Kurabarni Ebook U Myint Thein

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pm½Iolrsm;okdY . . . . þpmtkyw f iG f usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefrS tm,ofawmfrsm;ukd azmfjy&mü Ä

Oyrm (uk&ftmef 22;36)[lonf [l&[fu@trSwf(22)? tm,ofawmftrSwf(36)udk qkdvkdygonf/

Ä

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Ä

uk&ftmef\ wdkuf½dkufbmomjyefr[kwfbJ qkdvkd&if; &nfnTef;csufomjzpfygu tzGifhtydwfaumfrm rygbJ azmfjyxm;Ny;D tqk;H ü &nfneT ;f vkad om pl&[fu@trSwEf iS hf tm,oftrSwu f dk azmfjyxm;ygonf/

Ä

rkpv f ifrrf sm;taejzifh tv’m[f\wrefawmfrsm;\ trnfrsm? qG[mA[ftaqGawmfBuD;rsm;trnfrsm;ukd zwfwikd ;f oufqikd &f menf;twdik ;f arwåmykYd oMuyguke/f

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]]toifwkdYonf rdrdwkdYcspfcifESpfoufaomt&mxJrS rokH;pGJorQumvywfvkH; jrifhjrwfaom ukd,fusifhw&m;ukd rnfonfhtcgrQ &,lEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/}} (uk&ftmef 3;92)

]],if;(uk&fAgeDom;aumif)wkdY\ tom;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? taoG;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; tv’m[ft½SifjrwfxHawmfokdY rnfonfhtcgrSa&mufacs/ okdYaomf toifwkdYxHrS (owfu0g ac:)tv’m[fodpdwf rjywfxm;í wm0efausyGefjcif;omvQif xkdt½SifjrwfxHawmfokdY a&muf½Sdayonf/ . . . . .}} (uk&ftmef 22;37)

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pma&;ol\trSmpm twfpvmrktvdik ;f uGe;f rf Nidr;f csr;f om,mrItaygif; toifwYdk tay:okYd oufa&mufygap/ À uk&Af geD[al omacgif;pOfrmS tpövmrfEiS phf yfvsO;f í txiftjrifvrJG mS ;rItcH&qk;H acgif;pOfwpf&yfjzpfayonf/ À uk&fAgeDtaMumif; rSefuefpGmodem;vnfjcif;r½SdMuojzifh tpövmrfbmom0ifwkdYtm; uRJ? EGm;? wd&pämef wkYd udk w&m;rJo h wfjzwforl sm;? ,Zfyal ZmfMuolrsm;? todÓPfrphJ mG rsupf rd w S , f MHk unforl sm;? owå0gwkYd tay: tMuifemw&m;rJo h rl sm;? aus;Zl;rodwwfMuolrsm; ponfjzifh vGrJ mS ;pGmxifrw S rf rI sm;½Sad eayonf/ À pifppf uk&Af geD[o l nf wkEidI ;f rJh aus;Zl;awmf½iS \ f opömawmfudk apmifo h ½d adk ojcif;ESihf trSew f &m;twGuf pGeYfvLS jcif;omvQijf zpfayonf/ À xkdYjyif trSefw&m;ukd todÓPfESifh,SOfí ,kHMunfcsufonfomvQif rdkuf½l;&Jrqefaom rSefuefonfh owåd (0g) pGefYvSL&Jaomowådukd aygufzGm;apEdkifygonf/ trSefw&m;twGuf pGefYvSL&JolwkdYomvQif w&m;rQwrIEiS hf Nird ;f csr;f a&;ukd uk, d u f sK;d rygbJ xde;f odr;f Edik rf nfo h rl sm;jzpfMuayrnf/ avmuBu;D ukd tvSqifEikd f olrsm;jzpfMuayrnf/ À tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfonf pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ukd tqifq h ifjh yKpyk sK;d axmifawmfral omt½Sijf zpfawmfr\ l / tv’m[fonf aemufq;Hk wrefawmfcsKyf rk[r®'o f cifuv dk nf; avmucyford ;f twGuf u½kPmawmftjzpf apvTwaf y:xGe;f apcJjh cif;jzpfayonf/ xkYdtwl usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefrmS vnf; pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f twGuf vrf;ñTet f jzpf tv’m[fu xkwjf yefcjhJ cif;jzpfayonf/ À okYdjzpfay&m tpövmrf, h MHk unfcsurf sm;ESiu hf siphf Ofrsm;onf avmucyford ;f ESi, hf OS af om w&m;rsm;jzpfMuay onf/ xkYdaMumifh uk&Af geDtaMumif;t&mrsm;rSm pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ESi, hf OS af om jrifjh rwfonfh w&m; wpf&yfyifjzpfayonf/ okYdaomfvnf; uk&Af geDudk omreftm;jzifh uR?J EGm; wd&pämefwYdktm; w&m;rJo h wfjcif;? ,Zfyal Zmfjcif;? tom;pm;jcif;wkYd jzifh a&maxG;pGm em;vnfaeonfuadk wGUjrif&ayonf/ À okYdjzpfay&m uk&Af geDacgif;pOfuadk vhvmvQif avmcyford ;f ESi, hf OS af om tpövmrf, h MHk unfcsuu f dk taMumif; jyKí uk&fAgeD\ oabmw&m;ordkif;ESifh tESpfom&wkdYukd OD;pGmoabmayguf&efvkdayonf/ xkdYaemuf avmucyford ;f ESi, hf OS o f nfh tpövmrfu h siphf OfwYdkut dk ajccHí uk&Af geDEiS q hf ufpyfaeaom taMumif;t&mrsm; jzpfMuonfh pMu0VmESifhvlom;\u@? ouf½SdESifhoufrJhwkdYtaMumif;? vlom;ESifh wd&pämeftygt0if tjcm;ouf½adS vmursm;uGmjcm;yk?H toufEiS (hf ezfp)f 0dnmOfumG jcm;yk?H pMu0Vmqifu h jJ zpfpOfEiS hf vlYb0wefz;dk ? tpmESifht[m&? urÇmhpm;eyf&du©m? tpövmrfhenf;us ]ZA[f}vSD;jzwfjcif;\tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;? pm;okH;&ef wm;jrpfxm;aomtom;rsm;? tDuv dk *dk saD c: ouf½EdS iS hf ywf0ef;usiq f ufE, G rf ?I zDp, D v dk *dk saD c: t*Fgrsm;\ vIy½f mS ;rI,EÅ,m; ponfwYdu k dk tpGu J if;pGmjzk ifh yuwdtajctaersm;ESiq hf ufpyfojd rif em;vnfoabmayguf&ef vkt d yfayonf/ À tcsKrd pm;ESi[ hf w k m;xm;aomrdbukd acsmif;qk;d aeaomuav;i,fu tMuifemw&m;r½S[ d k xifwwfayonf/ aq;ynmtaMumif;rodolu cGJpdwf"g;udkifxm;aom cGJpdwfyg&*lukdMurf;wrf;&ufpufol[k xifayrnf/ pMu0VmtaMumif;rodou l vlom;onf tmumoukd xk;d azmufjcif;ukd rjzpfEikd [ f íl vnf;aumif;? aiGjzKe;f wD;

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olrsm;[lívnf;aumif; xifaumif;xifMuayrnf/ todynmESihf A[kow k onf vlom;wkYdtwGuf tvGef ta&;ygvSayonf/ À urÇmph m;eyf&u d m© tzGUJ Bu;D (FAO)\ ,ckEpS (f 1997)aqmify'k rf mS ]pm;eyf&u d m© zlvzHk Ydk &if;ES;D jrK§ yEf aHS qmif½u G pf Ydk} [líjkzpfayonf/ urÇmih wfrw G rf EI iS hf t[m&csKUd wJrh u I dk vlom;wkid ;f wm0efoo d d yg0ifaqmif½u G Ef ikd Mf u&ef jzpfayonf/ jrefrmEdik if üH vnf; v,f,m? om;ig;? ykpeG af rG;jrLa&;u@rsm;ukd jr§iw hf ifjcif;jzifh wkid ;f jynf tusK;d ? urÇmt h usK;d aqmif½u G af eMu&ayonf/ À okdYjzpfay&m tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;aejzifhvnf; jrifhjrwfaom uk&fAgeDoabmw&m;rsm;ukd ukd,fwkdif oabmaygufem;vnfNyD; tpövmrfujyqkdaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;w&m;jzifh avmutm; tvSqifMua&;ukd &nf½G,fí a&;om;vdkufygonf/ Nidr;f csr;f vkvif &efuek Nf rdKU? (1.11.97)

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]uk&fAgeDoabmw&m;} uk&fAmeD[laomt"dyÜm,f À uREfkyfwkdY t&yfokH; uk&fAgeD[laompum;onf uk&ftmefusrf;rS t&ADa0g[m& ( )uk&fAgefrS qif;ouf ac:a0:aejcif;jzpfayonf/ À uk&fAgef\pmayt"dyÜm,frSm teD;okdYcsOf;uyfjcif;? eD;uyfapaomt&m[lí &ayonf/ ,if;pum;vkH;ukd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f ]tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfxo H Ydk eD;uyfapjcif;jyKonft h &m}[laom t"dymÜ ,fjzifh ok;H pGx J m; ygonf/ (Munfh-uk&ftmef 5;27? 3;179? 46;28)? Oyrm - om;aumifwpfaumifukdjzpfap? tvSL'ge wpfcu k jdk zpfap? aumif;rIwpfcu k jdk zpfap? pGeYf vLS rIudk &nfñeT ;f ygonf/ tv’m[ft½Sijf rwf\ t
wkEIdif;rJhu½kPmawmf½Sif\ u½kPmawmfpDrHudef;BuD; xkdt½Sifjrwf xkt d ½Sijf rwfudk urÇmN*dK[af y:½Sv d o l m;wkYd\ bmompum;toD;oD;wkYdwiG f tDv[f[íl vnf;aumif;? a*gh'f God [lívnf;aumif;? td½0fS &f[íl vnf;aumif;? w&m;um,[lívnf;aumif;? tv’m[f[íl vnf;aumif; ponfjzifh trnfajrmufjrm;pGmjzifh ac:a0:aeMuayonf/ tac:ta0:rnfoYdkyifuaJG pumrl xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf

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pMu0Vmcyfodrf;? urÇmN*dK[fESifh ouf½SdoufrJh avmucyfodrf;wkdYukd tqifhqifh jyKpkysKd;axmifzefqif;awmfrlaomt omt½S½S i f j zpf o nf / (uk&ftmef 1;2? 45;36) xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf rdr\ d zefqif;cHavmucyford ;f tay:rdr\ d wkEidI ;f rJu h ½kPmawmfjzifh vTr;f NcKH awmfr\ l / wpfenf;qkad omf ,if;wkYdudk zefqif;xif½mS ;jzpfay:apjcif;rSm pMu0VmESi, hf OS af om u½kPmawmfprD u H ed ;f Bu;D omvQif jzpfayonf/ (uk&t f mef 7;156) urÇmN*dK[u f dk ,mOftjzpfp;D eif;vsuf pMu0VmBuD;\ qifu h jJ zpfpOfü c&D;ESiv f su½f adS omvlom;onf pifppf zefqif;cHrsm;teuf ½kyef mrfprG ;f tifobm0taumif;qk;H zefqif;cHjzpfayonf/ (uk&ftmef 95;4) þrQBu;D us,cf ef;em;aom pMu0VmBu;D tm; umv(6)ckjzifh tqifq h ifjh yKpyk sK;d axmif&jcif;rSm vlom;wkYdtzkYd tusK;d iSmjzpfayonf/ wpfenf;qkad omf pMu0VmESi, hf OS af om u½kPmawmfprD u H ed ;f wGif xkt d ½Sijf rwf\ cspjf cif; arwåmESihf u½kPmawmfudk t"ducHxu kd o f rl mS vlom;rsm;vQijf zpfayawmhonf/ ,if;twGuv f o l m;onf urÇmN*Kd [f 0,f aumif;jrwfvyS aomvky&f yfrsm;jzifh tvSqifMu&ayrnf/ (uk&ftmef 11;7? 11;119) xk d t½Sifjrwf\ vSyaomemrawmfwpf&yfonfum; ]t&f&[fref}/ ]]rjywfrpJ oem;Muifemawmfrlaom tEIdif;rJhu½kPmawmf½Sif}} (uk&ftmef 1;1) xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf rdrt d m; aus;Zl;awmf½iS t f jzpf vufco H u l jdk zpfap? jiif;y,fou l jdk zpfap? zefqif;cHra½G; ¤if;twGuf tajccHvkdtyfcsufrsm; axmufyhHay;oem;NyD; u½kPmukdjyawmfrl\/ Oyrm - vlom;onf oaE¨om;b0wGif ud, k w f idk ½f mS azGrpm;aomufEikd o f jzifh rdcif\om;tdrEf iS chf suBf uKd ;rSwpfqifh oaE¨om;ESio hf ifah vsmf aom &dum© ukd axmufyaHh y;oem;\/ xko d aE¨om;rarG;rD ¤if;\rdcifü EkYd&nfrxGu?f oaE¨om;arG;zGm;onfEiS hf wpfNydKief uf ¤if;rdcif\om;jrwfrS EkYd &nfwYdkonf tqifoifx h u G v f m&jyefonf/ i,f½, G pf Of ynmr½SmEdik pf Of xkt d ½Sijf rwfuyif vlom;ukd bmompum;ukd em;vnfajymqkad ponf/ t½G,af &mufaomtcg ynm½SmazGoif,l wwfajrmufaponf/ xkYdjyif vlom;ukd qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG u hf v dk nf; ay;oem;awmf rl\/ a&? ajr? av? rD;ESihf obm0o,HZmwypön;f rsm;ukv d nf; tqifoifjh yKxm;ay\/ vlom;\ zefw;D Edik f aom pGr;f yum;jzifh pD;yGm;Opöm ½SmazGpm;aomufaponf/ urÇmN*Kd [0f ,f vlom;twGuf opfyifyef;refavmuESihf wd&pämefavmuukdvnf; tqifoifhpDrHjyKvkyfxm;ay;onf/ vlom;onf pMu0Vmukdyif xkd;axmufaeacsNyD jzpfonf/ (uk&ftmef 55;1-33) okYdaomf vlom;\qifjcifww Hk &m;onf zefqif;cHavmuwGif tpGr;f xufvaS omfvnf; t&mcyford ;f ukd vTrf;NcHKodjrifEdkifpGrf;r½Sdacs/ qifjcifwkHw&m;\tvGefü opömw&mrsm;½Sdaeayao;onf/ Oyrm - wkEIdif;rJh edpx ö m0&NyD;jynfhpkHawmfrlaom t½Sifwpfyg;wnf;½Sdjcif;? vlom;wkdY aoNyD;aemuf ½Sifjyefxajrmuf&rnfhaeY? vuf½pdS Mu0Vmonf ysuo f Ok ;f í toGiaf jymif;um *sEo é af c: xm0&NyD;jynfph aHk omtajctaeESihf *s[Eéraf c: i&J½Srnfjzpfjcif; ponfwkdYjzpfonf/ odyÜHynm&yfrsm;jzpfap? 'óedu tygt0if 0dZÆmynm&yfrsm;jzpfap vlom;\ uefYowfcsu½f adS eaom qifjcifww Hk &m;rSom aygufzmG ;vmjcif;jzpfí t
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xk d t½Sifjrwf\ tjcm;aom vSyonfhemrawmf(1)ckonfum; ]t&f&[Drf;} ]wkEIdif;rJhaumif;csD;u½kPmawmf½Sif} (uk&ftmef 1;1) xkt d ½Sijf rwf\ zefqif;cHavmuwGif (u) qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG ½hf adS om zefqif;cHEiS hf (c) qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG rhf ½Sad om zefqif;cH [lí ½Sad eayonf/ wkEidI ;f rJh u½kPmawmf½iS f u vlom;ukd qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKvyk yf ikd cf iG hf ay;oem;awmfrx l m;onf/ vlom;onf qifjcifww Hk &m;jzifh xkt d ½Sijf rwfxrH S 0[Dvrf;ñTew f &m;awmfudk xk;d xGi;f em;vnfoabm aygufNy;D ,if;twdik ;f b0wnfaqmufcahJ omf ¤if;vlom;tm; xkt d ½Sijf rwfu teEÅaumif;cs;D u½kPmawmfjzifh tqaygif;rsm;pGm qkvmbfay;oem;awmfrrl nfjzpfayonf/ tu,fí tMuifoo l nf rdr\ d qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKvyk yf ikd cf iG u hf dk tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKí rdr\ d aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tppftrSeu f dk jiif;y,fcahJ omf i&Jvm; ayrnf/

okdYqkdvQif vlom;wkdYü tb,faMumifh 'ku©jzpfay:&oenf;/ xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf zefqif;cHom;rsm;ukd tjypfom;rsm;tjzpf cGirhf vTwEf ikd af vmufatmif rke;f wD;aeaom t½Sirf [kwb f J wkEidI ;f rJu h ½kPmawmf½iS jf zpfayonf/ pMu0VmavmuBuD;tm;vnf; vlom;wkYdudk vSnzhf sm;&ef pDrHxm;jcif;r[kwfbJ vlom;wkdYtusKd;iSmjzpfayonf/ okdYaomf vlom;wkdYwGif 'ku©jzpf&jcif;taMumif;um; ]vlom;wkYdonf igwnf;[laomtpGjJ zifh rdrx d if&mjyKcMhJ uojzifh rdrw d YdkjyKorQraumif;rIwYdk\ tusK;d tqufudk cH&jcif;jzpfygonf/} (uk&ftmef 42;30) ]toifhü oufa&muforQaumif;jcif;wkdYonf tv’mh[fxHrSjzpf\/ toifhü usa&muforQtqkd;rsm;onf toifhaMumifhjzpf\/} (uk&ftmef 4;79) wpfenf;qkad omf xkt d ½Sijf rwf\ u½kPmawmfonf t&mcyford ;f ukd vTr;f NcKH xm;ygvsuf vlom;onf rdr\ d qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG u hf dk tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKjcif;twGuf qk;d usK;d &vmbfu&dk jcif;om jzpfayonf/ rdr\ d jypfrt I wGuf tpm;ay;cH&jcif;rSm xkt d ½Sijf rwf\ u½kPmuif;a0;rIaMumifrh [kwaf cs/ okdYaomf vlom;taejzifh wpfcgwpf&H tcuftcJukd BuHkawGU&jcif;\ tjcm;taMumif;wpfckrSm xkd u½kPmawmf½iS b f ufrS vlom;\,kMH unfcsuEf iS v hf yk &f yfudk prf;oyfro I mjzpfayonf/ b0pmar;yGo J zG,jf zpfyg onf/ xkpd rf;oyfrüI tcuftcJü rdr\ d aus;Zl;awmf½iS t f ay: opömrysub f J rSeu f efaomvky&f yftay: &yfwnf cJyh gvQif xko d t l m; xkw d Ek idI ;f rJu h ½kPmawmf½iS u f tqift h wef;jr§iw hf ifay;&efomjzpfygonf/ (uk&ftmef 2;15-156? 57;22) xkdYaMumifhvlom;wkdif;onf xkdwkEIdif;rJhaomu½kPmawmf½SifESifh eD;uyfa&;twGuf (0g) rdrd\ ezfpf 0dnmOfzNHG zdK;wk;d wufa&;twGuf rdr\ d ,kMH unfcsuu f dk tprf;ppfcEH ikd Mf u&rnfjzpfayonf/ vkt d yfaom pGeYfvLS rI ukv d nf; jyKMu&rnfjzpfayonf/ okYd aomf vlom;\ rnfonfv h yk &f yfrQ tcsn;f ES;D jzpfrnfr[kwaf cs/ ]tMuifrnfolrqkd tEkjrLwpfrIef\ tav;csdefrQ aumif;rIjyKcJhvQif ,if;ukd awGUjrif&thH/ xdkYtwl tMuifrnfolrqkd tEkjrLwpfrIef\ tav;csdefrQ raumif;rI (uk&ftmef 99;7-8) ukd jyKcJhvQifvnf; ,if;ukdawGUjrif&rnf/}

