Law-of-war

Unclassified

LAW OF WAR Unclassified 1

Terminal Learning Objective

Action: Identify what actions are legal and what actions are illegal as they relate to the treatment of captured personnel. Condition: Given FM 27-10, Quick Reference to Geneva Convention, and the student handout. Standards: IAW FM 27-10 to within 70% accuracy.

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Safety Requirements NONE

Risk Assessment Level IV E-LOW

Environment Considerations NONE

Evaluation Student Checks Testable Block of Instruction Performance 3

Procedure ➣Sources of Law ➣Initial Handling Captured Personnel ➣Treatment of Captured Personnel ➣Status of Captured Personnel ➣Preventing War Crimes 4

Sources of Law ➣Customary Laws, 1625 Book ➣International Treaties ●Hague Conventions, 1907 ●Geneva Conventions, 1949

➣FM 27-10, Law of Land Warfare ➣Rules of Engagement ➣UCMJ 5

Initial Handling of Captured Personnel ➣ Handling of Surrendering Personnel? ● The 5 S’s Search, Silence, Segregate Safeguard, & Speed to the Rear

➣ Evacuation of Captives (GPW, Art. 19; FM 27-10, para. 95) ➣ Timely Evacuation, ASAP ➣ Delayed Evacuation ➣ Protection / Humane Treatment

➣ POW Camps (GPW, Art. 23; FM 27-10, para. 99) ➣ Security of POWs ➣ Markings of POW Camps ➣ Notification of Location of POW Camps

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Humane Treatment (GPW, Art. 13, 20, 27; FM 27-10, para. 88 - 96, 266)

➣Everyone is Entitled ➣No Degrading or Humiliating Treatment ➣Protected From Violence & Intimidation ➣Shielded From Insults & Public Curiosity ➣Given Respect for Their Persons & Honors ➣No Reprisals Allowed 7

Torture and Coercion (GPS, Art. 13,; GPW, Art. 13, 17; GC, Art. 31, 32; FM 24-10, para. 93; FM 34-52, p. 1-8)

➣POWs “may NOT be threatened, insulted, or exposed to disadvantageous treatment of ANY kind.” ➣Torture? ➣“The infliction of intense pain to body or mind to extract a confession or information, or for sadistic pleasure.” “Free Will”

➣Coercion? ➣“Actions designed to unlawfully induce another to commit an act against one’s will.” 8

Physical Torture (FM 34-52, p. 1-8) ➣Electric Shock ➣Pain Through Chemicals ➣Pain Through Bondage ➣Legitimate Use of Restraints to Prevent Escapes

➣Forced to Stand, Sit, or Kneel in Abnormal Positions for Prolonged Periods of Time ➣Food Deprivation ➣Any Form of Beating 9

Mental Torture (FM 34-52, p. 1-8)

➣Mock Executions ➣Abnormal Sleep Deprivations ➣Chemically Induced Psychosis 10

Coercion (FM 34-52, p. 1-8) ➣Threatening or Implying Physical or Mental Torture to the Subject, His Family, or Others to Whom He Owes Loyalty. ➣Intentionally Denying Medical Assistance or Care in Exchange for Information Sought or Other Cooperation. ➣Threatening or Implying that Other Rights Guaranteed by the Geneva Conventions Will NOT be Provided Unless Cooperation is Forthcoming. 11

Equal Treatment (GPW, Art. 16; FM 27-10, para 92) ➣Required Regardless of Race, Religious Beliefs, Nationality, Political Opinions, or Other Distinctions Based on Similar Criteria. ➣May Be Segregated in Order to Maintain Order in the Camp, to Impose Punishment, for Medical Reasons or Protection. ➣Women must have separate facilities and be treated as favorably as men. 12

Questions?

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Status of Captured Personnel

➣Retained Personnel ➣Protected Personnel ➣Prisoners of War (POWs) 14

Retained Personnel Status (GPW, Art. 33; FM 27-10, para. 67, 68)

➣Medical Personnel (GPS, Art. 24; FM 27-10, para. 67, 68) ➣Must Provide Medical Support Exclusively ➣Includes Admin. Staff at Medical Unit ➣NOT Medics, Combat Lifesavers, etc. (GPS, Art. 25, 29; FM 27-10, para. 68)

➣Religious Personnel (GPS, Art. 24; FM 27-10, para. 112) ➣Chaplains (GPS, Art. 24) ➣NOT “NON-Chaplain” Ministers of Religion (GPS, Art. 36)

