L2 Evolution Of Technology Ind

INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY • APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY – – – –

Lecture 1: Evolution of Technology Lecture 2: Basic Design and manufacturing Technologies Lecture 3: Principles of Product and Process design Lecture 4: Competitive & Economic considerations in manufacturing – Lecture 5: Fundamentals of manufacturing systems engineering

Lecture 1: Evolution of Technology Impacts by the Inventions of Steam and Laser compared

Power from Steam (A success case ?) • AD 100 - the first steam machine - rotating jet boiler • 1654 - the force of atmospheric pressure - Magdeburg, Germany - 20 inch diameter cylinder vacuum pulled in 50 men (5 HP) • 1690 - condensing steam drives piston (Denis Papin, France) 2.5 in diameter piston lifted 60 pounds of weight • 1698 - condensed steam for pumping flood water from mines, England • 1712 - Newcomen atmospheric engine, 5.5 HP, 1% efficiency, levered piston to pump water from mines • (1728 - Horse driven railways in Cumberland mines)

• 1769 - 70 Nicolas Cugnot, propulsion of 3 ton siege canon at 3 mph for 12-15 minutes on steam • 1777 - James Watt’s true steam engine with circulation of steam - low/high pressure sides, condensing outside external combustion engine, replaced almost all Newcomen atmospheric engines by 1783 • 1801 – Britain’s first 8-9 m.p.h. engine (50 p.s.i. James Watt’s engine used only 10 p.s.i.) on Christmas eve by Richard Trevithick. • 1803 - First steam locomotive - Richard Trevithick ( substitution of steam - called as iron horse -for horse traction) • 1825 - First public steam railway - George Stephenson, engineer on Stockton Darlington railway operated on 10 mile stretch from County Durham and colliery near Darlington. 12 -1 6 m.p.h. - inaugurated by him and his son Robert Stephenson

• 1829 - Rocket engine - an improvement by Stephensons for pulling 14 ton train at 29 m.p.h. on LiverpoolManchester railway • 1830 - first train using rocket • 1831 - World’s first town-to-town (intercity!) selfpropelled vehicles • 1831 - 36 Steam buses (12 m.p.h.) in London by Walter Hancock (brother of rubber manufacturer Thomas Hancock) • 1848 - Railways in the world - Berlin to the Baltic & Ruhr, Paris to Bordeaux, Vienna to Trieste, USA had the most tracks in the world.) • 1851 Great exhibition of London was visited by 6 million people by railway. A century ago 3 m.p.h. horse wagon charged a day’s wage of a worker for 20-30 miles at 3 m.p.h. and worker’s rarely traveled by wagon.!)

• 1859 - Road roller driven by steam , France • 1870 - Steam truck - John Yule, Britain • 1865 - Maximum speed limited to 4 m.p.h. by regulation in Britain because traction engines scared horses and broke roads. • 1896 - 97 Internal Combustion engine by engineer Rudolf Diesel, Germany - Diesel engine established supremacy and steam engines are at present used as stationery engines for applications such as generating electricity • 1928 - Diesel electric trains • 1964 - Bullet train - between Tokyo and Osaka at 130 m.p.h. fastest in the 1980’s. British 150 m.p.h. was at an experimental stage (Advanced Passenger Train APT using electro-magnetic propulsion.)

Comments: Steam engine was the prime mover behind the social and technological upheaval: Industrial Revolution. There was migration of labour from agriculture to industry and even by 1811 more people worked in trade, manufacturing and handicraft industry than on land in England. Town population grew during the century as a result of steam powered manufacturing plants. E.G. textile mills of nothern England and Manchester cotton centres, steam powered coal mines, steel plants and printing presses. The invention of the internal combustion engine which gives high power and efficiency made steam an inferior source of power for engines. During the oil crisis of 1980’s experimental steam car’s were developed but none has been commercialised. Question: What has been the prime mover in the next century 1900’s ? In the new millennium is there migration of labour from industry to services or knowledge industry ? What are the driving technologies now?

Development of Laser (A success case.) • 1913 - Distinct atomic quantum levels, Niels Bohr, Danish physicist • 1917 - Radiation triggering of quantum jumps, Albert Einstein, German physicist • 1950 - How to amplify microwaves, Towns (USA), Basov and Prokov (Russia) • 1953 - Invention of maser using Ammonia gas [microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (maser)]

• 1964 - Townes, Basov and Prokov won Nobel prize for physics for pioneering work on maser • 1958 - laser (known as optical maser) designed by Townes and his bil Arthur Schawlov [light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation] • 1960 - Built the first laser (artificial ruby rod: intensity 10 million times that of sunlight) followed by gas laser of less intensity.

• 1970 - Black and white video disc (mechanically cut grooves), Jointly by Decca in Britain and AEG Telefunken (W.G.) known as TelDec. 12 in space for 1 audio groove, speed 1500 rpm compared with 33 1/3 rpm. (now cut by laser.) • Philips (Holland), Sony (Japan) used optical system with laser focusing below the disc surface. No effect of dust, wear and tear.

• 1980 - High quality audio stereo audio visual made for Blondie music group (USA) for their album ‘Eat to the Beat’ • Laser industrial applications: cutting, boring, guiding borers in tunneling, distance measurement (distance to moon for at 1 foot accuracy, precision engineering metrology, eye surgery (e.g. glaucoma, retina repair), cauterizing - heat sealing - blood vessels by • 2004 - High definition DVD using shortwave blue-ray laser known as blue laser by Sony Japan, DVD will be HD DVD ! • 2006 - Project to commence showing blue-ray films on a commercial scale?

Conclusions • Scientific discoveries are normally followed by inventions and innovations and this takes time. • Innovations have to be commercialised by industrialists for business success. • Evolution of a particular technology may be disrupted by another that has greater commercial appeal than the first. • Nevertheless, discoveries, inventions and innovations can lead to the betterment of life. (or is it otherwise?) Comment.