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wkEIdif;rJh tpOfxm0& NyD;jynfhpkHaomt½Sif\ oufaovu©Pmawmfrsm; xkdt½Sifjrwfonf pMu0Vmavmucyfodrf;ukd tb,faMumifh zefqif;&oenf;/ xkdt½Sifjrwfü wkEIdif;rJh vSyaom emrawmfrsm;½Sdayonf/ ,if;wkdYteuf À tvfcgvduf = zefqif;xif½mS ;jzpfay:apawmfral omt½Sif À t&f&Af = tqifq h ifjh yKpyk sK;d axmifzefqif;awmfral omt½Sif À tvfA'D;tf = OD;pGmyxr pwifp&D ifzefqif;awmfral omt½Sif ponfh emrawmfrsm;xif½mS ;uGeYf jrL; vmaomtcg xkt d ½Sijf rwf\wkEidI ;f rJÓ h Pfawmft& tvk½d o dS nfh t&mcyford ;f wkYo d nf xif½mS ;jzpfay:vm&ayonf/ xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf t&mcyford ;f ukd zefqif;xif½mS ;jzpfay:apawmfrcl \ hJ / xkYd aemuf zefqif;cH&onfh obm0ESit hf nD aeom;wusjzpfatmifvnf; jyKvyk af wmfrcl \ hJ / ¤if;jyif xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf t&mcyford ;f wkYd\ obm0ESihf pGr;f &nfwYdkudk wkid ;f wmowfrw S af wmfrNl yD; ¤if;wkYdtoD;oD;tm; rnfoYdkrnfyHk b0wnfaqmuf&rnf ukv d nf; oufqikd &f menf;vrf;toD;oD;jzifh vrf;ñTeaf y;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ (uk&t f mef 87;2-3) ]xkdt½Sifjrwfü wkzufEIdif;,SOf&m *kPf&nf[lí tvsOf;r½Sd/} (uk&ftmef 112;4) ]xkdt½Sifjrwfonf ¤if;wkdYajymqkdowfrSwfonfwkdY\ txufü½SdNyD; twdkif;tq r½Sd oefYpifjrifhjrwfawmfrlyg\/} (uk&ftmef 6;100) ]xkdt½SifjrwfuJhokdY wlnDaomt&m wpfpkHwpf&mrQyifr½Sd/} (uk&ftmef 42;11) xkYd aMumifh xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf twkr½S/d xkt d ½Sijf rwfudk vlYÓPftm;jzifh vTr;f NcHKazmfjyír&/ xkt d ½Sif jrwfESifhwlnDaom Oyrm[lívnf; pMu0VmtwGif;ür½SdbJ uefYowfcsufw&m;ESifh Oya'otaygif;wkdY\ tvGeüf jzpfawmfryl gonf/ ]xkdt½Sifjrwfonf tv’m[f? wpfyg;wnf;NyD;jynfhpkHawmfrlaomt½Sif jzpfawmfrl yg\/ tv’m[fonf (tqGfqGr'f)wkEIdif;rJh tpOfxm0&NyD;jynfhpkHawmfrlaom t½Sifjzpfawmfrlyg\/} (uk&ftmef 112;1-2) tcsed Ef iS ahf e&mtmumo(Time and Space) wkYdonfvnf;aumif;? taMumif;w&m;ESihf tusK;d w&m; (Cause & Effect)wkYdonfvnf;aumif;? EIid ;f ,SOrf (I Relativity)onfvnf;aumif; uefYowfcsu½f adS eonfh obm0ed,mrOya'orsm;omjzpfMuayonf/ ,if;wkYdudk xkt d ½Sijf rwfuom wkid ;f wmowfrw S x f m;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;uefYowfcsuOf ya'owkYd jzifh xkt d ½Sijf rwfudk wkid ;f wmowfrw S íf r&acs/ xkYdaMumifh uefYowfcsuw f &m;wkYd\tvGew f iG f ½Sad wmfral om pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f twGi;f okYd w&m; vrf;ñTefay;&ef yuwdawmfjzifh oufqif;vmp&mrvdktyfacs/ vlYZmwdcHía[mMum;p&mvnf;rvkdtyfacs/ xku d efYowfcsut f vGet f ½Sijf rwfudk uefYowfcsuw f &m;jzif½h adS eonfh vlwYdk\ ½kyrf supf rd sm;onf vTr;f NcKH awGUjrif EdkifpGrf;r½Sdacs/ (uk&ftmef 6;103) xkYdaMumifh vlom;uk, d w f ikd u f 0[DÓPfpif&½Síd eAD&plvf tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vx f ;l rsm;tqifh a&mufapumrl arG;jcif;? tkdjcif;? emjcif;? aojcif; ponfh obm0w&m;wkdYukd rvGefqefEdkifí ¤if;wkdYonf ukd;uG,f&mrsm; r[kwMf uacs/

todÓPfESifh,SOfaom,kHMunfcsuf xkt d ½Sijf rwfudk rdr\ d ½kyrf supf jd zifjh rif&rSvufcu H ;dk uG,yf grnf[al omolonf rdr\ d uefYowfcsuf obm0ESihf xkt d ½Sijf rwf\ uefYowfcsuv f eG af jrmufaomobm0ukd OD;pGmyxrqifjcif&monf/ xkt d ½Sijf rwfudk ½kyrf supf jd zifh

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vTr;f NcHKojd rifEikd pf rG ;f r½Sad omfvnf; pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f onf xkt d ½Sijf rwf\ wkEidI ;f rJeh mrawmfrsm;? wkEidI ;f rJh pGr;f aqmifEikd af om*kPq f zGd ofawmfrsm;aMumifh xif½mS ;jzpfay:vmojzifh xkt d ½Sijf rwfwpfyg;wnf;½Sad Mumif; oufao vu©Pmawmfrsm;(tm,of)ukd zefqif;cHobm0tm;vk;H wGif awGUjrifEikd af yonf/ (uk&t f mef 41;53) xkYdaMumifh xkt d ½Sijf rwfu vlom;ukd rsupf rd w dS íf ouf0if,MHk unfrrI sK;d ukd rvkv d m;bJ todw&m;ESihf ,SOaf om ,kMH unfcsu(f tDrmef)ukd ESv;Hk oGi;f &ef ñTeMf um;xm;\/ ]{uefpifppf igt igt½S½Sifjrwfonf rdrd\ oufaovu©Pmawmfrsm;ukd pOf;pm; qifjcif odem;vnfaomolwkdYtzkdY tao;pdwf½Sif;vif;awmfrlcJhavonf/} (uk&ftmef 6;97) todÓPfEiS , hf OS af om,kMH unfcsu(f tDrmef)ESihf cH,cl suw f Ydkonf rdu k ½f ;l &Jrqefaom rSeu f efonfo h wåu d dk aygufzmG ;aponf/ rnfonfph rf;oyfrt I cuftcJurdk qkd &ifqidk w f eG ;f vSe&f aJ om ZGo J wåpd rG ;f tm;ukad y;\/ trSm; w&m;aY½üS OD;rnGwaf omBucHh ikd rf u I adk y;onf/ trSew f &m;ESihf w&m;rQwrItwGuf vkt d yfygu rdr\ d toufuydk if pGefYvSL&Jaomowådukday;avonf/ wpfenf;qkdaomf wkEIdif;rJhu½kPmawmf½Sif tv’m[f\aus;Zl;awmfrsm;ukd tpOfatmufarhvsuf xkt d ½Sijf rwfudk tcsppf w d jf zifh vrf;ñTew f &m;awmfrsm;ukd apmifx h ed ;f jcif;? pGeYfvLS &Jjcif;wkYdudk jzpfwnfapygonf/

w&m;Oya'o(2)rsKd;ESifh oufaovu©Pmawmf(2)rsKd; pMu0VmtwGi;f vTr;f rk;d xm;aom Oya'o (2)rsK;d ½So d nf/ (1) pMu0Vm ouf½o dS ufrhJ ponfh ½kyo f bm0ukd vTr;f rk;d xm;aom Oya'oed,mrrsm;ESihf (2) vlwYdk\pdwEf iS hf 0dnmOfemrfobm0ukd vTr;f rk;d aom Oya'oed,mrrsm;jzpfMuonf/ pMu0VmtwGi;f vlom;rjzpfay:cifuwnf;u obm0ed,mrOya'orsm; pepfwus½adS eNy;D jzpfayonf/ xkYdtwl urÇmN*Kd [üf vlom;wkYdjzpfay:vmNy;D aemuf vlom;\ (pdwEf iS hf 0dnmOf)emrfw&m;ukv d nf; vTr;f rk;d xm;aom w&m;Oya'rsm;½Sad eNy;D ,if;wkYdudk vlom;(eAD)wrefawmf tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vrf sm;rSwpfqifh xkt d ½Sijf rwfu xkwjf yef ykYdcsawmfro l nf/ xkYdaMumifh vlom;eADwrefawmf tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vrf sm;rSwpfqifh xkwjf yefyYdkcsaom vrf;nTew f &m; wkYdonf vlom;twGuf xkt d v’m[ft½Sijf rwfwpfyg;wnf;½Sad Mumif; pmawGU oufaovu©Pmawmfrsm;jzpfMuNy;D ? zefqif;cH pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f onfvnf; xkt d ½Sijf rwfwpfyg;wnf;½Sad wmfral Mumif;vufawGUoufaovu©Pm awmfrsm;jzpfayonf/

&nf½G,fcsufygaomzefqif;rI em&Dwpfv;Hk \ tydik ;f tprsm;ukd wpfppDjzKwíf Al;wpfcx k üJ xnfu h m udik v f yI af eygu rnfonft h cgwGirf Q wdu k q f ikd rf jI zifh pepfwusvnfywfaeaom em&Dwpfv;Hk jzpfrvmEdik af cs/ todÓPf½o dS w l pfO;D u tcsed t f wGuf &nf½, G cf sujf zifh pepfwuswx D iG w f yfqifjcif;jzifo h m vnfywfaomem&Dwpfv;Hk jzpfvmEdik af yonf/ xkYd twl tdraf qmufypön;f oGy?f oJ? bdvyfajr? opfwYdk udk pkyx Hk m;yguvnf; taqmufttkw H pfck tvkdtavsmufjzpfvmrnfr[kwfacs/ todÓPf½SdNyD; uRrf;usifolu tokH;jyK&ef&nf½G,fcsufjzifh pepfwus pDraH qmif½u G rf o S m pepfwuszUJG pnf;xm;aom taqmufttkw H pfck jzpfvmEdik af yonf/ okYdqv dk Qif vlYcE¨muk, d f ukd zGUJ pnf;xm;aom qJvu f vmyfpnf;uav;wpfcck si;f \ puf½BHk u;D ozG,f zGUJ pnf;aqmif½u G af erIrsm;? tEkjrLrIef wpfreI t f wGi;f rS EsLx½Gerf sm;? tzk"d gwfaqmif y½kw d eG rf sm;? oufqikd &f mywfvrf;rsm;rS vnfywfaeaom tr "gwfaqmiftv D ufx½Gerf sm;? aeukAd [kjd yKí vSnyhf wfaeaom N*Kd [Bf u;D rsm;½So d nfh aepMu0Vm? tcsed u f jdk yaeaom

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ae? v? eu©wfwm&mrsm;? Mu,fNrdKUawmf *vufqDBuD;rsm;ESifh ¤if;wkdY\ pepfwus vIyf½Sm;aY½Gvsm;aerIrsm; ponfwYdo k nf tvkt d avsmufjzpfaeMujcif;vnf;r[kw?f wdu k q f ikd rf aI Mumifjh zpfaejcif;vnf;r[kwyf g/ t&mcyford ;f ukd twdkif;tqr½SdÓPfawmf? t
wkEIdif;rJhwpfyg;wnf;aomt½SifESifh vlom;eADwrefawmfrsm; À pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ukd zefqif;onfrmS vnf; tv’m[fjzpfonf/ (uk&ftmef 45;36) À pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ukd pDrt H yk cf sKyaf eonfrmS vnf; tv’m[fjzpfonf/ (uk&t f mef 57;5) À pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f \ ta&;udpt ö m;vk;H ukd pD&ifq;Hk jzwfonfrmS vnf; tv’m[fjzpfonf/ (uk&ftmef 42;10) À pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ukd w&m;vrf;nTeaf wmfro l nfrmS vnf; tv’m[fjzpfonf/ (uk&ftmef 24;35) ,if;okYd tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf; wkEidI ;f rJh tpOfxm0& Ny;D jynfph pHk mG ½Sad ejcif;(aomif['D )f w&m;ukd zefqif;cH vlom;wkYd od½MdS uap&eftvkYd imS tv’m[fonf urÇmN*dK[0f ,f acwfwidk ;f ? vlrsK;d wkid ;f ü vlom;eADac: &plvf ac: wrefawmf tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vrf sm;ukd a½G;cs,af y:xGe;f apcJo h nf/ ¤if;wkYdrw S pfqifh vlom;wkYdvu dk ef musio hf ;Hk &ef 0[Dvrf;nTew f &m;wkYdudk xkwjf yefyYdck say;cJah yonf/ xk0d [Dvrf;nTew f &m;wkYdonf xked AD^&plvw f refawmf tvif;jy yk*d¾KvfwkdY\ qifjcifwkHw&m;ESifh ÓPfpifwkdYrS aygufzGm;a[mMum;cJhjcif; r[kwfacs/ zefqif;½Siftv’m[fu vlomrefwYdk r&Edik o f nfh 0[DÓPfpifudk xnfo h iG ;f ay;í &½SMd ujcif;jzpfonf/ xkdeAD^&plvfwrefawmfwkdYonf omrefvlom;wkdY r&½SdEdkifaom tqifhjrifh0[DÓPfpifukd &½Sdolrsm; jzpfí ¤if;wkdYukd bk&m;ocif[lívnf; ac:a0:Muonf/ tpövmrfhoGefoifcsuft& xkdeAD^&plvfwrefawmf rsm;rSm vlom;wkdYtwGif; tjrwfqkH;jzpfMuaomfvnf; ukd;uG,f&mr[kwfacs/ ¤if;wkdYukd zefqif;awmfrlaom? ¤if;wkYd udk 0[DÓPfpifay;awmfral om tv’m[fonfom uk;d uG,&f mjzpfayonf/ ]vlom;tkyfpkwkdif;twGuf &plvfwrefawmfwpfyg;onf½S½dS\/} (uk&ftmef 10;47) ]acwfumvwdkif;twGuf usrf;wpfapmifonf½Sd\/} (uk&ftmef 13;38) tv’m[fonf acwfwidk ;f ? vlom;tkypf w k ikd ;f ü vlom;eADwrefawmf? bk&m;rsm;ay:xGe;f apcJ&h m yxrqk;H eADwrefawmfrmS tm'rfjzpf\/ ,aeYacwf ta&AsEikd if ?H ruú[Nf rdKU½S&d ma'oüay:xGe;f cJ\ h / uk;d uG,&f mt½Sif wpfyg;wnf;½Sad Mumif;? eADwrefrsm;pGmay:xGe;f rnfjzpfaomfvnf; a[mMum;rnfo h pömw&m;rSm wpfrsK;d wnf;om jzpfaMumif;? vlom;rsK;d EG,t f m;vk;H rdom;pkBu;D wpfcw k nf;omjzpfaMumif; oauFwtjzpf utfA[fausmif;awmfudk wnfaqmufapcJ\ h / xkYdaemuf urÇmESit hf 0Sr;f acwftoD;oD;ü eADwrefawmfrsm;ay:xGe;f cJNh y;D wpfrsK;d wnf;aom opömw&m;ukad [mMum;cJo h nf/ aemufq;Hk wrefawmfcsKyrf mS rk[r®'jf zpfNyD; yxrqk;H eADwrefawmfay:xGe;f cJ&h m utfA[fausmif;awmf½&dS ma'oüyif ay:xGe;f apcJ\ h / aemufq;Hk 0[Dvrf;nTet f jzpf usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t f mefudk tv’m[fu wrefawmfcsKyrf [ k r®'o f cifxrH w S pfqifh acwfwikd ;f twGuf NyD;jynfph pHk mG xkwjf yefyYdk csay;cJ\ h / eADwrefawmftm;vk;H \ w&m;tESpcf sKyrf mS (uk&ftmef 59;22) ]xk d t½SifjrwfrSvGJí tjcm;ukd;uG,f&mr½Sd/} ]xkdt½Sifjrwf\ vrf;nTefw&m;twdkif;usifhokH;rSom ppfrSefjynfhpkHaom Nidrf;csrf;rI (uk&ftmef 5;3) &½Sdrnf/} uk&t f mefusr;f awmfjrwfrwdik rf D &½Scd ahJ omusr;f toD;oD;rSm ,cktcg rl&if;twdik ;f r½SMd uawmhacs/ ,cktcg urÇmN*dK[af y:wGif uk&t f mefusr;f jrwfwpftyk w f nf;om rl&if;twdik ;f ½Sad eayawmhonf/