➣Volunteer Aid Society Workers

(GPS,

Art. 26; FM 27-10, para. 69) 15

Retained Personnel Rights (FM 27-10, para. 67 - 69, 230 - 232)

➣MUST Receive AT LEAST Same Benefits as POWs ➣May ONLY Be Required to Perform Religious or Medical Duties ➣May ONLY Be Retained as long as Required by Health & Spiritual Needs of POWs ➣MUST Be Returned to Home Country When No Longer Needed 16

Protected Persons Status (GC, Art. 4, 5; FM 27-10, para. 247, 248)

➣Includes Civilian NON-Combatants & Unlawful Combatants in the Hands of a “Foreign Party” to the Conflict or Occupying Power. ➣All Persons Who do NOT Qualify for POW Status who have Engaged in Hostile or Belligerent Conduct. ➣If Unsure About a Captive’s Status? ➣ Treat captive as a POW until Article 5 Tribunal determines otherwise. (GPW, Art. 5; FM 27-10, para. 71) 17

Protected Persons’ Rights (cont.) (FM 27-10, para. 266, 267, 270 - 273)

➣Humane Treatment

(GPW,

Art. 13, 20, 27; FM 27-10, para. 88 - 96, 266)

➣Equal Treatment

(GPW,

Art. 16; FM 27-10, para. 92)

➣Protect Women From Attacks on Their Honor. (Includes Protection From Rape, Forced Prostitution, & Indecent Assault) 18

Protected Persons’ Rights (cont.) (FM 27-10, para. 266, 267, 270 - 273)

➣Protection From: ➣Being Taken Hostage. ➣Being Used as Human Shields to Render Certain Areas Immune From Military Operations. ➣Physical or Moral Coercion. ➣Murder, Torture, Corporal Punishment, Mutilation, Medical Experiments, & ANY Other Forms of Brutality. ➣Collective Penalties, Pillage, Reprisals, Intimidation, & Terrorism 19

Limitations on Protected Persons’ Rights (FM 27-10, para. 266, 267, 270 - 273)

➣Limited Rights to Leave ➣No Immunity From Prosecution ➣Can Be Screened & Identified for Intelligence Purposes

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Questions?

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Prisoner of War Initial Handling ➣Identification Information (GPW. Art. 17; FM 27-10, para. 93) ➣Required Information? ➣Name, Rank, Service Number, DOB

➣w/o Liable for Restriction of Privileges ➣Identification Cards

➣Do NOT question? ➣Physically and/or Mentally Incapacitated (FM 27-10, para. 93)

➣MUST be Cleared by Competent Medical Personnel

➣Question POW in Language He Understands (FM 27-10, para. 93) 22

POW Categories (FM 27-10, para. 136)

➣Category I - Below Sergeant ➣Category II - All NCOs ➣Category III - Warrant and Commissioned Officers below Major (Company Grade Officers) ➣Category IV - Major through Colonel (Field Grade Officers) ➣Category V - General Officers 23

POW STATUS (GPW, Art. 4; FM 27-10, para. 61 - 66, 68, 70) ➣Regular Armed Forces Members ➣Irregular Armed Forces,Other Militias, or Volunteer Corps ➣Commander Responsible for Subordinates ➣Fixed Distinctive Sign/Insignia Recognizable at a Distance ➣Carry Arms Openly ➣Conduct Operations in Accordance with the Law of War

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POW STATUS (cont.) (GPW, Art. 4; FM 27-10, para. 61-66, 68, 70) ➣ Armed Forces NOT Recognized by a Detaining Power ➣ Civilians With an Armed Force (ID Card) ➣ Merchant Marine/Civil Aircraft Crew Members (Min.) ➣ Levee en Masse (GPW, Art. 4; FM 27-10, para. 61, 65) ➣ Armed Forces (Present & Past) of Occupied Country ➣ Lawful Combatants in the Hands of a Neutral Party

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NON-POW Status ➣Armed forces members who deliberately conceal themselves to pass behind enemy lines to gain military information or to wage war? ➣Disguise, Retained Person Status ➣To Be Disguised as an Enemy Soldier & Shoot at Enemy Targets is ILLEGAL. ➣Article 5 Tribunal (GPW, Art. 5; FM 27-10, para. 71) ➣Used to Determine Status 26

NON-POW Status (cont.) ➣Spies

(HR, Art. 29; FM 27-10, para. 75)

➣Hague Convention (Annex IV) ➣Clandestine ➣False Pretense ➣Intention of Communicate

