Leadership

LEADERSHIP: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND TRAITS LEADERSHIP AND EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT WEEK THREE

Nature and Nurture: The Determinants of Individual Characteristics

Nature Biological heritage

Individual Characteristics

Nurture Life experiences

Variables Influencing Leadership Style and Behavior • Abilities and Skills • Values and Ethics • Personality

Abilities and Skills Innate

Learned

- Spatial Orientation

- Using a keyboard

- Hand-Eye Coordination

- Operating equipment

- Numerical facility

- Driving an automobile

Sample of Intellectual Ability Ability 1. Number Aptitude

2. Verbal comprehension

3. Perceptual Speed

4. Inductive Reasoning

Description Ability to do speedy and accurate arithmetic computations Ability to understand what is read or heard and the relations;hip of words to each other

Ability to visually identify similarities and differences quickly and accurately Ability to identify a logical sequence in a problem and then solve the problem

Components of Emotional Intelligence Component

Description

1. Self-awareness

Being aware of and in touch with your own feelings and emotions

2. Managing emotions

Being able to manage various emotions and moods without denying or suppressing them

3. Self-motivation

Being able to remain positive and optimistic

4. Empathy for others

Being able to read others’ emotions accurately and putting yourself in their place

5. Interpersonal skills

Have the skills to build and maintain positive relationships with others

Creative Leaders • Four Characteristics – Perseverance in the face of obstacles; selfconfidence – Willingness to take risks – Willingness to grow; openness to experience – Tolerance of ambiguity

Leadership Skills • Technical Skills • Interpersonal Skills • Conceptual Skills

The Importance of Managerial Skills by Level Top Managers Middle Managers First-Line Managers Technical

Human

Conceptual

Rokeach Value Survey • Terminal Values – Desirable “End States” of Existence – Goals that a Person Would Like to Achieve or See in a Lifetime

• Instrumental Values – Preferable Modes of Behavior – Means of Achieving a Person’s Terminal Values

Instrumental and Terminal Values Instrumental Values Honesty

Ambition

Responsibility

Forgiving Nature

Open-mindedness

Courage

Helpfulness

Cleanliness

Competence

Self-Control

Affection / Love

Cheerfulness

Independence

Politeness

Intelligence

Obedience

Rationality

Imagination

Instrumental and Terminal Values Terminal Values World peace

Family security

Freedom

Happiness

Self-respect

Wisdom

Equality

Salvation

Prosperity

Achievement

Friendship

National security

Inner peace

Mature love

Social respect

Beauty in art/nature

Pleasure

Exciting, active life

Country Clusters Based on Cultural Values Greece

Kuwait

Near Eastern

Saudi Arabia

Arab

Independent

Norway

Iran

Sweden

Malaysia Taiwan

Far Eastern Philippines

India Israel Japan Brazil

Hong Kong

Denmark Finland

Turkey

Oman United Arab Emirates Singapore

Nordic

Peru Mexico

Latin American Argentina

Germanic

Austria Germany Switzerland

U.K.

New Zealand

France

Anglo

United States

Belgium

Latin European Italy

Australia

Spain

Canada

Personality Defined A relatively stable set of feelings and behaviors that have been significantly formed by genetic and environmental factors.

The Big Five Personality Model • Extroversion – Refers to the tendency to be sociable, friendly, and expressive.

• Emotional Stability – Refers to the tendency to experience positive emotional states.

• Agreeableness – Being courteous, forgiving, tolerant, trusting, and soft-hearted.

The Big Five Personality Model • Conscientiousness – Is exhibited by those who are described as dependable, organized, and responsible. • Openness to Experience – Reflects the extent to which an individual has broad interests and is willing to be a risk-taker.

The Big 5 Model Extraversion

Job performance in sales and marketing

Agreeableness

Relationship unclear

Conscientiousness

Job performance

Emotional stability

Not related to job performance

Openness to experience

Training proficiency

The Impact of Personality Traits on Leadership Locus of Control

Machiavellianism

Type A

Meyers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Self-Monitoring

Derailed Leadership • They used a bullying style viewed as intimidating, insensitive, & abrasive • They were viewed a being cold, aloof, & arrogant. • They betrayed personal trust. • They were self-centered & viewed as overly ambitious & thinking of the next job. • They had specific performance problems with the business. • They micro-managed, unable to delegate or build a team.