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tv’m[fu, dk w f ikd u f ,if;uk&t f mefrysupf ;D &avatmif xde;f odr;f xm;&efwm0ef,x l m;awmfr\ l / (uk&ftmef 15;9) tpövmrfac: Nidr;f csr;f a&;vrf;pOfonf urÇmwnfoaY½G wnfwzHh UHG NzdK;pGm½Sad eayawmhrnf/ (uk&t f mef 61;8-9)

vlom; rvmtdu[fac: aumif;uifwrefpGrf;tm;½Sifrsm;ESifh ½IdifoGmefac: tzsuftiftm;pk xkdtv’m[ft½Sifjrwfonf pMu0Vmrsm;ESifh urÇmN*dK[fukdvnf;aumif;? urÇmN*dK[fay:wGif opfyif yef;refrsm;ESihf wd&pämefwYdk uv dk nf;aumif; tqifq h ifzh efqif;NyD;aemuf tm'rfac: vlom;ukd zefqif;xif½mS ; jzpfay:apawmfrcl o hJ nf/ À vlom;\ ½kycf E¨mukd ajray:ajratmuf tqDtESpo f bm0ypön;f rsm;jzifv h nf;aumif; (uk&ftmef 22;5? 23;12) À vlom;\toufudk a&rSvnf;aumif;? (uk&ftmef 21;30) À vlom;\0dnmOfEiS hf pdwEf v S ;Hk ukd tv’m[ h x f rH jS zpfaom ½l[0f n d mOfprG ;f tifx;l jzifv h nf;aumif; pDrjH yKvyk af wmf rlco hJ nf/ (uk&t f mef 32;7-9) À xkYd aemuf vlom;\rsK;d qufudk ajrobm0rS zGUH NzdK;vmonfumvva&Munfjzifh jyefYymG ;apawmfro l nf/ (uk&ftmef 23;12-13) À tzk?d trukv d nf;aumif;? vlrsK;d pktoD;oD;? rsK;d EG,t f oG,o f , G u f v dk nf;aumif;? tcsi;f csi;f odem;vnf thaH omiSm jyKawmfrcl \ hJ / (uk&ftmef 49;13) xkYdaMumifh vlom;\½kycf E¨mwGif ½kyq f v J u f vmyfpnf;rsm;ESihf toufyg0ifNyD;emrfcE¨mwGif ½l[0f n d mOf pGr;f tifx;l ? ezfp0f n d mOf? uvfApf w d Ef v S ;Hk wkYd yg0if\/ ½kycf E¨monf avmuDüvkt d yfaomtpmESihf t[m&rS0D íJ Bu;D xGm;½Sio f efaeonf/ tv’m[fowfrw S cf suaf &mufvQif ,k, d iG ;f aoqk;H oGm;onf/ rlvajrtjzpfoYdk jyefa&muf oGm;onf/ okYdaomf emrfcE¨mrSm ½kycf E¨maoqk;H csed w f iG f ½kycf E¨mrScx JG u G íf rdrjd yKco hJ rQ aumif;rI? raumif;rItwGuf tpm;ay;jcif;cH&ayrnf/ xkYd aMumifh ezfp0f n d mOf\obm0rSm zGUH NzdK;Edik pf rG ;f ? qkw, f w k Ef ikd pf rG ;f obm0½So d nf/ tv’m[fu eADwrefawmfrsm;rSwpfqifh xkwfjyefykdYcsaom 0[Dvrf;nTeftwdkif; usifhokH;aexdkifol rnforl qkd xko d \ l ezfp0f n d mOfzUHG NzdK;wk;d wufayonf/ okYd aomf 0[Dvrf;nTeEf iS hf qefYusiaf exdik u f xko d \ l ezfp0f n d mOf,, dk iG ;f NyD; avmuDb0ESihf aemifb0wkYd wiG f qk;H ½I;H rIBuHK&ayrnf/ (uk&t f mef 91;7-10) xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf tm'rfac: vlom;ukd rzefqif;rDtvsif rvmtdu[fac: aumif;uifwrefprG ;f tm;½Sif rsm;ukv d nf;aumif;? *sief af c: rD;\obm0rS zefqif;xif½mS ;jzpfay:aom zefqif;cHrsm;ukv d nf;aumif; tqifq h ifh zefqif;xm;Ny;D jzpfayonf/ rvmtdu[fac: aumif;uifwrefpGrf;tm;½SifwkdYonf pMu0VmavmutoD;oD;wGif tv’m[f À owfrw S x f m;onfh obm0ykpH t H oD;oD;jzif½h adS eMuNyD; xkt d v’m[ft½Sijf rwf\ trdeYfawmfrsm;ukd waoGrwdr;f emcHaqmif½u G af eMuonf/ ¤if;wkYdudk obm0ykpH w H pfcw k nf;jzifh owfrw S af jymír&acs/ pMu0VmtESYHü ½Sad eMu\/ ¤if;wkYdonf ½kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mj'yfEiS hf pGr;f tifrsm;ukd apmifx h ed ;f &aom zefqif;cHrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xkYdtwl emrfyikd ;f qdkif&m toGifrsm;vnf;½dSMuonf/ xl;jcm;aomvlyk*dK¾ vftcsKdUESifh qufoG,f&mwGif vkdtyfygu tv’m[f\

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trdeYfjzifh vltoGiaf qmifMu&onft h cgvnf;½S\ d / rvmtdu[faumif;uifwrefcsKyo f nf vlom;eADwrefawmf rsm;xH tv’m[f\xHrS 0[Dvrf;nTeo f ,faqmif&\/ ¤if;wkYdü qifjcifww Hk &m;? vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG hf ponfwYdk r½SMd uonfjh yif t½Sijf rwf\tvku d o dk m jiif;qefrrI ½Sb d J aqmif½u G af eMu&ojzifh ¤if;wkYd ü ukov dk ?f tukov dk rf ½Sad cs/ xkYdaMumifh ¤if;wkYdtm; ½Sijf yefxajrmufaeYwiG f aumif;usK;d ? qk;d usK;d tpm;ay;p&m taMumif; r½Sad cs/ ¤if;wkYd onf tv’m[f\trdeYf jd zifh vlom;tusK;d aqmif½u G af eMu&aom zefqif;cHrsm;jzpfMuayonf/ (uk&ftmef 35;1? 21;19? 20;27? 6;61? 2;30? 16;102? 26;193? 19;17) *sife\ f t"dymÜ ,frmS zke;f uG,x À f m;aomt&m ( )[k t"dymÜ ,f&onf/ yljyif;vSaom rD;? tckd;rJhrD;obm0rS tqifhqifhzefqif;xm;aMumif;od&\/ (uk&ftmef 15;27? 55;15) ajrrStqifhqifhzefqif;cH&aomvlom;onf ajr½kyfoGif wdkuf½dkufrxif½Sm;ouJhokdY rD;rStqifhqifh zefqif;jcif;cH&aom*sief o f nfvnf; tjcm;xl;jcm;aomtrsK;d tpm;toGit f jyifrsm; ½Sad yrnf/ *sief w f Ydkonf vlwYdk uJo h Ydk yif vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG &hf ½Sx d m;aom zefqif;cHrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wkYd jyKorQtwGuf aumif;rI? raumif;rI tusK;d jzpfMuí ½Sijf yefxajrmufrnfah eYwiG f ¤if;wkYd vnf; w&m;pD&if ppfaq;jcif; cHMu&rnf/ (uk&ftmef 7;179? 55;39? 37;158) tm'rfac: vlom;ukd tv’m[ft½Sifjrwfu zefqif;xif½Sm;jzpfay:apNyD;aemuf trnfemrrsm;ukd À oifMum;ay;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ xkYdaemuf rvmtdu[f aumif;uifwref pGr;f tm;½Sirf sm;ESihf ,SONf yKd iaf pcJ&h m rvmtdu[f aumif;uifwrefrsm;\todrmS owfrw S cf suw f pfrsK;d csi;f om½SMd uí vlom;ukd r,SONf ydKiEf ikd cf MhJ uacs/ xkYdaMumifh pMu0VmttwGi;f rS rvmtdu[f aumif;uifwrefprG ;f tm;½Siaf vmuonf todynm½Sijf zpfaom vlom;ukd emcHMu&rnf[al om Oya'oukd tv’m[fu owfrw S af wmfrcl o hJ nf/ (uk&ftmef 2;30-32) xkYad Mumifh tm'rf\om;orD;rsm;jzpfMuaom vlom;rsK;d EG,w f Yo dk nf vlYAZD obm0ü pMu0Vmukd odem;vnf Edik pf rG ;f ½SNd yD;jzpfonf/ ,if;odem;vnfEikd pf rG ;f ukd ynm½SmazGqnf;yl;jcif;jzif&h ,lygu pMu0Vmukd tok;H csEikd rf nf jzpfayonf/ wpfcsed u f ausmufuo dk mtok;H csco hJ v l o l m;onf ,cktcg omrefrsupf jd zifh rjrifEikd af om tEkjrLukyd if cGíJ ok;H aeNyDr[kwyf gavm/ urÇmBuD;jym;ojzifh acsmufxu J saornf[k t,l½cdS o hJ w l Ydkonf ,cktcg pMu0Vm ukdyif xkd;azmufaeMuNyDr[kwfygavm/ vlUcE¨mukd,f½Sd qJvfuav;rsm;twGif;rS 'DtifefatwdwfacGukdyif jyKjyif&efBuKd ;pm;aeMuNyrD [kwyf gavm/ aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[f\ u½kPmawmfonfum; Bu;D rm;vSayonf/ À vlom;onf ,if;okYd pMu0Vmukad tmifEikd rf nfjzpfaomfvnf; vlom;ukq d efYusiaf ernfh tiftm;pkwpfpk ½Sd\/ ,if;um; tdAfvDpfjzpfayonf/ xkdtdAfvdpfonf *sifefrsKd;EG,frSjzpfayonf/ rvmtdum[fac: aumif;uifwrefprG ;f tm;½Siaf vmuonf vlom;uked mcHaeMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; ,if;okYd emcH&efjiif;y,folrSm *sifefrsKd;EG,frS tdAfvDpfjzpfayonf/ tdAfvDpf\t"dyÜm,frSm arQmfvifhcsufuif;a0;ol [lí jzpfayonf/ taMumif;rSm tdAfvDpfonf rdrd\zefqif;½Sif tv’m[f\trdefYawmfukd jiif;y,fcJhonf/ ]igonf olYxufykdíaumif;jrwfonf} (uk&ftmef 7;12) [laom ( ) ]ig}wnf;[laom rmew&m;(ouAfA&k )f u ¤if;tm; jiif;y,fro I Ydka&mufapNyD; tv’m[f\u½kPmawmfrS arQmv f ifch suf uif;a0; apavonf/ (uk&ftmef 2;34? 7;13) tdAv f pD o f nf rdr\ d vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,yf ikd cf iG u hf dk tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKí aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[f\trdeYfudk zDqefr&d ufom;jzpfaeonf/ ig[laomrmew&m;ESit hf pGu J ¤if;tm; trSew f &m;ukd rjrifapawmhay/ xkYdjyif rdr\ d tjypfudk rdrd jrifvnf;rjrif? qef;ppfjcif;vnf;rjyKbJ ,ckuo hJ Ydk rdru d ½kPmuif;a0;apjcif;

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cH&onfrmS vlom;aMumifjh zpfonf[íl qku d m vlom;rsK;d EG,u f dk tcJrausjzpfae\/ avmb? a'go? arm[? rme? remvkdrI? rdrdukd,frdrdtxifBuD;rI? olwpfyg;ukdtxifao;rI ponfhrD;rsm; awmufavmifvsuf½Sdae\/ pifppf ,if;obmwkYd rmS vnf; tck;d rJrh ;D \ obm0rsm;teufrjS zpfayonf/ xkYdaMumifh tdAv f pD o f nf rdr\ d vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG u hf dk tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKum vlom;rsK;d EG,w f Ydkudk ½Sijf yefxajrmuf&rnfah eYwikd f aESmuf,u S &f efq;Hk jzwfco hJ nf/ zefqif;½Sif tv’m[fuvnf; ¤if;tm;ay;xm;NyD; jzpfaom vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG u hf dk t[efYtwm;rjyKay/ (uk&t f mef 7;15-17) okdYaomf tMuifrnfonfhvlom;rqkd rdrdaus;Zl;awmf½Siftv’m[fukd ouf0if,kHMunfMuNyD; emcHb0wnfaqmufoltay: tdAfvDpf\tEÅ&m,f MoZmroufa&mufap&[laom Oya'oukdvnf; tv’m[fu jy|mef;xm;onf/ (uk&ftmef 15;42) À ,if;okdY rdrdbmomremvkdrIjzifh avmb? a'go? arm[? rmerD;rsm;x
tcspfESifh pGefYvSLjcif; vlom;wGif ]ezfpf}0dnmOfESifhtwl ]uvfAf}[laom pdwfESvkH;vnf;½Sdaeayonf/ ,if;pdwfESvkH;onf qifjcifww Hk &m;? ÓPftajrmftjrif? cHpm;rIEiS hf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG w hf Ydk\ wnf&mXmevnf;jzpfayonf/ cHpm;rI(tzft'd [f)wGif tcsp(f [kA)f onf ta&;ygqk;H ? tjrifq h ;Hk jzpfayonf/ vlom;wpfOD;taejzifh igpGJjzifh twåqefpGmcHpm;rIjyKrnfavm/ rdrd\aus;Zl;awmf½Sif tv’m[f\ trdefYawmfvrf;nTeftwdkif; usifhokH;cHpm;rnfavm? jrwfaomol&Jaumif;wkdYtwGufrl ]tv’m[f\ ESpfNrdKUrIonf tBuD;us,fqkH;} (uk&ftmef 9;72)jzpfayonf/ ½Iid o f mG efac: tzsut f iftm;pkonf vlom;\pdwEf v S ;Hk üraumif;rIudk aphaqmfwwfay&m BuchH ikd w f nfNird f

