makkah.

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Prophethood (Madinah)

• Treaty of Hudaybiyah allows Muslims to make their first hajj in 629 without fighting. • Conquered Makkah peacefully in 630. • The whole of the Arabian peninsular became Muslim and Islam began to spread becoming a world religion.

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Community & Tradition (Question 9)

Question Time c. Explain why Hijrah is important for Muslims."

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V

Sunnis Shi’ahs Definition Sunnis Shi’ahs

They follow the Sunnah (way ofoflife) of They follow the Sunnah Muhammad,asbut also follow Hadith Muhammad recorded in Hadith & from Ali & authority have a different attitude accept the of Qur’an. 95% to of leadership & authority. Most of them

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Community & Tradition (Question 10)

c. Explain why the Sunnis & Shi’ahs split.

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DEBATE!

4

Khalifah

Initial Stages Abu Bakr, Umar & should then Dispute about who Uthman were chosen succeed Muhammad.(Abu instead Ali. Bakr orofAli)

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DEBATE!

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Khalifah

The Uthman Era Uthman appoints members Uthman allows very members People became angryof&of hisRidda clan,(Umayyad) as the tribes,Uthman (those revolted against governors of new provinces. fighting killing against Islam after him. Histhe cousin Mu’awiya becomes prophet’s death) & of Syria. of the removeschief the privileges

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DEBATE!

4

Khalifah

The Ali Era Ali isAlielected as khalifah in then moved his 656CE but Mu’awiya is not headquarters frombattles, Madinah Ali fought many & begins to oppose tohappy Kufa leaving Mu’awiya namely Jamal & Siffin. to him. based in lead oppositions Syria & around Madinah.

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DEBATE!

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Khalifah

Beyond the 4th Khalifah Mu’awiya’s The Muslims son ofYazid Iraq formed never sent an When Ali was murdered Muslims of Iraq then really armyaccepted to intercept Hussain. & once Mu’awiya declared himself themselves into him Shi’ahAli he They diedmet they atinvited Karbala Hussain where Khalifah. (party of Ali). Hussain (Ali’s younger & his men son)were to become their killed.Khalifah.

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Community & Tradition (Question 11)

b. What different attitudes do Sunnis & Shi’ahs have about the authority & leadership.

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Authority Leadership . . . . Sunnis . . . . Believe the first three Authority lies on the An Imam is simply a leader Khalifahs as rightly guided interpretation of Qur’an & of prayer. Any good Muslim because they were chosen Hadith by the Ulama can become an Imam. by the community. (scholars). No special values to Hadith of Ali.

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Authority Leadership . . . . Shi’ahs . . . . The Imam can commit no sin The Imam is chosen by the Abu Bakr, Umar & Uthman Special Imams chosen have to descendents go through The Hadith is ofbased Ali have be Leadership on to Imam & is an intermediary between previous Imam. Muhammad were the great traitors ofof of complex the Prophet training keep in the in touch holy consulted well as those who is as a semi-devine. man & God. He determines the appointed Ali as the first Imam Islam rather than rightly with city, the (e.g. hidden Qom Imam in Iran) who in Muhammad to make a law (descendent of Muhammad) meaning of Qur’an. & gave him the divine guided. order pass toon become his wishes to the or valid.mujtihads light. community. ayatollahs.

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Community & Tradition (Question 12)

b. Outline the events celebrated by Shi’ahMuslims on the th 10 Muharram.

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Attitudes Traditions . . . . Shi’ahs . . . . Faith in the atoning deathor of They celebrate Al Ashura They weep & self mutilate to th Hussain will give them 10 Muharram to remember the betrayal & heaven. This is similar to the commemorate the death of death of Hussain. Christian attitude towards Hussain at Karbala. Jesus. Prayers are offered to Hussain.

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Community & Tradition (Question 13)

d. “There shouldn’t be any different beliefs among Muslims." Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing you have considered another point of