Orchestrating the OR
One more procedure per room per day 1/6/2009 Dr. med. Hank Schiffers, MD, MBA Director Lean Europe, Middle East & Africa Bert Hoffmann Consultant Lean Europe, Middle East & Africa ©Stryker Corporation, 2009
Orchestrating the operating room One more procedure per room per day Introduction In every healthcare system regardless of location or geo‐ graphy that my team has experienced throughout our ca‐ reers we heard one or more of the following statements with respect to the management of operating rooms:
Lean in healthcare vs. Lean for healthcare Lean, originally known as Toyota production system, has been developed to solve production issues. All different lean cultures chase the same eight different types of waste in their attempt to reduce the unnecessary and create flow: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9 We need more staff 9 We need more room 9 We need more (financial) resources As we asked what the most prominent issues were we heard: 9 9 9 9 9
Patient satisfaction scores are below expectations Achieving on‐time surgeries is problematic Reimbursement is challenging Staff and surgeons spend a lot of time waiting Quality is variable –we are concerned about our reputation 9 Working together with other professionals is creat‐ ing conflict 9 Staff is overworked (leading to high staff turnover) 9 Staff is on work‐related sick leave (back pain, etc)
If you have never heard any of these comments from your staff, you likely have a firm understanding of the relation‐ ships and obstacles encountered in transforming the OR culture. However, you are likely a small minority, because most of us struggle with these challenges every day. This article will provide you with some insight into how to have a sustained impact in transforming the culture of the OR. Here are the takeaways you can expect: 9 Lean in healthcare vs. Lean for healthcare 9 Lean OR – key issues o People o Strategy to implement 9 Lean OR case study – make it work o First steps o DATE Cycle o Simulate current & future processes o Implement flow o Results
Overproduction Movement Inventory Over processing Waiting Correction Transportation Unused creativity
All derivates such as Lean for service operations or admin‐ istrative processes were tailored to be applied to specific conditions. While they shared the core believes of the clas‐ sic lean, they differed in other ways. The major difference between services and production is that services are per‐ formed and consumed simultaneously. Unlike in produc‐ tion this results in the total inability to create even small amounts of inventory in services to buffer variation in de‐ mand. When Lean was initially applied to healthcare the neces‐ sary adoption for the unique situations in healthcare was not included. This resulted in “Lean in healthcare”. Some of the results were significant but still healthcare staffs found it difficult to create continuous improvement environ‐ ments instead of just isolated improvements. The work of Prof. Charles E. Noon and Joseph T. Crane, MD, MBA on emergency room management discovered recently that healthcare operations require the use of queuing theory to achieve true patient flow. Our group added Stryker´s decades of knowledge in how teams in the operating room are created and motivated to work to‐ gether in an orchestrated fashion instead of creating con‐ flicting targets between different professional groups. By combining these two factors we have been able to change Lean in healthcare to Lean for healthcare.
Lean OR – key issues People make the difference In the operating room professionals from various educa‐ tional, cultural and social backgrounds come together and collaborate to achieve one goal: Create a better outcome for the patient. As a result of this Lean has to answer the question to all of these groups “What is in it for me?” for all these groups in order to achieve their involvement. In the OR, unlike in other organizations there are no clearly defined reporting lines to help ensure alignment of all staff members to one ultimate goal. To begin a successful transition to Lean for healthcare it is essential to properly scope the first project and select the right team. The project that is scoped should be meaning‐ ful to both patients and staff with rapid return on invest‐ ment, measurable key performance indicators and a short project duration. When selecting the team consideration should be given to including someone from each of the different professional groups, their key opinion leaders and hypercritical team members. This is why initial people selection for training is best done using the S‐Cross (Stream Cross) method. Strategy to implement If I were asked what would be the best strategy to imple‐ ment Lean in the OR I would respond that there is no ideal world. It really does not make a difference whether you approach the situation with a top down, down top (gueril‐ la), middle multidirectional, professional group or focus area. You will face challenges and could experience either success or failure with all of these approaches. Our group learned that, no matter which approach you choose, the key success factors are: • • • • • • •
Listening to your staff’s concerns Absolute project visibility and transparency to oth‐ er members of your staff Excellent project planning Short initial project times Hard measurable key performance indicators Accountability A determination to never give up
Lean OR case study – make it work All pictures, graphs and results described in the following sections are derived from two hospitals based in Germany. We chose a small 120‐bed hospital with three operating room theaters and a major hospital group to show that all hospitals can create breakthrough benefits from using lean. Both hospitals had never used Lean techniques be‐ fore. First steps – Scoping the project & selecting the team Waiting time during hospital processes is meaningful to patients, creates pressure on all professionals and reduces the number of procedures and the revenue a hospital can create. Project metrics were focused on • •
Inventory (one time) cost reduction Increased throughput measured as procedures per day per room
Selection of Core Lean Team – The SCross An ideal hospital lean team should always include mem‐ bers of management, nurses and physicians as a minimum requirement to ensure you have all of the necessary input from different points of view. Make sure patients, staff and all shareholders can see the benefits to them of the process you choose to address. Then select your long‐term Lean team by using the S‐Cross. 1. Draw a patient’s pathway (from 50,000 feet) verti‐ cally and add to the left all professional groups and to the right all functional areas that provide direct or indirect services to the patient’s care (Illustration 1). 2. Select the bottleneck area that you want to im‐ prove or eliminate (Illustration 2). 3. Mark all involved professionals and functional areas (Illustration 2). After completing this chart multiply the number of people in each group that is involved by the number of shifts that you are running. This ensures smooth project flow without interruption. You have now identified the number of staff members and their background that will be required to start Lean management for healthcare in your environ‐ ment.