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aom pdwEf v S ;Hk om;onfom ,if;½Iid o f mG ef tzsut f iftm;pkudk atmifEikd af yrnf/ BuchH ikd w f nfNird af om pdwEf v S ;Hk ½Sif onfom rdr\ d 0dnmOfudk tzGUH NzdK;qk;H tqifjh zpfaom BuhcH ikd w f nfNidraf t;csr;f aom ezfp0f n d mOfoYdk a&mufapEdik f ayrnf/ (uk&ftmef 26;89? 50;33? 89;27-30) xkYdaMumifv h o l m;onf rdr\ d pdwEf v S ;Hk tm; tv’m[f\0[Dvrf;nTef uk&t f mef\todjzifh vufeufwyfqif xm;&rnf/ okYdro S m tv’m[fEpS Nf rdKUaomvky&f yfEiS hf rESpNf rdKUaomvky&f yfudk cGjJ cm;odjrifEikd af yonf/ ½diI o f mG efac: tzsut f iftm;pk\ ykpH rH sK;d pkjH zifv h n S zhf sm;aphaqmfrrI sm;ukv d nf; ÓPfpOfjzifh xk;d xGi;f odjrifEikd af yrnf/ tv’m[f\ oufaovufuP © mawmfrsm;ESihf aus;Zl;awmfrsm;ukv d nf; xk;d xGi;f odjrifvmNy;D ,kMH unfcsuf ]tDrmef}wk;d yGm;vm ayrnf/ wpfenf;qkad omf rdr\ d qifjcifww Hk &m;ukd tv’m[f\0[Dvrf;nTeaf tmufwiG f zGUH NzdK;wk;d wufatmif BudK;yrf;&rnfjzpfonf/ todÓPfEiS , hf OS af om,kMH unfcsuo f nf ppfreS af omowåEd iS hf pGeYfvLS &Jaomtcsppf w d u f dk zGUH NzdK;aponf/ xkYdaMumifh tv’m[fu ,kMH unfcsut f m; pdwEf v S ;Hk wGi;f wdik af tmif xnfo h iG ;f &efvrf;nTex f m;\/ (uk&t f mef 49;14) pdwEf v S ;Hk wGi;f wdik af tmif ,kMH unfcsu]f tDrmef}ude;f 0yfygrS BucHh ikd af om pdwEf v S ;Hk ? rSeu f efpmG qk;H jzwf&aJ om ÓPftajrmftjrifEiS o hf wåw d Ydk &½Sv d mayrnf/ xkYdjyif pdwEf v S ;Hk \ ÓPftajrmftjrifzUHG NzdK;wk;d wufygrS vlom;onf rdr\ d ]ig}wnf;[laomtpGrJ sm;ukd vGeaf jrmufí tv’m[f\ESpNf rKd UrIuv dk v dk m;aomtqifo h Ydka&muf½adS yrnf/ tv’m[f\ESpNf rKd UrI[o l nf trSew f &m; ( )? w&m;rQwrI( )? aumif;usKd;jyKtvSqifjcif;( )? Nidrf;csrf;jcif;( ) ponfwkdYtay: tajccHxm;ayonf/ xkYdaMumifh tv’m[f\ESpNf rdKUrI½mS olwYdkonf xkw d &m;wkYdjzifh avmuukt d usK;d jyK tvSqif olrsm;jzpfvmayrnf/ rkpv f ifraf c: Nird ;f csr;f a&;0g'Drsm;jzpfvmMuayrnf/ ½Iid o f mG efac: tzsut f iftm;pktm;vk;H ukd qefYusi&f aJ omowå½d iS rf sm;jzpfvmMuayrnf/ xkdYaMumifh uk&ftmefwGif (1) tv’m[f? (2)wrefawmfcsKyf rk[r®'f? (3) *sD[m'fac: tv’m[f\ vrf;awmfwiG f oufpeG YfBuKd ;yrf;aqmif½u G jf cif;wdYkudk uset f &mcyford ;f xuf tcspq f ;Hk rjzpforQ ppfreS jf ynf0h aom ,kMH unfcsurf jzpfí qk;H ½I;H rIudk &ifqikd &f vdrrhf nf[k tv’m[fu owday;vrf;nTex f m;jcif;jzpfayonf/ (uk&t f mef 9;24) tv’m[f\ESpfNrdKUrIukd½Smolonf rdrdtoufukdyif pGefYvSL&J\/ (uk&ftmef 2;207) wrefawmfcsKyrf [ k r®'o f cifonf aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf;½Sad mumif;ESihf rdrt d vsif ay:xGe;f cJMh u aom eADwrefawmftaygif;onfvnf; trSew f &m;ukd a[mMum;cJo h rl sm;jzpfaMumif; b0ESi&hf if;í pHjyoufao xGuq f o hJdk jl zpfygonf/ xkYd aMumifh wrefawmfcsKyrf [ k r®'o f cifudk ,kMH unfjcif;tcspx f m;jcif;onf tv’m[fEiS hf xkt d ½Sijf rwf\trSew f &m;ukv d nf;aumif;? ,if;trSew f &m;uko d ufaoxGuf a[mMum;cJo h l eADwrefawmftm;vk;H ukd ,kHMunftcspfxm;&mrnfygonf/ igpGJ? igha'opGJ? ighvlrsKd;pGJ? yk*dK¾ vfrsm;ukd cRwfy,fjcif;omjzpfygonf/ rkpv f ifrw f pfO;D taejzifh EIwt f m;jzift h cspaf zmfjy½ko H mru xkt d v’m[f\vrf;awmfwiG f rdr\ d ydik q f ikd rf t I m;vk;H jzifh oufpeG Yf BudK;yrf;aqmif½u G jf cif; ]*s[ D m'f}ukv d nf; pHjyjyKMu&ayrnf/ tpövmrfonf vl\cHpm;rIEiS hf tcspw f &m;ukd oefYpifzUHG NzKd ; jrifjh rwfapygonf/ oefYpifzUHG NzKd ; jrifjh rwfaom tcspw f &m;jzifh avmuukt d vSqif&if; jrifjh rwfaomyef;wdik o f Ydk b0aY½½S jI cif;jzpfygonf/ jrifjh rwfaomyef;wdik [ f o l nf tv’m[fESifheD;uyfrItqifhtwef;( )yifjzpfayonf/

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uk&fAgeDorkdif; tv’m[fodpdwfESifh,SOfaom pGefYvSLrIukdom tv’m[fvufcHawmfrljcif; tpövmrfwiG f ,kMH unfcsu\ f tESpcf sKyrf mS tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf; wkEdIif;rJhedpöxm0&½Sdjcif;(aomif[D'f) jzpfNyD; usifhpOftm;vkH;\tESpfcsKyfrSm tv’m[fodpdwfESifh,SOfí raumif;rIa½Smifum aumif;rIjyKjcif; ]owfu0g} 0g}w&m;jzpfayonf/ raumif;rIuadk ½Smif&mwGijf zpfap? aumif;rIjyK&mwGijf zpfap rdr\ d ]ig}wnf;[laom tpGrJ ygbJ tv’m[fEpS Nf rdKUap&ef &nfp;l csuaf pwem]eD,of}ukt d ajccHí aqmif½u G &f rnfjzpfayonf/ okYd ro S m rdrd \ d aumif;rIrmS oefYpifjrifjh rwfr½I adS yrnf/ xkYdaMumifh uk&t f mefwiG f tm'fr\ f om; vlom;(2)OD;\ ]uk&Af geD}pGeYfvLS rIjyKjcif;ESiphf yfvsO;f azmfjyxm;&m wGif tv’m[fopd w d jf zifjh yKo\ l uk&Af geDpeG YfvLS rIuo dk m tv’m[fuvufcNH y;D usew f pfO;D \pGeYfvLS rIudk vufcjH cif; rjyKcahJ y/ xkt d cg jiif;y,fc&H olu rdr\ d tm;enf;csKUd ,Gi;f csuu f dk qifjcifrrI ½Sb d J tv’m[fopd w d u f if;rJo h jzifh ½Iid o f mG ef tzsut f iftm;pk\ MoZmoufa&mufNyD; pGeYf vLS rIvufcjH cif;cH&oludk ysupf ;D &mysupf ;D aMumif; BuHpnfco hJ nf/ xkYdjyif uk, d x f v d ufa&mufyif oufcjhJ cif;jzifh qk;H ½I;H olwpfO;D jzpfomG ;cJah vonf/ okYdaomf
wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[DrfESifh abbDvkH vlYordik ;f wGif tm'rf\rsK;d EG,rf sm;acwf? El[\ f rsK;d EG,rf sm;acwf? xkYdaemuf tdA&f m[Dr\ f rsK;d EG,rf sm; acwf ponfjzifh tqifhqifha&muf½SdvmcJhayonf/ wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[DrfrwdkifrD vlYordkif;umvrsm;ukd vlom;wkYd twdtusrwGucf suEf ikd af o;yg/ wrefawmfBuD; tdA&f m[Dru f dk (,ckacwf tD&wf) abbDv½Hk dS ]tk&}f [laoma'oü zGm;jrifcahJ vonf/ urÇmo h rkid ;f ynm½Siw f Ydku bDp(D 2100)0ef;usiaf cwf[q k Mdk uonf/ xkt d csed u f ½kyyf idk ;f qdik &f m abbDv, Hk Ofaus;rI wk;d wufaeaomfvnf; emrfyikd ;f qdik &f mrSm edru hf svsu½f cdS o hJ nf/ aus;Zl;awmf½iS t f v’m[fudk vpfvsL½Ium obm0 w&m;ESihf ½kyx f u k ;dk uG,rf rI sm;ukd jyKvyk v f mcJMh uonf/ ewfu;dk uG,rf EI iS hf bk&ifu;dk uG,rf v I nf;½Scd o hJ nf/ wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[Drfu ½kyfxkrsm;jyKvkyfukd;uG,frIwkdYukd a½Smif½Sm;&efw&m;jycJhonf/ ae? v? eu©wfwm&mrsm;ukd ukd;uG,frIrsm;rjyKMu&ef w&m;jycJhonf/ (uk&ftmef 6;75-84) r[mu½kPmawmf½Sif (tv’m[f)uko d m emcHb0wnfaqmufMu&ef a[mMum;cJo h nf/ tv’m[f\0[Dvrf;nTeaf wmfjzifh wrefawmfBu;D tdA&f m[Dru f at;csr;f pGmw&m;jycJah omfvnf; bk&ifEiS hf ywf0ef;usiu f ¤if;tm;qefYusi'f u k a© y;cJMh uonf/ bk&ifu rD;jzifh ao'Pfay;cJah omfvnf; tv’m[fEiS hf trSef w&m;twGuf pGeYfvLS aqmif½u G cf rhJ aI Mumif; tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfu ¤if;tm; tEÅ&m,ftaygif;rS u,fwifvw G af jrmuf apcJo h nf/ (uk&t f mef 21;68-71)/ ol\zcifu, dk w f idk u f olYtm;qefYusicf o hJ nf/ (uk&t f mef 9;113-114)/ olYtm; tv’m[fukd emcH½kdusKd;aom pHerlemtjzpf tv’m[fu owfrSwf*kPfjyKcJhonf/ (uk&ftmef 16;120)

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wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[Drf om;qkyefjcif; ]ol(tdAf&m[Drf)uajymcJhonfrSm rkcs{uef uREfkyfonf uREfkyftm; tqifhqifh jyKpkysKd;axmifawmfrlaom t½SifhxHokdY oGm;awmhrnf/ xkdt½Sifjrwfonf uREfkyf tm; trSefyif vrf;nTefawmfrlrnf/} ]tkd-uRefawmfrsKd;tm; tqifhqifhzefwD;½Sif? uRefawmfrsKd;tm; aumif;jrwfaom olwkdYteufrS(om;wpfOD;)ay;oem;awmfrlyg/} ]okdYjzpfay&m igt½Sifjrwfonf ¤if;tm; onf;cHodrfarGUjcif;w&m;ESifhjynfhpkHaom om;awmfwpfyg;taMumif; 0rf;ajrmufzG,fowif;aumif; ay;awmfrlcJhonf/} (uk&ftmef 37;99-100) wrefawmfBuD;tdA&f m[Drt f wGuf trSew f &m;onf arG;&yfajrESiahf 'ocHvw l Ydk\ trSm;w&m;xuf ykíd cspfjrwfEkd;zG,f&mjzpfcJhayonf/ xkdYaMumifh olonf a'oukdpGefYcGmí tv’m[f\u½kPmvrf;nTefukdcH,lum om;qkyefc&hJ m tv’m[fu ]tdpt f v D }f [laom om;&wemukad y;oem;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ om;awmf tdprf mtDvEf iS hf ol\rdcif [m*s&[fwYdk onf yg&efa'o(,ck ruú[)f ü tajcpdu k af exdik cf MhJ uonf/

wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[DrfESifh om;awmf\pGefYvSLjcif; ]¤if;aemuf xko d m;awmfonf ol(tdA&f m[Dr)f ESit hf wl oGm;vmvIy½f mS ;Edik af omt½G,o f Ydk a&mufaomtcg ol(tdA&f m[Dr)f u (þokYd)ajymMum;cJah vonf/ ]tkd-cspfom;? igonf {uefrvGJ toifhtm; (ZA[fjyKpGefYvSL)vSD;jzwfaeonf[k tdyfruf wGif {ueftrSefjrifrufonf/ okdYjzpfay&m toif\tjrif rnfokdY½Sdonfukd pOf;pm;qkH;jzwfygav/} xkdtcg om;awmfu ]tkd-uREfkyf\zcrnf;awmf? toifonf ay;awmfrljcif;cH&onfhtrdefYtwdkif;om aqmif½Gufygav/ tv’m[ftvkd½SdcJhygvQif {uefyif uREfkyftm; BuHhcdkifolrsm;teufrS wpfOD;tjzpf toifawGU½Sdygvdrfhrnf}[k jyefMum;cJhavonf/ ]okdYjzpfay&m ¤if;wkdY(om;tz)ESpfOD;onf (tv’m[f\)trdefYawmfukd emcHtyfESif; cJhNyD; ol(tdAf&m[Drf)onf ¤if;(om;awmf)tm; arSmufvsufvSJcJhavonf/} (uk&ftmef 37;102-103) tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfonf rdr\ d wrefawmfrsm;tm; 0[Dqufo, G yf eHk nf;vrf;rsm;½Sad eNy;D qufo, G cf &H aom wrefawmfonf 0[Dvrf;nTejf zfpaMumif;ukd xif½mS ;pGmodjrifEikd yf gonf/ (uk&t f mef 42;51) ,ckvnf; wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[Drfonf rdrd&aomtrdefYawmfukdom;awmftay: twif;tMuyf rjyKcJhbJ om;awmf\qE´ukd cH,lcJh\/ pifppf pGeYfvLS jcif;(uk&Af geD)ukd zcifEiS o hf m;awmfEpS Of ;D pvk;H rS tv’m[fu awmif;qkjd cif;jzpf\/ om;tz ESpOf ;D \qE´udk prf;oyfrjI zpfayonf/ om;awmfuvnf; tv’m[fu rdrt d oufudk trSew f u,fpeG Yf vLS ap&ef tvk½d ydS gu toifjh zpfaMumif; tajymESiv hf yk &f yf vufawGUjycJo h nf/ zcifuvnf; om;&wemukd rdrq d E´t& rjyKvadk omfvnf; aus;Zl;awmf½iS \ f tvkad wmftwdik ;f pGeYf pm;cJ&h onf/ zcifwpfO;D u &ifaoG;ukv d ;DS jzwf&ef rnfoYdk jyK&ufygrnfenf;/ okYd aomf om;tzESpOf ;D onf rdrw d Ydk \ ezfp0f n d mOfüay:aygufavh½adS om ½Iid o f mG eftzsut f iftm;pkpw d "f gwfrsm;ukd atmifjrifpmG wGe;f vSev f suf aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[f\trdeYf awmfudk emcHtyfEiS ;f cJMh uonf/

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pGefYvSLrIukd vufcHjcif;ESifh orkdif;rSwfwdkiftjzpf owfrSwfjcif;

xkdtcg ig(tv’m[f)t½Sifjrwfu ¤if;tm;ac:awmfrlcJhonf/ tkd-tdAf&m[Drf? rvGJ{uef oifonf tdyfrufukd rSefuefjynfhpkHpGm aqmif½GufcJhavNyD/ rkcs{uef þenf;twdkif;yif igt½Sifjrwfonf aumif;usKd;jyKolwkdYtm; tpm;ay; awmfrlavh½Sdonf/} ]{uefrvGJ þon þonff xif½Sm;½Sif;vif;aom prf;oyfrIwpf&yf trSefyifjzpfayonf/} ]¤if;jyif igt½Sifjrwfonf ¤if;tm; BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfaom pGefYvSLvSD;jzwfjcif; jzifh tpm;xkd;awmfrlcJhonf/ (uk&ftmef 37;104-107) À BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfaom pGefYvSLvSD;jzwfjcif;( )jzifh tpm;xkd;jcif;[lonf À om;awmf tdprf mtDv\ f ae&mwGif tv’m[ftpm;xk;d ay;cJah om uk&Af geDom;aumifuv dk nf;aumif;/ À ESppf Of ruú[o f Ydk [*sjf yK&efomG ;aomol ajrmufjrm;pGm\ [*su f siphf OfEiS q hf ufE, G íf Zkv[ f *d s*f s[v f (10)&ufaeYüjyKvyk af om uk&Af geDusiphf Ofuv dk nf;aumif; qkv d adk yonf/ xkYd jyif À a½S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rIrsm;ü½Sad eaomvludk ,pfyal Zmfonfph epfq;dk ukd y,fzsujf cif;ukv d nf; qkv d jdk cif; jzpfEikd af yonf/ ]¤if;jyif ¤if;(tdAf&m[Drf)tm; aemifvmaemufom;wkdYwGif trSwf&½Sdapjcif;ukd ½S d a pawmf r l c J h o nf / } ]tdAf&m[Drf\tay:0,f Nidrf;csrf;om,mrI oufa&mufygap/} ]þenf;twdkif;yif igt½Sifjrwfonf aumif;rIjyKolwkdYtm; tpm;ay;avh½Sdonf/} ]rkcs{uef olonf igt½Sifjrwfukd ouf0if,kHMunfaom emcHb0wnfaqmuf olwkdYteufrS tygt0ifjzpfayonf/} ]¤if;jyif igt½Sifjrwfonf ¤if;(tdAf&m[Drf)tm; tdpf[gufESifhywfoufí eAD wrefawmfwpfyg;ESifh aumif;jrwfolwkdYteufrS tygt0ifjzpfrnfjzpfaMumif; 0rf;ajrmufzG,f owif;aumif;ay;awmfrlcJh\/} (uk&ftmef 37;108-112) wrefawmfBuD;tdAf&m[Drf\ yxrZeD;rSm pm&[fjzpfNyD; om;orD;rxGef;um;bJ½SdaecJh\/ xkdYaMumifh 'kwd,ZeD; [m*s&[fukdxdrf;jrm;cJh&m yxrOD;pGm om;awmf tdpfrmtDvfukd arG;zGm;cJhNyD; aemifaomtcg olvnf; eADwrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfvmJo h nf/ ¤if;rS t&AfrsK;d EG,rf sm; qif;oufaygufzmG ;vmcJo h nf/ t&AfrsK;d EG,f