➣UCMJ, Article 106 ➣w/i U.S. Control / Jurisdiction

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POW Rights ➣ POWs MAY NOT Renounce Rights or Status (GPW, Art. 7; FM 27-10, para. 87)

➣ Protection / Humane Treatment (GPW, Art. 13, 20, 27; FM 27-10. para. 88 - 96, 266)

➣ Special Considerations for Women ➣Minimally as Equal Treatment to Men (GPW, Art. 14; FM 27-10. para. 90) ➣Separate Dormitories (GPW, Art. 25) ➣Separate Latrines & Bathing Facilities (GPW, Art. 29)

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Other POW Rights ➣ Respect & Honor (GPW, Art. 14; FM 27-10. para. 90) ➣ Property (GPW, Art. 18; FM 27-10, para. 94) ➣ Quarters (GPW, Art. 25; FM 27-10, para. 101) ➣ Rations (GPW, Art. 26; FM 27-10, para. 102) ➣ Clothing (GPW, Art. 27; FM 27-10, para. 103) ➣ Hygiene, Sanitation, and Medical Attention (GPW, Art. 15, 29, 30; FM 27-10, para. 91,106 108)

➣ Human Evacuation (GPW, Art. 20; FM 27-10, para. 96) ➣ Protective Equipment (GPW, Art. 18; FM 27-10, para. 94) ➣ Killing of Prisoners (FM 27-10, para. 85) 29

Other POW Rights (cont.) ➣Religion & Faith (FM 27-10, para. 110 - 113) ➣Sending & Receiving Mail (GPW, Art. 71, FM 27-10, para. 147, 150, & 152) ➣ 2 Letters & 4 Postcards Monthly (Minimum) ➣ Postage Free

➣Relief Packages (GPW, Art. 72; FM 27-10, para. 148 - 149) ➣Identity Documents (FM 27-10, para. 148) ➣Educational, Religious, or Recreational Materials (FM 27-10, para. 112 - 114)

➣Access to Prisoner Representative (FM 27-10, para. 154 - 157) 30

Questions?

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POW Responsibilities ➣Must Follow ALL Camp Rules (FM 27-10, para. 117) ➣Rules MUST BE Posted in Camp (In POW’s language) ➣Each POW MUST BE Given a Copy of Rules (In POW’s language)

➣POWs are Subject to the Same Laws, Regulations, Orders, & Penalties as Detaining Power’s Forces (FM 27-10, para. 158, 163) ➣Detailed Punishments (FM 27-10, para. 158 - 184) 32

POW Labor (GPW, Art. 50; FM 27-10, para. 125 -129)

➣May Utilize Physically Fit POWs for Labor (MUST take into account Age, Sex, Rank, & Physical Aptitude)

➣OFFICERs? ➣May NOT be required to work

➣NCOs? ➣May ONLY Be Required to Supervise

➣JUNIOR ENLISTED? ➣May Be Required to Work

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POW Labor Duration (GPW, Art. 53; FM 27-10, para. 129)

➣General, NOT Excessive ➣Lunch Hour ➣Day of Rest ➣8 Days Annual Vacation 34

POW Working Conditions (FM 27-10, para. 125 - 144) ➣ May NOT use POW Labor to Support Detaining Power’s War Effort ➣ MUST include Suitable Accommodations, Food, Clothing, and Equipment. ➣ May NOT be Inferior to Working Conditions of Detaining Power’s Nationals Performing the Same Work. ➣ No Dangerous or Humiliating Labor.

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POW Wages ➣Pay for Labor (GPW, Art. 62; FM 27-10, para. 138) ➣1/4 of One Swiss Franc per Full Work Day ➣Mar “2000” = $0.15

➣Monthly Advance (GPW, Art. 60; FM 27-10, para. 136) ➣Category I - Below Sergeant = 8 Swiss Francs ➣Category II - All NCOs = 12 Swiss Francs ➣Category III - Warrant & Commissioned Officers below Major (Company Grade Officers) = 50 Swiss Francs ➣Category IV - Major through Colonel (Field Grade Officers) = 60 Swiss Francs ➣Category V - General Officers = 75 Swiss Francs 36

Escape ➣Successful Escape (GPW, 91) ➣Rejoins His or Ally’s Forces ➣Leaves Detaining Power’s or Detaining Power’s Ally’s Territory ➣Entering Neutral County? ➣Still Held as POW by Neutral Country