The DATE cycle In most ORs the primary question is: Is this effort worth it? This is why we created the DATE cycle to use when running your first projects. The DATE cycle is a structured plan to deliver, after a preliminary period of four weeks of prepa‐ ration and scheduling, a one week rapid improvement event that results in full implementation of the new process.
Illustration 3: DATE ‐ cycle
Illustration 1: SCross ‐ empty
Date Cycle and Date Improvement Event The DATE cycle consists of four phases: • • • •
Define – Define and Scope the project Analyze ‐ Analyze the data then prioritize Train selected employees in Lean Techniques using simulation and collect their improvement ideas. Execute ‐ Apply ideas to the real world in three days
Simulate current & future processes We found it extremely useful to simulate OR processes prior to changing them in order to create a feeling of trust among the team members in the change process. This is especially important during the first project before the staff has personally experienced the impact of Lean. In all OR projects we run a simulation two to three times during the training session. The simulation can be tailored to each individual hospital setting including: • Illustration 2: SCross with bottleneck in therapeutic area (OR)
• •
The actual OR layout (theaters, rooms, inventory locations, walking distances) Original time data (setup, surgical, etc) OR staff (OR manager, surgeons, anesthetist, PA’s, surgical nurses, cleaning staff, etc.)
Picture 1: Value stream mapping event
Define & Analyse
The first run of the simulation uses the current real world setting of the specific hospital customer and is performed before participants learn about Lean. The following one to two simulation runs occur after classroom teaching has been delivered and participants have the opportunity to change the simulation according to their findings. During these simulations the hospital team usually develops 30‐60 different improvement ideas that can be used as a starting point for the real world execution phase.
Value stream mapping, to understand in detail what the current process looks like and what the future state will be.
30 days Audit
Inventory locations X ray equipment and locations Sterilization department
Improvement executed Work on parking lot list Measure KPI Learn
• • •
Table 1: DATE event ‐ One week ‐ one solution
Techniques When you move from the classroom period to the execu‐ tion phase of the DATE cycle the team has acquired know‐ ledge of lean techniques and has a set of previously de‐ fined improvement ideas. Initially the team members apply classic Lean techniques such as:
Visual management and working aids to reduce search time variability, improve ease of use and enhance safety for employees & patients.
Picture 2: Visual management applied to anaesthesia cart
6S and statistical analysis to make sure everything has a place and can be found at its place in right amounts when‐ ever it is needed.
Spaghetti diagram showing a 74% reduction of walking distance after the DATE event: OR 1 Surgical supply
X
Supply
X
Supply
OR 2
X
Supply
Surgical supply
Picture 3: 6S event applied to surgical area
Spaghetti diagrams to illustrate walking distances between locations for a single process or server before execution of the DATE event. These diagrams show the travel which induces variation to time sensitive processes before and after the DATE event. Illustration 4 displays the before situation:
Illustration 5: Spaghetti diagram of instruments supply after DATE event
Lean OR results Applying Lean for healthcare delivers results that regularly outperform any expectation. When asked in the beginning of the event to guess the percentage of inventory reduc‐ tion that the team would achieve during the first week the average answer is 15%. To avoid confusion with currencies we display the following numbers in units of materials. This is the number of material units in surgical inventory before and after the event for surgical materials:
OR
Illustration 4: Spaghetti diagram of instruments supply before DATE event
After Before 0
OR
2000
4000
6000
Before
After
7262
1312
8000
Table 2: Reduction in OR supplies
A reduction by 82%. Followed by anesthesia inventory: A 94% reduction.
Anesthesia After Before 0
Anesthesia
5000
10000
15000
Before
After
17325
1045
20000
Table 3: Reduction in Anesthesia supplies
Implement flow – one more per room per day Implementation of flow in the OR includes reduction of variability and queuing resulting from poor scheduling, lack of staff availability, slow material flow, variable set up times, unclear cleaning cycles and many other factors. In addition it is important to create flow from the ER to re‐ duce variability that emergency patients add to OR processes. Fast track and super fast track systems allow you to significantly reduce variation and queuing for well defined patient groups. As a result you will obtain results as described in Table 2: One more procedure per room per day. Potential of waiting time variability reduction Reduction on time surgery Average duration Incremental variability in min of surgery in min procedures 23 45 114 Potential realized with rapid changeover Average duration Incremental Minutes saved per changeover of surgery in min procedures 20 45 723 Number of additional procedures per room per day 1,1
Table 4: Patient flow increase per room per day ©Stryker Corp. 2009 Dr. med. Hank Schiffers, MD, MBA Director Lean EMEA, Stryker Corporation mailto:
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