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rsm;rS aemufq;Hk wrefawmfcsKyrf [ k r®'f ay:xGe;f cJo h nf/ yxrom;awmf tdpfrmtDvfarG;zGm;NyD;aemuf t½G,af &mufaomtcg uk&Af geDpeG Yf vLS jcif;ukd tv’m[f vufcNH y;D aemuf 'kw, d om;awmf tdpf[mufudk yxrZeD;pm&[fraS rG;zGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; tv’m[ h x f rH S owif;aumif; &cJ\ h / olvnf;aemifwiG f eADwrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfvmNy;D ¤if;rSwpfqifh wrefawmf,tfuAl Ef iS hf tpöa&;rsK;d EG,rf sm; qif;oufaygufzgm;vmcJhMuayonf/ tpöa&;rsKd;EG,fxJrS rlpm? 'g0k'f? pkvdkifrmefESifh c&pfawmfrygt0if eAD wrefawmfrsm;pGmay:xGe;f cJo h nf/ yxrom;awmf tdprf mtDvo f nf 'kw, d om;awmf tdp[ f mufxuf (13)ESpyf ídk BuD;ygonf/ uk&Af geD pGefYvSLrIjyKcsdefü 'kwd,om;awmf rarG;zGm;ao;yg/ t&AfESifh tpöa&;rsKd;EG,fwkdYrSmvnf; zcifwl? rdcifuGJ nDtpfurdk sm;jzpfMuonf/ ,cktcg urÇmrh pk v f ifrx f o k nf [*su f mvwGif rDemt&yfüvnf;aumif;? urÇmESit hf 0Sr;f tD'v k t f 'G[maeY wGif a'otoD;oD;wGiv f nf;aumif; wrefawmfBu;D tDA&m[Drw f Ydo k m;tz\ tv’m[ftwGuf pGeYfvLS jcif;orkid ;f ukd pHjyoifcef;pmESihf orkid ;f rSww f ikd t f jzpf ESppf Ofxu kd x f v l su½f MdS uonf/ aeYpOf (5)Burd q f v G mof0wfjyKrrI sm;wGiv f nf; ¤if;wkYd tay: *kPjf yKarwåmykYd vsu½f MdS uayonf/ xdYkaMumifh ESppf Of tD'v k t f 'G[maeY (Zkv[ f *d s*f s[v f (10)&uf)yGaJ wmfudk rkpv f ifrw f Ykdonf txufyg uk&t f mef 37;108 \ orkid ;f 0iftESpo f m&jynf0h pGm usi;f yMu&rnfjzpfygonf/

pMu0Vmavmcyfodrf;twGuf vrf;nTefjzpfaom utfA[fausmif;awmf ,ckacwfu aqmf't D ma&AsEikd if H ruúmNrKd U½Sd utfA[fausmif;awmf½&dS ma'oukd ,cifu Auú[[ f ak c:cJh onf/ xkdausmif;rSm urÇmN*dK[fay:wGif wpfyg;wnf;tv’m[fukd wo0wfjyK&ef urÇmhvlom;wkdYtwGuf yxrqk;H ausmif;awmf[k zefqif;½Sit f v’m[fu qkx d m;\/ xkYdjyif aumif;cs;D r*Fvmtaygif;ESijhf ynfph NHk y;D pMu0Vm avmucyfodrf;wkdYtwGuf vrf;nTefwpf&yf[v k nf;qkx d m;ayonf/ (uk&t f mef 3;96) xkYdtwl a½S;a[mif; ausmif;awmf[íl vnf;aumif;(uk&t f mef 22;29)? jrifjh rwfaomausmif;awmf[íl vnf;aumif; (uk&t f mef 5;97) owfrSwfxm;ayonf/ þpMu0VmESifh,SOfaom xl;jrwfonfhausmif;awmfukd zefqif;½Sifu jyefvnfpnfyif om,map&ef vlom;wkYd oifcef;pmESihf aumif;cs;D r*Fvm&ap&ef pDpOfcahJ yonf/ vlYorkid ;f rwifru D yif xku d tfA[fausmif;awmfrmS xl;jrwfrt I pOftqufjzpfwnfcNhJ yD; wrefawmfBuD; tdA&f m[Dr?f Muif,mawmf [m*s&[fEiS hf om;awmf tdprf mtDvw f Ydk xkad 'ookYd a&muf½v dS mcsed w f iG f xku d tfA[f ausmif;awmf½&dS mawmifMum;a'orSm pdu k yf sK;d a&;rjzpfxeG ;f aom yljyif;onfah 'ojzpfaecJah Mumif; wrefawmfBuD; tdA&f m[Dr\ f qkyefrüI atmufygtwdik ;f awGU&ayonf/ ]tkd-uRefawmfrsKd;wkdYtm; tqifhqifhzefqif;½Sif? uRefawmfrsKd;onf rdrd\ rsKd;qufteufrS (tcsKdUukd) tajccsxm;cJhygonf/ t½Sifjrwf\ jrifhjrwfaom tdrfawmteD;½Sd v,f,mudkif;uRef;rjzpfxGef;aom awmifMum;a'owpfckwGif jzpfygonf/ tkd-uRefawmfrsKd;wkdYtm; tqifhqifhzefqif;½Sif? ¤if;wkdY qGvmof pGJNrJpGm wnfaqmuf0wfjyKMuap&eftvkdYiSmjzpfygonf/ okdYjzpfay&m vlwkdYteuf cHpm;rIrsm;ukd ¤if;wkdYbufokdY ,drf;nGwfapawmfrlyg/ ¤if;wkdYtm; oD;ESHrsm; teufrS axmufyhHawmfrlyg/ ¤if;wkdYaus;Zl;odwwfMuap&eftvkdYiSmjzpfygonf/} (uk&ftmef 14;37)

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a½S;a[mif;utfA[fausmif;awmf½&dS m0ef;usiüf qGzggESihf r&0[fac: awmifi,fEpS v f ;Hk vnf;½Sad yonf/ tv’m[f\trdeYf awmft& wrefawmfBuD; tdA&f m[Dro f nf Muif,mawmfEiS o hf m;awmfudk rnfonf&h u d m© ? a&rQ r½Sdaom awmifMum;üxm;cJh&NyD; rdrd\eADwrefawmfwm0efukd qufvufxrf;aqmif&ef xGufcGmcJh&onf/ Muif,mawmf [m*s&[fonf a&jywfojzifh qGzgESihf r&0[fawmifEpS cf t k Mum; tBudrBf udraf jy;vTm;a&½SmcJ&h onf/ aemufqkH;wGif olr\ rwkefvIyfaom,kHMunfcsufESifh tv’m[ftay:pGefYvSL&Jaom owådwkdYaMumifh ZrfZrfac: thHzG,fprf;a&ukd tv’m[fu oJuEÅm&rS xGufay:apcJhonf/ oJuEÅm&wGif a&\wefbkd;rSm rjzwfEikd af cs/ þokYd jzifh olrwkYd om;trdrmS ZrfZrfa&wGi;f ydik ½f iS rf sm;jzpfvmcJMh uNyD; c&D;onfrsm;pka0;&yfem;&m? tajccs&ma'ojzpfvmNyD; pnfyifvmcJo h nf/ (Akcg&Dusr;f ESihf t&Aforkid ;f rsm;) ,aeYwdkif ZrfZrfa&wGif;rSm ESpfpOfodef;aygif;(20)ausmf urÇmh[m*sDrsm;aomufokH;&ef xl;qef;aom a&wGi;f tjzpf wnf½adS eayawmhonf/ À wrefawmfBu;D tdA&f m[DrEf iS hf om;awmf tdprf mtDvw f Ydkonf utfA[fausmif;awmfudk jyefvnfjri§ w hf if wnfaqmufcMhJ uonf/ (uk&t f mef 2;127)/ utfA[fausmif;awmfjr§iw hf ifwnfaqmuf&mwGif wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[Drf\ajcawmf&mrSm ,aeYwikd f utfA[fausmif;awmfwiG f thzH , G w f nf½adS eygonf/ (uk&t f mef 2;125) wrefawmfBu;D tdA&f m[DrEf iS hf om;awmf tdprf mtDvw f Ydku pGeYfvLS jcif;jzifh qkreG 'f t k mawmif;cJMh u&mwGif ¤if;wkYdrsK;d EG,t f wGi;f rS eADwrefawmfwpfyg;ay:xGe;f ap&efvnf; yg0ifcyhJ gonf/ ,if;qkreG \ f toD;tyGit hf jzpf tv’m[fu wrefawmfcsKyf rk[r®'o f cifudk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS w hf uG avmutaygif;twGuf u½kPmawmf wpfyg;tjzpf apvTwfay:xGef;apawmfrlcJh\/ (uk&ftmef 2;129? 21;107) tv’m[fu wrefawmfBuD;tdA&f m[Drrf w S pfqifh urÇmN*dK[af y:½Sd vlom;wkYdudk [*su f siphf Of vma&muf wnfaqmufMu&ef aMunmapcJo h nf/ urÇmN*Kd [t f ESYHrS vmMuvdrrhf nf[v k nf; 0[Dvrf;nTew f &m;ay;awmfrcl \ hJ / (uk&ftmef 22;27) ,cktcg uk&ftmeftm,ofawmfü yg½Sdonfhtwdkif; bmompum;aygif;pkH? vlrsKd;aygif;pkH? usm;-r ode;f (20)ausmtxuf urÇm[ h m*srD sm;pka0;&m urÇmt h zHh , G t f pkta0;BuD;ESihf usiphf OftjzpfawGUjrifEikd af yonf/ wrefawmfBuD; tdA&f m[Drrf o d m;pk\ pHjypGeYf vLS rI uk&Af geDorkid ;f ukv d nf; urÇmo h rkid ;f ü ½Sio f efapcJyh gonf/

uk&fAgeD\ tESpfom& wrefawmfBuD; tdA&f m[Draf cwfumvu ewfb&k m;½kyx f u k ;dk uG,rf ?I ewfu;dk uG,rf rI sm;½Sad eNyD; ,if;wkYd twGuf vlukdowfí ,ZfylaZmfaom"avhp½dkufrsm;½SdaecJhaMumif;od&ayonf/ ,if;pepfqkd;ukd tpövmrfu wdu k zf sujf cif;jzpfayonf/ tv’m[fonf rnfonft h &mwpfpw Hk pf&mukrd Q rScD t dk m;xm;jcif;rvkt d yfbJ wkEidI ;f rJh tpOfxm0& jynfph Hk awmfral omt½Si(f )jzpfawmfral yonf/ xkYdtwl vlom;wkYdxrH S 0wfjyKrEI iS hf tjcm;rnfonfw h pfpw Hk pf&m ukrd Q rvkt d yfacs/ okYdaomf vlom;wkYd\ qGvmofwnfaqmufr?I pGeYfvLS rIwYdo k nf vlom;u r[mu½kPmawmf½iS ?f aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[ftwGuf tNrJtqifoif½h adS Mumif;jyqko d nfh oauFwjzpfayonf/ vlom;onf ezfpf 0dnmOfzUHG NzdK;wk;d wuf&mwk;d wufaMumif;vnf;jzpfayonf/ tv’m[f\u½kPmawmfonf pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f tay: vTr;f NcHKvsu½f adS y&m tv’m[fopd w d Ef iS hf ,SOaf om ESv;Hk om;½Sif (owfu0g½Si)f omvQif ,if;u½kPmukd vufc&H ½SEd ikd af yonf/ [*su f siphf OfwiG f uk&Af geD usiphf Ofonfvnf; ta&;ygaomu@rS yg0ifvsu½f o dS nf/ acwftoD;oD;wGif uk&Af geDusiphf Ofudk toGiyf pHk H toD;oD;jzifh jy|mef;xm;ojzifh ½Sad ecJah Mumif; tv’m[fu vrf;nTex f m;ayonf/

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]pifpif igt igt½S½Sifjrwfonf omoem0iftkyfpkwkdif;twGuf pGefYvSLjcif; 0wfyGJawmf wpf&yfukd owfrSwfxm;awmfrlcJhonf/ ¤if;wkdYtwGuf &du©mtjzpf axmufyHh xm;aom tajcav;acsmif;wd&pämefwkdYtay:0,f tv’m[f\emrawmf wo trSwf&(vSD;jzwf)&efjzpfayonf/ okdYjzpfay&moifwkdY\ ukd;uG,f&mt½Sifonf wpfyg;wnf;aomukd;uG,f&mt½Sifjzpfayonf/ xkdt½SifjrwfukdomtoifwkdY emcHtyfESif;Muavukef/ rdrdukd,frdrd rmefrmeESdrfhcsolrsm;ukd owif;aumif; ay;avmh/} (uk&ftmef 22;34) À xkYdaMumifh uk&Af geDusiphf Ofonf wpfyg;wnf;aomtv’m[fudk emcHb0wnfaqmufrv I rf;pOfü t"du vdt k yfcsuw f pf&yfjzpfayonf/ aomif['D f (tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf; Ny;D jynfph pHk mG ½Sjd cif;)w&m;ukd apmifx h ed ;f &eftwGuf tv’m[frv S íJG tjcm;rnfonft h &mukrd Qwoí owå0gvS;D jzwfjcif;cGirhf jyK/ À xkdYtjyif om;aumifukd ZA[fjyKvSD;jzwfjcif; (0g) uk&fAgeDusifhpOfonf À trsuaf 'gojzpfaeaom ewfq;dk BuD;ukd trsuaf jy&ef ,Zfyal Zmfjcif;r[kw/f À rdrt d jypfrsm;yaysmufatmif aq;aMumrIjyKvyk af ejcif;vnf;r[kw/f À aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[ftwGuf pGeYf vLS &ef tNrJtoif½h adS Mumif; twGi;f ESv;Hk om;rS cH,cl suu f dk jyifyoauFwtjzpf jyojcif;omjzpfonf/ tESpfr½Sdaom tumonfvnf;aumif;? 0dnmOfr½Sdaom cE¨monfvnf;aumif;? vufawGUrygaom pum;onfvnf;aumif; ppfreS af omwefz;dk r[kwcf s/ wd&pämefwYu dk dk vlom;twGuf vufatmufcpH m;ok;H &mtjzpf tv’m[fu owfrw S af y;xm;ay&m owå0gonf vlukdemcHouJhokdY vlom;uvnf; rdrd\t½Sifocif tv’m[fukdemcH&eftoifh½Sd&ayrnf/ pm;okH;cGifh½Sdaom wd&pämefukdyif ydkif½SiftppftrSefjzpfaom aus;Zl;awmf½Sif tv’m[f\emrawmfcGifhjyKcsuf wovSD;jzwfNyD;rS pm;ok;H jcif;rSm opömw&m;ukad pmifx h ed ;f jcif;omjzpfayonf/ xkYdaMumifh om;aumifudk uk&Af geDjyKjcif;rSm emcHjcif;\ jyifyoauFwomjzpfNyD; trSefwu,fpGefYvSL&rnfrSm rdrd\pdwfESvkH;om;ESifh,if;rS ½IdifoGeftzsuftiftm;pk? avmb? a'go? arm[? rme ponfw h &m;rsm;yifjzpfayonf/ xkYdaMumifh tv’m[ft½Siu f uk&Af geDtESpo f m& ESiyhf wfoufí ]xkdowå0gwkdY\ tom;wkdYonfvnf;aumif;? taoG;wkdYonfvnf;aumif; tv’mh[fxHokdY rnfonfhtcgrQ ra&mufacs/ okdYaomf oifwkdYxHrS (owfu0g) tv’m[fodpdwfjzifh wm0efausjcif;omvQif xkdt½SifjrwfxHokdY a&muf½Sdayonf/ þenf;twdkif;yif xkdt½Sifjrwfonf ,if;(om;aumif)wkdYukd toifwkdY tusKd;iSm vufatmufcHjzpfapawmfrlcJhonf/ oifwkdYukd tv’m[fvrf;nTefcJhonfhtwdkif; tv’m[fonfom tBuD;us,fqkH;jzpfaMumif; oifwkdYa
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uk&fAgeD\ xl;jcm;aom ta&;ygrI wrefawmfjrwfr[ k r®'o f cifay:xGe;f csed w f iG f t&AfwYdkonf [*su f siphf OfEiS hf uk&Af geDusiphf Ofudk jyKaecJMh u aomfvnf; tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf;tay:ü oefYpifpmG tajcrcHacs/ uk&Af geDom;aumifwYdk\ taoG;tom;wkYdjzifh utfA[fausmif;awmfeH&Hukdowfjcif;? ewf½kyfrsm;ukd ,ZfylaZmfjcif;wkdYukd jyKcJhMuayof/ tpövmrfonf vlwkdY rSm;,Gif;aom tawG;tac:ESifh vkyf&yfwkdYukd oefYpifapcJhonf/ vlom;\ppfrSefaom emcH½kdusKd;rI? pGefYvSLrI? trsm;aumif;usK;d aqmifru I dk vrf;nTex f m;onf/ À uk&fAgeD\ t"dyÜm,f½Sdaom ta&;ygrIrSm uk&ftmef 37;103 wGif jycJhonfhtwdkif; ]okdYjzpfay&m ¤if;wkdY(om;tz)ESpfOD;onf tv’m[f\rdefYawmfukd emcHtyfESif;NyD; ol(tdAf&m[Drf) onf ¤if;(om;awmf)tm; arSmufvsufvSJcJhonf/} vlwpfO;D taejzifh rdrq d E´t& rvkycf siaf omvky&f yfwpfcu k dk tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfEiS hf trSew f &m;twGuf vkyf&JaomowådESifh pGefYvSLjcif;rSm uk&fAgeD\ xl;jcm;aomta&;ygrIyifjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh tpövmrfwGif uk&fAgeD[lonf rkpfvifrfqkdolwpfOD;u rdrd\qE´? ydkifqdkifrIrsm;ESifh toufukd tv’m[ft½SifjrwftwGuf rnfonft h ajctaewGirf qkd emcHtyfEiS ;f jcif;yifjzpfonf/ om;aumifudk ZA[fv;DS jzwf½rHk Qjzifh uk&Af geDwm0ef ausyeG o f mG ;onfrvsO;f r[kwaf cs/ ESv;Hk om;rygaomuk&Af geDonf [efaqmifr?I jypm;rIomjzpfayonf/ tv’m[f vnf; vufcrH nfr[kwaf cs/