➣Unsuccessful Escape (GPW, 92 - 94; FM 27-10, para. 169)

➣Disciplinary Punishment for Escape ➣Judicial Punishment for Violence to Life or Limb or Unjust Enrichment 37

Preventing Escape ➣MUST Use Least Extreme Means ➣Yelling Halt ➣Recapturing

➣Use of Weapons

(FM 27-10, para. 118)

➣Considered to be an Extreme Measure ➣MUST Warn Before Using Weapons ➣Aim to Disable and NOT to Kill

➣Aiders and Abettors receive only disciplinary punishment for helping 38

Preventing War Crimes

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War Crimes ➣ANY Violation of the Law of War Committed by ANY Person During an Armed Conflict (GC, Art. 146; GPW, Art. 129; GPS, Art. 49; FM 27-10, para. 498, 499)

➣Two Types of War Crimes ➣Grave Breaches? (GC, Art. 147; GPW, Art. 130; GPS, Art. 50; FM 27-10, para. 502)

➣Includes Torture, Willfully Depriving a Person of a Trial

➣Simple Breaches?

(FM 27-10, para. 504)

➣Includes Forcing a POW to Perform Prohibited Labor 40

Nation’s Obligation to Suppress War Crimes (GPS, Art. 49; GPW, Art. 129, GC, Art. 146; FM 27-10, para. 506, 507)

➣All Nations MUST Suppress War Crimes ➣Obligation Facilitated by: ➣Universal Jurisdiction Over All War Criminals ➣No Statute of Limitations on War Crimes

➣Grave Breaches - MUST Prosecute or Extradite to a Country Who Will Prosecute ➣Simple Breaches - MUST Take Steps to Prevent Recurrence 41

Commanders’ Duties & Responsibilities ➣CDRs Can Be Criminally Liable for War Crimes If They: ➣Ordered the War Crime, ➣Knew About the War Crime BUT Did Nothing to Stop it, or ➣The CDR Should Have Known of the Crime and Did NOT Act to Stop it.

➣Commanders Also Have a Duty to Investigate War Crimes Promptly 42

Soldier’s Duties and Responsibilities ➣ Watch for Evidence of Prior Abuse ➣ Document & Report any Suspicions of Prior Abuse ➣ You MUST Report Violations & Suspected Violations of Laws of War as Serious Incidents. ➣ Responsible for Own Acts or Omissions which Violate Law of War ➣ Must NOT Obey Unlawful Orders ➣ If Soldier Receives Unlawful Order, Soldier Should Try to Prevent the Order From Being Carried Out 43

Dealing With Illegal Orders ➣Clarify Unclear Orders ➣If the Order is Illegal, The Soldier MUST State So ➣Use Moral Arguments ➣Threaten to Report the Act ➣Ask the Senior Soldier to Stop the Act ➣Refuse to Obey the Order ➣If the Order is NOT Withdrawn, or the Act IS Committed, Report Incident or Order

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Duty to Report War Crimes ➣MUST Report All Observed & Suspected War Crimes as Serious Incidents (AR 190-40) ➣Report to Chain of Command ➣Chain of Command is Implicated? ➣Report to JAG, IG, Chaplain, or Provost Marshal

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Reasons for Reporting War Crimes ➣Enemy War Crimes Can Be the Basis for Legitimate Reprisals. ➣Publishing Enemy War Crimes Can Be Used to Influence Public Opinion, Including Soldier’s, Against the Enemy. ➣Reporting Allied War Crimes Helps us follow Geneva Convention Rules on Transferring Captives 46

HUMINT Collectors Must NOT: ➣Impersonate Chaplains, Medical Personnel, or Volunteer Aid Society Personnel (e.g., Red Cross Personnel) ➣Interrogate an injured or ill POW UNTIL Receiving a Medical Release Specifically for Questioning ➣Delay Evacuation of a POW in a Danger Zone for the Purposes of Interrogation 47

HUMINT Collectors MUST: ➣Report Suspected War Crimes Encountered during the Course of Their Duties ➣Conduct Yourself in a Professional Manner When Dealing with POWs, Taking into Consideration the Rank & Status of the POW ➣Ensure Your Security & That of the POW 48

Questions?

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Summary ➣Sources of Law. ➣Captured Personnel Initial Handling. ➣Define POWs, Retained Personnel, & Protected Persons. ➣Treatment of POWs. ➣Treatment of Retained Personnel. ➣Treatment of Protected Persons. ➣Preventing War Crimes. 50

Law of War Examinatio n 51