uk&fAgeDjyKvkyfolrsm;onf (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

rdru d , dk u f dk rmeESrd cf sojl zpf&rnf/ tv’m[fEiS yhf wfoufí Mum;od&wdik ;f pdwEf v S ;Hk onf vIy½f mS ;ihv H ifah eMu&rnf/ tcuftcJrsm;BuHKawGUvQiv f nf; BuhcH ikd jf cif;w&m; (qGA&f)½S&d rnf/ qGvmof0wfjyKru I dk pGNJ rJpmG wnfaqmuf&rnf/ tv’m[fu rdrt d m;axmufyx Hh m;aomt&mrsm;rS vSL'gef;Mu&rnf/ (uk&ftmef 22;34-35)

uk&fAgeDom;aumifESifhpyfvsOf;í ]pifppf igt½Sifjrwfonf ukvm;tkyfrsm;ukd toifwkdYtwGuf tv’m[ft½Sifjrwf\ txdrf; trSwf oauFwrsm;teufrS jyKvkyfay;awmfrlcJhonf/ ,if;wkdYwGif oifwkdYtwGuf tusKd;aus;Zl; rsm;½Sdayonf/ okdYjzpfay&m toifwkdYonf ¤if;wkdYtm; pDwef;apvsuf ¤if;wkdYtay:0,f tv’m[f\ emrawmf wovSD;jzwfMuavukef/ ¤if;wkdYonf ab;apmif;vJusoGm;Muaomtcg? okdYjzpfvQif ,if ; (uk & f A geD o m;aumif ) \om;uk d toif w k d Y v nf ; pm;ok H ; Muavuk e f / a&mif h & J w if ; wd r f o l E S i f h awmif;&rf;olukdvnf; auR;arG;Muavukef/ þenf;twdkif;yif igt½Sifjrwfonf ,if;(owå0g) wkdYukd toif(vlom;)wkdYtusKd;iSm emcHapawmfrlcJhonf/ toifwkdY aus;Zl;w&m;odwwfMuap&ef (uk&ftmef 22;36) tvkdYiSmjzpfayonf/} wrefawmfcsKyEf iS hf olYtm; pHxm;olwidk ;f ukv d nf; tv’m[fu þokYd red Yf awmfrx l m;jyefonf/ ]okdYjzpfay&m toifonf toifhtm; tqifhqifhzefqif;½Sifukd qGvmof0wfjyK wnfaqmuf (uk&ftmef 108;2) ygav/ ¤if;jyif om;aumifukd pGefYvSLygav/}

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ukvm;tkyu f dk ZA[fjyKv;DS jzwf&mwGif tjcm;tajcav;acsmif;owå0grsm;uJo h Ydk vnfrsKu d rdk vS;D jzwfbJ vnfrsK½d adS oG;aMumukd xk;d azmufaomenf;jzifh vS;D jzwfaomenf;ukd t&AfwYdku tok;H jyKcMhJ uonf/ ,if;enf; twdkif; ukvm;tkyfom;aumifukd uk&fAgeDjyK&ef txufygtm,ofawmfwGif ( )[lí okH;pGJxm;yg onf/ þonfrmS wrefawmfcsKyu f dk pHxm;oltm;vk;H twGuf vrf;nTejf zpfygonf/ ta&AswiG f ukvm;tkyaf ygí txufygtm,ofawmfrsm;ü ukvm;tkyu f [ dk k pHxm;NyD;ajymqkx d m;aomf vnf; txufazmfjyyguk&ftmef 22;34 t&yif pm;okH;cGifh½Sdaom ajcav;acsmif;owå0gtm;vkH; (Oyrm uRJ? EGm;? qdwf? okd; ponfwkdYvnf;)yg0ifygonf/ tjcm;om;aumifrsm;ukd tpövmrfhenf;us vnfrsKdukd ZA[fjyKí vS;D jzwf&ygonf/ (tpövmrfeh nf;us ZA[fv;DS jzwfjcif;onf &ufpufjcif;r[kwb f J ,if;\tusK;d aus;Zl;ukd aemufwiG f odyeHÜ nf;us oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ À uk&ftmef 37;108 t& wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[Drf rdom;pk\ uk&fAgeDpGefYvSLrIukd urÇmwnfoaY½G ESppf Oforkid ;f wif*P k jf yKjcif;vnf;jzpfygonf/ wrefawmfjrwfonf r'DemNrKd UawmfwiG f (10)ESpaf exdik cf &hJ m ESppf Ofu&k Af geDjyKvyk af wmfrcl \ hJ / (od&rf Zd u D sr;f ) [*srf oGm;aomolrsm;teuf uk&Af geDjyKvyk &f efwm0ef½o dS rl sm; (0g) wwfprG ;f Edik o f rl sm;onf td'af eYwiG f td'q f v G mof0wfjyKwnfaqmufNy;D rS uk&Af geDujdk yKMu&ef wrefawmfjrwfurSmMum;aMumif; Mo0g'awmfrw S w f rf; ukd awGU&onf/ (Akcg&Dusrf;) Zkv[ f *d s*f s[v f (10)&ufaeYwiG f uk&Af geDrvkyEf ikd cf yhJ gu (11)&ufaeYwiG jf zpfap? (12)&ufaeYwiG jf zpfap jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ (uk&ftmef 2;203) ESppf Of Zkv[ f *d s*f s[v f (10)&ufaeYwiG f ruú[Nf rdKUteD; rDemt&yfü urÇm[ h m*srD sm; uk&Af geDusiphf Ofudk yJhwifoHay;í jyKMu\/ À ,cktcg ESppf Of [m*saD ygif; ode;f (20)ausmf a&muf½adS eMuay&m uk&Af geDom;aumifrsm;ukd tpövmrfh zGHNzdK;a&;bPf( . . )\ tpDtpOfjzifh EdkifiHtcsKdU½Sd qif;&JaomnDaemifrsm;xHokdY a&aMumif;? avaMumif;rsm; tok;H jyKí tcsed rf aD y;ykYdjzefYa0vsu½f adS yonf/ okYdjzpfay&m [m*srD sm;taejzifh rdrw d Ydku, dk yf ikd t f pDtpOfjzifh uk&Af geD jyKvkyfygu aps;EIef;tenf;i,f oufomaomfvnf; om;aumifukd uk&fAgeDjyKNyD;aemuf ro,fEdkifawmhbJ pGeYf ypfxm;cJ&h ay&m tjcm;olwYdk udk o,faqmifauR;arG;&ef tcuftcJrsm;pGm½Sad yonf/ À uk&Af geDjyK&ef oifah wmfaomom;aumifrmS t*FgpkíH t½G,af &mufNyD;jzpfay&ayrnf/ qdwf (okdYr[kwf) okd; jzpfvQif (1) ESpfom; EGm; jzpfvQif (2) ESpfom; ukvm;tkyf jzpfvQif (5) ESpfom; jzpf&ayrnf/ ([d'g,musr;f ) uk&fAgeDjyKxdkufolwpfOD;twGuf qdwf (okdY) okd;wpfaumif ZA[fjyK&rnf/ EGm;(okdY)ukvm;tkyf wpfaumifudk uk&Af geDjyKxu kd o f l (7)OD;pyfíjyKEikd o f nf/ (od&rf Zd u D sr;f ) tom;ukad 0iSpm;ok;H í om;a&ukd tvSLtjzpf ay;urf;Mu&rnf/ (Akcg&Dusr;f ) okYdaomf uk&Af geDusiphf Ofudk tjcm;tvSL'gewpf&yf&yfjzifh tpm;xk;d ír&Edik af y/ tv’m[fEiS hf trSew f &m; twGuf rdr\ d qE´EiS t hf oufudk pGeYf vLS &Japaom usiphf Ofjzpfygonf/ À xkYad Mumifh uk&Af geD\ oabmw&m;rSm wkEikd ;f rJah us;Zl;awmf½iS f r[mu½kPmawmf½iS f tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf; ½Sjd cif;ukd odem;vnfapNy;D uk&Af geD\tESpo f m&rSm xkt d ½Sijf rwfEiS hf trSew f &m;twGuf owfu0gac: tv’m[f odpw d rf jywfxm;í pGeYfvLS jcif;yifjzpfayonf/ *s[ d m'fac: oufpeG YfusK;d yrf;aqmif½u G jf cif; pGr;f &nfudk uk&Af geD pGeYf vLS jcif;onf atmifvu H dk tjrifq h ;Hk vTix hf jl cif;jzifh vlom;onf rdr\ d t½Sio f cifxo H Ydk zGUH NzdK;wk;d wufaom

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ezfp0f n d mOfjzifh tjrifjh rwfq;Hk atmifjrifpmG ysw H ufjcif;yifjzpfayawmhonf/ À okYdaomf rkpv f ifrw f Ydo k nf uk&Af geDaeYwiG o f m tom;ukpd m;ok;H jcif;r[kwyf g/ tpövmrft h pm;tpmpepfwiG f tom;ESihf [if;oD;[if;½Guo f ;D ESu H dk tNrJpm;ok;H aeMuolrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ tpövmrfw h &m;awmft& pm;ok;H cGihf ½Sdaom owå0g\tom;ukd pepfwusvSD;jzwfí pm;okH;jcif;? ay;vSLjcif;rSm tjypfrxdkufyg/ ,if;u@ukd oabmaygufem;vnf&efrmS - oufrEhJ iS hf ouf½dS rnfoYdk umG jcm;oenf;/ - ouf½w dS Ydk twGi;f ü toufEiS 0hf n d mOf rnfoYdk umG jcm;oenf;/ - vlom;\tpmESit hf m[m&? urÇmN*dK[½f dS pm;eyf&u d m© / - tpövmrfeh nf;us ZA[fv;DS jzwfjcif;\ tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm;/ - zDp, D v dk *dk sD ac: t*Fgrsm;\vIy½f mS ;rI,EÅ,m; ponfwYdkudk pepfwusem;vnf&ef ta&;Bu;D ygonf/ qufvufavhvmMuygpkYd/

tufwrfac: tPkjrLESifh oufrJh uREykf w f Ydk\ pMu0VmBu;D ukd tufwrfac: tPkjrLrsm;jzifh zGUJ pnf;xm;onf/ tPkjrLtrsK;d tpm;rsm;pGm ½Sdonf/ wlnDaomtPkjrLrsm;aygif;pyfí j'yfpifrsm;jzpfvmonf/ (Oyrm - atmufqD*sif? [dkuf'½kd*sif? umAGe?f Edu k x f ½d*k si)f atmufq*D sirf sK;d wl tEkjrLrsm;aygif;pyfjcif;jzifh atmufq*D sijf 'yfpif jzpfvmonf/ [du k 'f ½d*k sif rsK;d wl tEkjrLrsm;aygif;pyfjcif;jzifh [du k 'f ½d*k sijf 'yfpifjzpfvmonf/ rwlnaD omj'yfpifrsm;aygif;pyfí j'yfaygif;rsm;jzpfvmMuonf/ Oyrm - [du k 'f ½d*k si(f 2)qESihf atmufp*D sif (1)qaygif;í a&jzpfvmonf/ þokdYjzifh a&? ajr? av? rD; tp½Sdojzifh ay:vmonf/ wrefawmfcsKyf rk[r®'af y:xGe;f csed w f iG f *&d(acgr)ü tEkjrL0g'D (Atomists)rsm; tawG;tac:½Sad ecsed f jzpfonf/ tEkjrL0g'Drsm;\,kMH unfcsurf mS tEkjrLrsm;onf ouf½o dS ufrt hJ &mcyford ;f wkYdudk tajccHtppftrSef w&m;jzpfí ,if;wkdYonf ajymif;vJjcif;r½SdMu/ okdYaomf ,if;tEkjrLwkdYjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;aom ouf½SdoufrJh t&mcyford ;f wkYdonf tpOfajymif;vJaeMuonf/ tEkjrLrsm;onf xyfrcH pJG w d íf r&aom tao;i,fq;Hk t&mrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xm0&wnfNraJ omt&mrsm;vnf; jzpfMuonf/ aoNy;D aemuf ukov dk t f ukov dk rf ½S[ d k qkMd uonf/ [The Atomist, Study Guide for WESTERN PHILOSOPHY (Second Year Students)Yangon, University of Distance Education. Jun 1996, p.18-19.] tdE´d,üvnf; csm0u*kdPf;( )uvnf; avmuBuD;ukd a&? ajr? av? rD; tajccH"gwfBuD;

av;yg;jzifhom zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufxm;onf/ pdwfqkdonfrSm ½kyfrSxGufay:vmaom ½kyfzefwD;rI&vmbf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ zefqif;½Sifr½Sd? 0dnmOfr½Sd? aoNyD;aemuf ukokdvf tukokdvfr½Sd[laom ½kyfMurf;0g'Drsm; jzpfMuonf/[The Carvaka Philosophy, Study Guide for Ancient Oriental Philosophy (Second Year Students) Yangon, University of Distance Education, 1996, p. 5-7]

xkYd aMumifh zefqif;½Sit f v’m[ft½Sijf rwfu wrefawmfcsKyrf [ k r®'x f rH w S pfqifh pMu0Vmrsm;ESihf urÇm N*dK[fukd( )Z&f&[fac: tEkjrLrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;aomfvnf; tEkjrLxufykdíao;i,faomt&mrsm; ½Sad o;aMumif; (0g) tEkjrLrSm xyfrcH pJG w d Ef ikd af omt&mjzpfaMumif; aMunmapcJo h nf/

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]trSew f &m;ukd jiif;y,fow l Ydku ½Sijf yefxajrmuf&rnft h csed o f nf igwkYdxq H u kd af &mufvmrnfr[kw[ f k qkMd uonf/ toifwrefawmf þokYd a[mMum;avmh/ ightm; tqifq h ifzh efqif;awmfrx l aomt½Si?f vlYÓPf tvGeüf ½So d nfwYdkudk t
ouf½[ dS o l nf ]{uefpifppf tv’m[ft½Sifjrwfonf rsKd;aphrsm;ESifh opfaphrsm;ukd tan§muf xGufap&ef tufuGJapawmfrlaomt½Sifjzpf\/ xkdt½Sifjrwfonfom ouf½Sdukd oufrJhrS xkwfawmfrl\/ xkdYjyifoufrJhukd ouf½SdrS xkwfawmfrlaomt½Sif vnf;jzpfawmfrl\/ ,if;onf tv’m[fjzpf\/ okdYjzpfay&m toifonf tb,fokdYjyefvSnfhoGm;oenf;/} (uk&ftmef 6;95) uREykf w f Ydk\ywf0ef;usiw f iG f oufrEhJ iS o hf uf½dS a&m>yef;aeonfuadk wGU&onf/ tcsKUd uko d ufrEhJ iS hf ouf½dS cGjJ cm;Edik af omfvnf; tcsKUd ukrd l vG,u f pl mG rcGjJ cm;Edik af cs/ ouf½\ dS *kPo f wård mS oufr*hJ P k o f wåEd iS rhf wlbJ xl;jcm; qef;us,yf gonf/ oufryhJ pön;f rsm;rSm tEkjrLrsm;jzifzh UJG pnf;xm;aom j'yfpifEiS jhf 'yfaygif;rsm;jzpfMuayonf/ urÇmN*Kd [af y:wGif urÇmOD; ouf½ydS pön;f uav;rSm y½dw k ydk vmZrfac: t&nftw d u f av;jzpfonf/ ouf½t dS &mESihf oufrt hJ &mwkYdwiG yf g0ifMuaomj'yfpifwYdkrmS wpfcEk iS w hf pfck jcm;em;jcif;r½Sad cs/ okYdaomf xkjd 'yfpifwYdkzUJG pnf;í jzpfay:vmaomj'yfaygif;wkYd um; wpfcEk iS w hf pfck jcm;em;aeayonf/

ouf½SdwkdY\vu©Pmrsm; ygPaA't& touf½Sdjcif;ukd ouf½SdwkdY\vkyf&yfwm0efay:rlwnfí owfrSwfonf/ ,if;vkyf&ef wm0efwYdrk mS ouf½w dS Yd\ k vu©Pmrsm;yifjzpfayonf/ ouf½w dS Yd\ k vu©Pmrsm;rSm toufwnf½&dS m y½kw d ydk vmZrf? qJvrf sm;jzifw h nfaqmufjcif;? tm[m& jyKjcif;? &ufpyDa&;½Si;f (touf½LS jcif;)? tnpftaMu;pGeYfjcif;? Bu;D xGm;jcif;? rsK;d yGm;jcif;? wkYH jyefowå½d jdS cif;? aY½v G sm;jcif;ESihf b0jzpfpOfwYdkyifjzpfMuayonf/ urÇmN*dK[af y:wGif ouf½rdS sm;tjzpf tyifrsm;? wd&pämefrsm;ESihf vlwYdk udk awGUjrifEikd af yonf/

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(1) toufwnf½Sd&m y½kdwkdyvmZrf y½kw d ydk vmZrfac: ouf½ydS pön;f rSm (umAGe?f [du k 'f ½d*k si?f atmufq*D si?f Edu k x f ½k*d sif ponf)h j'yfpif rsm;a&maygif;íjzpfvmaom y½kw d if;? umAk[ d u kd Nf 'dwEf iS hf tqDwYdk onf a&? atmufq*D si?f qm;"gwftcsKUd ESihf aygif;pyfzUJG pnf;umjzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ rnfoYdkaygif;pyfzUJG pnf;í ouf½jdS zpfvmaMumif;ukd ,aeYoyd yHÜ nmü wdusaocsmpGm rajymEdik af o;acs/ okYdaomf y½kw d ydk vmZrfonf ouf½t dS &mwkid ;f ü½Sad om ouf½0dS w¬Kjzpfonf/ touf½iS jf cif;[laom vu©Pmukjd yonf/

(2) y½dkwkdyvmZrfjzifhwnfaqmufxmaom qJvf tyifjzpfap? wd&pämefjzpfap? vljzpfap ¤if;\cE¨muk, d t f ajccHypön;f rSm y½dw k ydk vmZrfac: t&nftw d f uav;yifjzpfonf/ y½kw d ydk vmZrfudk omrefrsupf jd zifh rawGUEdik af cs/ rku d cf ½kpd ukyaf c: tEkMunhrf eS b f v D ;l jzifh tao;pdwaf vhvmaomtcg ouf½0dS w¬Kjzpfaom y½kw d ydk vmZrfudk twk;H vdu k t f cJvu kd rf awGU&bJ ao;i,fvaS om qJvu f vmyfpnf;wpfck okYdr[kwf qJvu f vmyfnrf sm;tjzpfomawGU&ayonf/ qJvw f pfcw k iG f ab;ywfvnfrS um&Hxm;aom qJvef &H ½H o dS nf/ qJvt f wGi;f ü y½kw d ydk vmZrft&nf½o dS nf/ qJvu f vmyfpnf;wkYdwiG f owfrw S f xm;aomt½G,af &mufvQif qufrBuD;xGm;awmhbJ ,if;t½G,x f ufi,faom qJvEf pS cf k okYd r[kwf ESpcf x k uf ykdí uGJíyGm;oGm;Muonf/ qJvfukd ay? vufrwkdYjzifh wkdif;wmír&bJ tvGefao;i,fvSygonf/ xkdYaMumifh wpfvufr\ 1 ESpaf omif;ig;axmifyw k pfy(Hk 25000 )jzpfaom rdu k cf ½Geaf c: twdik ;f twmjzifh wkid ;f wm&onf/ wpfru kd cf ½Geo f nf atmufujrift h pufuav;xuf tqaygif;axmifausmf ao;i,fygonf/ okYdaomf omrefrsupf jd zifh jrifEikd af om qJvftenf;i,fvnf;½Sdygonf/ (Oyrm - iSufukvm;tkyf\O) vlUcE¨muk, d üf wpfpuúeYfvQif qJvo f ef;aygif;ig;ausmyf supf ;D aoqk;H Ny;D wpfcsed w f nf;wGif qJvo f ef;aygif; ig;q,fjyefjzpfwnfum cE¨mukd,fukd xdef;n§dvsuf½Sdonf/ qJvftopfESifh ta[mif;tNrJajymif;vJaeay&m raeYu cE¨mukd,fonf ,aeYESifh wpfykHpHwnf;rwlEdkifay/ okdYaomf wdusaomqJvkyfief;rsm;rSm topfESifh ta[mif; xyfwjl zpaomaMumifh cE¨muk, d rSm rajymif;vJbJ wnf½adS ejcif;jzpfonf/ «armifarmfOD;(aq;-2)? oifhcE¨mukd,f½SdqJvf? &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1994? pm-23»

(3) tm[m&jyKjcif; toufjzpfwnfaejcif;onf qJvt f wGi;f ü ½Iyaf xG;vSaom armfvu D sL;rsm;? tEkjrLrsm; tqufrjywf "gwfjyKaerIrsm;aMumifjh zpfonf/ tifZikd ;f ac: "gwfaq;rsm;u "gwfjyKru I dk vQijf refaompGr;f tifxu G af ponf/ qJvrf sm;twGi;f ½Sd ouf½0dS w¬Kjzpfaom y½kw d ydk vmZrfrmS tpOf,, dk iG ;f ysupf ;D aeojzifh y½kw d ydk vmZrftopfrsm; tpm;xk;d &efrmS tm[m&jznfw h if;&efvt kd yfygonf/ opfyifrsm;wGif tpmpky, f &l eftjrpfygonf/ vlEiS hf wd&pämef wGif tpmpm;&ef yg;pyfygonf/ qJvrsm;wGif tpmpm&efvrf;onf tajr;§ yg;jzpfonf/ tajr;§ yg;rS tpmpdr0hf ifjcif;? oGi;f ,ljcif;ukjd yKonf/ tpmtm[m&rS ½Iyaf xG;vSaom ouf½0dS w¬Ky½kw d ydk vmZrfjzpfvmapaomjzpfpOfudk ZD0 ½kyjf zpfjcif;(anabolism)[kac:Ny;D y½kw d ydk vmZrfysupf ;D ,k, d iG ;f aomjzpfpOfu(dk katabolism)[kac:\/ ,if;okYd ZD0½kyfjzpfysufjcif;ukdNcHKí rwfwmabmfvpfZif(metabolism)[kac:onf þjzpfpOfwkdYonf ouf½SdwkdY\ xl;jcm;aomvu©Pmjzpfayonf/ «tajccHowåaA'(e0rwef;)? &efukef? txufwef;oif½kd;rmwdum? pm 2-3»

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(4) &ufpyDa&;½Sif;(touf½SLjcif;) ouf½SdwkdYwGif tm[m&rS&½Sdaom atmufqD*sifydk;Edkifonfh0w¬Kjzifh atmufqD*sifa&maygif;jcif;ukd &ufpyDa&;½Si;f (0g)touf½LS jcif;[kac:onf/ touf½LS jcif;onf ouf½v dS u©PmwGif txif½mS ;qk;H vu©Pm jzpfayonf/ touf½LS jcif;tvkyrf mS atmufq*D si"f gwfudk cE¨muk, d w f iG ;f ½Sd aoG;eDOxJoYdk yxrxnfah y;Ny;D aemuf aoG;eDOrsm;rSwpfzef cE¨muk, d t f ESYH tjym;½S(d qJv)f wpf½LS ;rsm;xHoYdk ykYd aqmifjcif;tvkyjf zpfayonf/ atmufq*D siu f dk avxJr&S onf/ a&aeowå0gig;wkYdonf a&xJrS atmufq*D siu f dk yg;[ufjzift h ouf½LS Muonf/ uke;f owå0gwkYdtwGuf tqkyo f nf touf½LS t*Fgjzpfonf/ ajrBu;D xJwiG f aewwfaomwDaumifrsm; twGufrl ¤if;wkdY\ta&jym;onf touf½SLt*Fgjzpfonf/ touf½LS oGi;f vdu k af omatmufq*D siu f dk aoG;eDOwkYdu qJvrf sm;xHoYdyk Ydak qmifay;Ny;D qJvrf sm;rS umAGe'f ikd f atmufqdkufjzifhzvS,fum ,if;umAGef'dkifatmufqdkufukd aoG;rsm;uyif jyefo,fvmum touf½SLt*FgokdY jyefyYdkay;onf/ xkYdaMumifv h El iS w hf &d pämefwYdku½SLoGi;f Ny;D vlEiS w hf &d pämefwYdku½SLxkwaf om umAGe'f ikd af tmufqu kd u f dk tyifwYk u d ½SLoGi;f jcif;jzifh o[Zmwjzpfaeayonf/ ]xkd(tv’m[f)t½SifjrwfonfyifvQif pdrf;aomopfyifrSrD;ukd oifwkdYtwGuf jyKvkyfawmfrlcJh&m ,ckrl ,if;rS toifwkdYavmifpmokH;Muavonf/} (uk&ftmef 36;80) urÇmN*Kd [½f o dS pfyifwYdük ½Sad omtpdr;f a&mifudk uk&t f mefusr;f awmfjrwfü txl;jyKxm;onfudk (22;63)üvnf; awGUjrifEikd af yonf/

(5) tnpftaMu;pGefYjcif; qJvrf sm;twGi;f ZD0½kyjf zpfysujf cif;aMumifjh zpfay:vmaom ab;xGuyf pön;f (0g) tnpftaMu;rsm;ukd cE¨muk, d jf yifyokYd pGeYfxw k yf pf&onf/ Oyrm-umAGe'f ikd af tmufqu kd "f gwfaiGUukd touf½LS t*FgrSwpfqifh pGeYfxw k f onf/ Edkufx½kd*sif"gwfygaom ,l&D;,m;ukd qD;(0g)usifi,ftjzpf pGefYxkwfonf/

(6) BuD;xGm;jcif; BuD;xGm;jcif;onf ouf½w dS Ydk\vu©Pmjzpfonf/ ZD0½kyyf supf ;D ,k, d iG ;f jcif;xuf wnfaqmufjcif;u ykdrsm;í BuD;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ tnpftaMu;pGefYjcif;xuf tpmtm[m&rS ouf½Sd0w¬Ktjzpf ajymif;vJjcif;u ykv d Qif ouf½t dS &monf Bu;D vmonf/ owå0gwkYdi,f½, G pf Ofu xif½mS ;pGmBu;D xGm;aomfvnf; t½G,af &mufaom tcg ysupf ;D jcif;ESihf wnfaqmufjcif; nDrQomG ;í rMu;D xGm;awmhacs/ ZD0½kyw f nfaqmufjcif;xuf ysupf ;D jcif;u tcsed t f wefMum qufvufrsm;jym;cJah omf y½kw d ydk vmZrf\ vIy½f mS ;x
(7) rsKd;yGm;jcif; rsK;d yGm;Edik jf cif;onf ouf½w dS Ydk\xl;jcm;aomvu©Pmwpf&yfjzpfonf/ ouf½w dS Ydk\b0jzpfpOfwiG f rdrw d Ydk uJo h Ydk rsK;d qufrsm;ukd yGm;rsm;Muonf/

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(8) wkHYjyefowåd½Sdjcif; vIYHaqmfr½I v dS Qif cE¨mwGi;f ü ajymif;vJrjI zpfjcif;(0g)wkYHjyefro I wåjd zpfay:jcif;onf ouf½w dS Ydk\ vu©Pm wpf&yfjzpfonf/ vIHYaqmfrIonf ywf0ef;usifajymif;vJrIjzpfonf/ jyifyvIHYaqmfrI (Oyrm - tvif;? tyl? toH)ESihf twGi;f vIYHaqmfrI (Oyrm - qmavmifjcif;? a&iwfjcif;)[líESprf sK;d ½So d nf/ ouf½0dS w¬K y½kw d ydk vmZrf tm;vk;H ü wkYH jyefowåt d enf;ESit hf rsm;½SMd uonf/ okYd aomf tqift h wef;jrifrh m;aomowå0gwkYd ü qJvt f m;vk;H r[kwb f J tcsKUd qJvw f Ydk om ykrd x dk ;l jcm;pGm wkYH jyefjcif;vkyif ef;ukd aqmif½u G Ef ikd jf cif;aMumifeh AftzGUJ ½Sv d monf/

(9) aY½Gvsm;jcif; vkyif ef;rsm;jyKvyk &f ef ouf½w dS Ydk aY½v G sm;Muonf/ ouf½jdS zpfaomtyifrsm;rSm ajrpdu k cf MH u&í raY½v G sm; Edik Mf uacs/ okYdaomf tyifrsm;wGif qJvw f pfcw k nf;ESio hf mzGUJ pnf;xm;aom tvfa*s;wkYdwiG f aY½v G sm;rIawGU&onf/ owå0gwkdYwGifvnf; oEÅm? urm tp½Sdaom tqifhedrfhowå0grsm;rSm raY½Gvsm;bJ wG,fuyfaewwfonf/

(10) b0jzpfpOf ouf½SdwkdYwGif arG;zGm;jcif;? BuD;xGm;jcif;? rsKd;yGm;jcif;? aojcif; ponfh b0jzpfpOf ½SdMuayonf/ tyif? wd&pämefEiS hf vlponfwYdk wiG f b0jzpfpOfudk awGUjrifEikd af yonf/

ouf½Sdtp a&rS ]r,kHMunfolrsm; rjrifcJhMuavoavm/ pifppf pMu0Vmrsm;ESifh urÇmN*dK[fonf rlvu wpfpkwpfa0;wnf;yl;uyfvsuf½SdcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf igt½Sifjrwfonf ,if;ESpfckukd cGJjcm;awmfrlcJh\/ xkdYjyif igt½Sifjrwfonf ouf½Sdt&mwkdif;ukd a&rSjyKvkyfawmfrlcJh\/} (uk&ftmef 21;30) tm&ADpmaywGif ouf½Sdukd( )[kdif;,f[kac:onf/ oufrJhukd ( )rdkif,fof[kac:onf/ ,cktcg odyyHÜ nm½Sirf sm;onf pMu0Vm\tpukd r[maygufurJG o I t D &dk (D Big Bang Theory)jzifh avhvm aeMuNyDjzpfayonf/ (vif;a&mifjcnf USA, 1996-VI/No.121, p-39) xkdYjyif ouf½Sdwkdif;\tprSm a&rS[laomtqkdukdvnf; ahvmawGU½SdvmaeNyDjzpfayonf/ (Maurice Bucaille (Dr.), The Bible, The Quaran and Science, KARACHI, IDARATUL, QURAN)

urÇmN*K[ d t f jyif tjcm;urÇmpMu0Vmrsm;ü ouf½rdS sm;zefqif;xm;aMumif; zefqif;½Sit f v’m[fu (uk&t f mef 42;19? 19;93-95)ü jyqkx d m;ayonf/ uREykf w f Ydk\ urÇmN*dK[w f iG f ouf½rdS sm;tjzpf tyifrsm;? wd&pämefrsm; ESihf vlom;rsm;ukd awGUjrifEikd af yonf/ uREfkyfwkdY\urÇmN*dK[fonf aepMu0VmwGif usefN*dK[frsm;ESifhrwlbJ urÇmhrsufESmjyif\ okH;ykHESpfykHrSm a&vTr;f xm;onfudk awGUjrifEikd af yonf/ tyif? wd&pämefEiS v hf w l Ydkonf a&r&ygu aoaMuysupf ;D Murnfjzpfyg onf/ ouf½w dS ikd ;f \qJvrf sm;wGiyf g0ifonfh a&tcsK;d tpm;rSm rwlnMD uacs/ tenf;qk;H (65)65&mcdik Ef eI ;f rS (96)&mcdik Ef eI ;f txuftxd a&yg0ifayonf/ qJvt f wGi;f uset f &mrsm;rSm y½kw d if;ac: tom;"gwf(15)&mcdik Ef eI ;f ? tqD? avmifpmtajccH umAGe[ f u kd 'f ½du k Ef iS hf owåK"gwfqm;rsm; tcsK;d usyg0ifaeMuygonf/

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qJvf[laom puf½kH y½kdwkdyvmZrfjzifhzGJUpnf;xm;aomqJvfonf aY½Gvsm;onf/ BuD;xGm;onf/ tpmtm[m&rSD0Jonf/ rsKd;yGm;onf/ ,if;vkyfif;rsm;aqmif½GufEdkif&ef pepfusaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;yg0ifonf/ tzGJUtpnf;vkdtyf ygonf/ qJvt f wGi;f ½Sd y½kw d ydk vmZrfwiG f EsLuvD,yft&nfEiS hf qdu k w f ydk vmZrfay: qJvt f &nfrsm; yg0if ygonf/ EsLuvD,yfonf qJvw f pfcv k ;Hk \ tkycf sKyaf &;XmecsKyjf zpfonf/ qdu k w f ydk vmZrfwiG u f m; pGr;f tifXme (rdkufwkduGef'&D;,m;)? ukefypönf;xkwfvkyfa&;Xme(½dkufbkdqkrf;)? o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;(qJvftwGif;uGef,uf)? okad vSmifa&;*kad 'gifrsm;(AJct k v dk )f ? umuG,af &;Xme(tyifqv J rf sm;wGif rmausmaomqJvef &H ?H vlYcE¨mqJvrf sm;wGif yg;vTmaomtajr§;yg;) ponfwkdYjzpfMuonf/ «armifarmfOD;(aq;-2)? oifhcE¨mukd,f½SdqJvf? pm 27-31» omrefrsupf jd zifrh jrifEikd af om qJvaf v;wpfv;Hk twGi;f ü þrQpepfwuszUJG pnf;xm;jcif;? vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif½u G af ejcif;wkYdrmS wdu k q f ikd rf aI Mumifjh zpfvmjcif;r[kwb f J todÓPfEiS , hf OS af omt&m (0g) wkEidI ;f rJÓ h Pfawmf ½Sif tv’m[f\&nf½, G cf suyf gaom zefqif;rIqifu h jJ zpfpOfyifjzpfayonf/

obm0ajyjypfrI ]rjywfrpJ oem;Muifemawmfrlaom r[mu½kPmawmf½SifonfyifvQif uk&ftmef usrf;awmfukd oifMum;ay;awmfrlcJhonf/ vlom;ukdzefqif;awmfrlcJhonf/ ¤if; vlom;tm; pum;taMumif;t&mukd oifay;awmfrlcJhonf/ aeESifhvwkdYonf twGuftcsuf tcsdefESifhudkufnDpGm ½SSdaeMuonf/ Mu,f? yifpnfrygaom tyifrsm;ESifh yifpnfygaomtyifrsm;onf xkdt½Sifjrwf\ owfrSwfcsufOya' rsm;ukd emcHOD;csvsuf½SdMuonf/ xkdt½Sifjrwfonfyif rkd;aumif;uifukd jrifhpGifh pGmjyKcJhNyD; [efcsufnDrIukd jyxm;awmfrlcJhonf/ toifwkdYonf [efcsufnDrIü csKd;azmufjcif;rjyKMuap&efjzpfonf/ xkdYjyif toifwkdYonf csdefwG,frIukd w&m;rQwpGm apmifhxdef;Mu&efvnf;aumif;? [efcsufnDrIü ,kwfavsmhapjcif; r½SdMuap&efvnf;aumif;jzpfayonf/ xkdYjyif urÇmN*dK[fukdvnf; zefqif;cHwkdY (uk&ftmef 55;1-10) tusKd;iSm xm;½SdawmfrlcJhonf/

ouf½Sd(tyifESifhowå0g)rsm; wpfOD;ukdwpfOD;rSDckdrI urÇmN*Kd [w f iG f ouf½t dS &mrsm;tok;H jyKaompGr;f tm;ukd aerS&½So d nf/ tyifwYdkonf aY½v G sm;Edik jf cif;r½Síd tpm½Smrpm;Edkifmu/ xkdYaMumifh tyifwkdYonf aea&mifjcnfrSpGrf;tm;ukd,lí ,if;wkdY\qJvfxJwGif½Sdaom tpdr;f a&mif uvk½d Zdk v D rf sm;jzifh umAk[ d u kd Nf 'dwrf sm; csuv f yk o f nf/ y½kw d if;ESihf tqDrsm;ukd tpmtjzpf pm;ok;H Muonf/ tyifpm;aom owå0gu tyifpm;jcif;jzifh txufyg0w¬Krsm;ukd wdu k ½f u kd &f ½SMd uygonf/ okYd aomf tom;pm;aomowå0grsm;url xdktyifwdkYukdpm;aomowå0grsm;ukd wpfqifhpm;aomaMumifh tyifrsm;xJrS oG,0f u kd af omenf;jzifh tpm&½Sjd cif;jzpfayonf/ wpfzefowå0grsm;aoaMuysupf ;D aomtcg aqG;ajr, h , dk iG ;f oGm;Ny;D tyifrsm;rS0D pJ m;ok;H &eftwGuf ajrMoZmESihf "gwfqm;rsm;jzpfomG ;Mujyefonf/

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owå0grsm; touf½LS xkwv f u kd af om umAGe'f ikd af tmufq'kd "f gwfudk tyifrsm;u½SLoGi;f í tpmcsuv f yk f &mwGif okH;Muonf/ ,if;okdY tpmcsufvkyf&mwGif xGufay:vmaom atmufpD*sif"gwfukd owå0gwkdYu touf½LS Mu&jyefonf/ þokYd ouf½t dS yifEiS hf owå0grsm; wpfO;D ukw d pfO;D rScD rdk jI yKae&ouJo h Ydk NydKiq f ikd rf ?I yl;aygif;rIrsm;vnf; ½Sad eMuNyD; obm0\ajyjypfru I dk awGUjrifae&ayonf/ vlom;url jrifrh m;aom½kyu f vmyfpnf; qJvzf UJG pnf;rIEiS hf jrifrh m;pGmzGUH NzKd ;aomOD;aESmuf½adS eNy;D tyifEiS hf owå0gESprf sK;d pvk;H ukd pm;ok;H cGi?hf ok;H pGcJ iG ½hf adS eMuayonf/ twdwaf cwfrS ,aeYwikd f rsm;pGmaomvlwYdk u owå0grsm;om touf½NdS yD; tyifrsm;rSmtoufr½S[ d k rSm;,Gif;rSm,lqaeMuonf/ pifppf tyifrsm;onfvnf; wd&pämefrsm;uJhokdY ouf½Sdt&mrsm;omjzpfaMumif; xif½mS ;pGmawGUjrifae&ayonf/ xkYdjyif tyifrsm;onf zefqif;½Sit f v’m[f\ owfrw S cf suOf ya'twdik ;f emcHvsuf wd&pämefESifh vlom;wkdYtusKd;iSm b0wnfaqmufaeMu&onf/ tyifwkdYü qifjcifwkHw&m;ESifh vGwfvyfpGm a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG rhf ½So d nft h jyif zefqif;½Sit f v’m[f\trdeYftwdik ;f emcHaeMu&ojzifh ukov dk f tukov dk f rjzpfMu yg/ aemifwrvGefb0vnf;r½SdMuyg/ ¤if;wkdYtwGuf i&JESifh qkvmbf[lívnf;r½Sdyg/

toufESifh ezfpf0dnmOfuGmjcm;ykH tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfonf pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ukd tqifq h ifh jyKpyk sK;d axmifawmfral om zefqif;½Sif jzpfayonf/ À vlom;\½kycf E¨mukd ajray:ajratmuf o,HZmypön;f rsm;rS zGUH NzdK;jzpfay:aponf/ (uk&ftmef 71;17-18? 20;55) À vlom;\toufudk a&rSzUHG NzdK;jzpfay:aponf/ (uk&ftmef 21;30) À vlom;wGif ½kycf E¨mESit hf ouftjyif ezfp0f n d mOf½adS eayonf/ ,if;(ezfp)f 0dnmOfudk ½l[af c: pGr;f tifx;l ( )rS jzpfay:aponf/ (uk&ftmef 32;9) xked zfp0f n d mOfrmS zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufEikd pf rG ;f ½So d vk?d qkw, f w k , f , dk iG ;f Edik pf rG ;f vnf;½So d nf/ zefqif;½Sit f v’m[f \ 0[Dvrf;nTepf rD u H ed ;f w&m;twkid ;f usio hf ;Hk aexdik o f \ l ezfp0f n d mOfrmS zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufvmNy;D avmuDb0üvnf; atmifjrifum wrvGeb f 0üvnf; *seef ofac: tpOfxm0&NyD;jynfph aHk om tajctaeokYd qdu k af &mufrnfjzpfay onf/ tv’m[f\0[Dvrf;nTepf rD u H ed ;f w&m;ESihf qefYusiaf exdik yf gu avmuDüqkw, f w k ef pfemNy;D wrvGeb f 0 üvnf; i&Jvm;ayrnf/ vlom;wpfOD;csif;jyKorQaumif;rIjzpfap? raumif;rIjzpfap xkdol\ ezfpf0dnmOfü wpfcsdefwnf;ü rSwfwrf;wifxm;NyD;jzpfavonf/ ½Sifjyefxajrmuf&rnfhaeYwGif ,if;\tusKd;qufukd cHpm; pHpm;Mu&ayonf/ xkdYaMumifh vl\½kyfcE¨mü ½l[fac: 0dnmOfpGrf;tifxl; 0ifa&mufNyD;aemuf oaE¨om;ü ezfpf0dnmOf jzpfvmNyD; wpfqufwnf;rSmyif uvfAfac: pdwfESvkH; (qifjcifwkHw&m;? ÓPftajrmftjrif? vGwfvyfpGm a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG Ehf iS hf cHpm;wwfrw I Ydk)jzpfay:vm&onf/ touf½adS Mumif;ukd y½kw d ydk vmZrfEiS hf qJvu f vmyfpnf; tm[m&jyKjcif;? touf½LS jcif;? tnpftaMu; pGeYfjcif;wkYd\ vu©Pmrsm;ukMd unfíh odEikd af Mumif; aY½w S iG af vhvmcJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ xkYdtwl ezfp0f n d mOf½adS Mumif; ukd vlwYdküpdwEf v S ;Hk ? qifjcifww Hk &m;? ÓPftajrmftjrif? vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG Ehf iS hf cHpm;wwfrI ponfh

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vu©Pmrsm;½Sad eaMumif;ukd Munf½h o I Ed ikd yf gonf/ tcsKUd ½ky0f g'rsm;url pdwEf iS chf pH m;rI[o l nf ½ky0f w¬Kjzpfaom OD;aESmufEiS ehf AfaMumpepfrsm;rS ay:xGuv f m ojzifh ½kyo f mjzpfonf[q k Mdk uygonf/ ,if;okYdqv dk Qif ,if;OD;aESmufEiS ehf AfaMumpepfudk cE¨mjyifyokYd xkwx f m; vdu k yf gu ,if;wkYdu, dk w f ikd f rnfonftodEiS chf pH m;rIurdk Q odjrifcpH m;Edik pf rG ;f r½Sad wmhacs/ pifppf ]½ky0f w¬Kypön;f OD;aESmuf? eAfaMumpepf}ESihf ]0dnmOf}wkYdrmS qufo, G rf ½I adS eaomfvnf; oD;jcm;pDjzpfygonf/ xkYdaMumifh a,bl,s tm;jzifh ½kyEf iS ehf mrf[íl cGjJ cm;ac:a0:aejcif;omjzpfygonf/ ½kycf E¨mü ZD0½kyw f nfaqmufjcif;xuf ysupf ;D jcif;u tcsed t f wefMum qufvufrsm;jym;cJah omf y½kw d dk yvmZrf\ vIyf½Sm;x
tyifrsm;ESifh wd&pämefrsm;ü ½kyfcE¨mESifh touf½SdMuaomfvnf; ezfpf0dnmOfr½SdMuacs/ xkdYaMumifh ¤if;wkYd ü pdwEf v S ;Hk ? qifjcifww Hk &m;? ÓPftajrmftjrif? vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyidk cf iG Ehf iS hf cHpm;rIwYdk r½SMd uacs/ xkYdtjyif zefqif;½Sit f v’m[fu ¤if;wkYdtoD;oD;twGuf owfrw S af y;xm;aom obm0owfrw S cf suf Oya'rsm; twdik ;f emcHusio hf ;Hk aeMu&onf/ qifjcifww Hk &m;r½SMd uí pOf;pm;qk;H jzwfjcif;vnf;r½S/d vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,f jyKyikd cf iG v hf nf;r½SMd u/ wDxiG Bf uHqí aqmif½u G Ef ikd pf rG ;f vnf;r½SMd uacs/ ]obm0todpw d }f (Instinct)jzifo h m &yfwnfaeMuonf/ Oyrm - usm;onf tom;ukdompm;okH;\/ tyifukd rpm;okH;acs/ EGm;onf jruf? aumuf½;dk uko d mpm;\/ tom;ukrd pm;ok;H acs/ usm;onf tyifrpm;? EGmonftom;rpm;bJ obm0Oya'twdik ;f emcHaeonf/ xkYd aMumifh tyifEiS hf owå0gwkYo d nf zefqif;½Sit f v’m[f owfrw S x f m;&m obm0Oya'orsm;uko d m jiif;y,fjcif;r½Sb d J vdu k ef maeMu&í raumif;rIEiS jhf ypfrI (ukov dk Ef iS t hf ukov kd )f rjzpfMuacs/ uR?J EGm;rsm; ypön;f o,fjcif;? v,fxeG af y;aeMujcif;rSm ¤if;wkYdonf vlwYdt k m; oem;Muifemojzifh ulnaD eMujcif;r[kwyf g/ uREJ mG ;wkYd\obm0twdik ;f aqmif½u G af eMu jcif;omjzpfygonf/ usm;wkYdu tom;pm;aeMujcif;rSm owå0gwkYdudk rke;f wD;aompdwaf pwem&nfp;l csuaf Mumifh r[kwb f J ¤if;wkYd\ tpmtm[m& obm0twdik ;f jyKral eMujcif;omjzpfygonf/ owå0grsm;u ouf½t dS yifrsm;ukd pm;ok;H aeMujcif;rSm ,if;ouf½t dS yifwYdu k dk aoaMuepfemapvkad ompdwaf pwemjy|mef;csuaf Mumifrh [kwb f J tv’m[f owfrw S &f m Oya'owfrw S cf suf [efcsun f rD ?I ajyjypfro I bm0twdik ;f jyKral ejcif;omjzpfygonf/ xkYdaMumifh tyifEiS o hf wå0gwkYdü qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf pdwaf pwem jy|mef;csurf ½S/d 0dnmOfvnf;r½So d jzifh ¤if;wkYd\jyKrcl surf sm;twGuf aumif;ESijf ypfrrI xdu k af cs/ ¤if;wkYdtoufaoaomtcg ½kycf E¨mrsm;,k, d iG ;f oGm;Mu Ny;D ajrMoZm"gwfoYdk ajymif;oGm;Muonf/ ,if;rS tjcm;aomouf½t dS yif? bufw;D &D;,m;yk;d rTm; ponfwYdktjzpf

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ajymif;vJomG ;Edik Mf uayonf/ ¤if;wkYd twGuf vlom;wkYd uo hJ Ydk wrvGeb f 0ü i&JEiS q hf v k mbf(*sEo é )f wkYd r½Sad cs/ qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG rhf ½Sad omowå0gü rnfoYdrk Qaumif;rIEiS jhf ypfrI roufa&muf Edik af cs/ ¤if;wkYdudk zefqif;½Sit f v’m[fu vlom;wkYdtusK;d iSm pDrjH yKvyk af y;xm;jcif;omjzpfygonf/ qifjcifwHk w&m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG ½hf o dS w l Ydktay:üom aumif;rIEiS jhf ypfrt I usK;d oufa&mufonf/ txl;ojzifh qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG u hf dk tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKMuolwYdt k ay:ü jypfrt I ukov dk t f usK;d oufa&muf ygonf/

pMu0VmESifh vlom;\tcef;u@ tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfonf pMu0VmESiv hf o l m;ukd rdr\ d u½kPmw&m;xif½mS ;ap&eftvkYdimS zefqif;xif½mS ; jzpfay:apjcif;omjzpfayonf/ (uk&t f mef 11;119) tv’m[f\wkEidI ;f rJh u½kPmpDru H ed ;f Bud;wGif vlom;onf t"duu@rS yg0ifayonf/

pMu0Vm tv’m[fonf pMu0Vmrsm;ESihf urÇmN*dK[u f dk r½S&d mrS½&dS mokYd pwifzefqif;awmfral om t½Sijf zpfawmf rlonf/ tv’m[fonf wpfpw Hk pf&mukd jy|mef;owfrw S v f v dk Qif pDrrH t I rdeYfawmfjzifh ]jzpfap}[k trdeYfay;½krH Qjzifh xkdt&monf xif½Sm;jzpfay:vmonf/ (uk&ftmef 2;117) pMu0Vmukd rlvu tckd;taiGUtoGifjzifh wpfpkwnf;½Sdxm;&mrS tv’m[fu cGJjcm;jzpfay:apcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf avmucyfodrf;toD;oD;wkdY tqifhqifhxif½Sm;jzpfay:apcJhonf/ (uk&ftmef 41;11? 21;30? 1;2) N*dK[f? eu©wftoD;oD;ESifh aewkdYonf rdrdwkdYywfvrf;toD;oD;ü vIyf½Sm;aY½Gvsm;vsuf½SdaeMuonf/ (uk&ftmef 20;33? 36;38) aerdom;pkü aeywfvrf;½SdaMumif; ,cktcg odyÜHynm½SifwkdY awGU½SdvmcJhMua&m aeonfvnf; rdryd wfvrf;ü vIy½f mS ;a½GUvsm;aeaya&m rdr\ d *vufqMD u,fNrKd UawmfBu;D \A[ku d dk wpfywfywfr&d ef ESpaf ygif; (225)oef;Mumjrifah yrnf/ Mu,faygif;uka#aygif;rsm;pGm zGUJ pnf;xm;aom *vufqMD u,fNrKd UawmfBu;D rsm; pMu0VmtwGi;f ü ajrmufrsm;pGm ½So d nf/ tv’m[fonf pMu0VmBuD;ukd wpfaygif;wnf;rS cGjJ cm;NyD;aemuf pMu0VmBuD;onf csUJ um;vsu½f adS e aMumif; uk&t f mefusr;f jrwf\azmfjycsuu f v dk nf; vlom;wkYd awGU½Sv d mMujyefonf/ ]¤if;jyif igt½Sifjrwfonf pMu0Vmukd bkef;awmfjzifh wnfaqmufawmfrlcJh\/ pifppf igt½Sifjrwfonf trSefyif us,f0ef;apawmfrlaom t½Sifjzpfawmfrl\/} (uk&ftmef 51;47)

vlom; pMu0VmESihf avmucyford ;f wkYdonf tv’m[f\owfrw S jf y|mef;&m (owfu'D&)f ac: Oya'owfrw S cf suf rsm;twdik ;f emcHaeMuonf/ pMu0VmBu;D ukd jyKvyk zf efqif;ol? pDrcH efYco JG ?l w&m;pD&ifppfaq;rnfo h rl mS tv’m[f wpfyg;wnf;omjzpfonf/ pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ukd tv’m[fu ajcmuf&uf (0g) umvajcmufcjk zifh tqifq h ifh zefqif;awmf rlcJhonf/ (uk&ftmef 32;4)

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pMu0VmBu;D ukd ,if;okYdBu;D us,cf ef;em;pGm tqifq h ifzh efqif;&jcif;rSm tv’m[fu vlom;wkYdtm; u½kPm w&m;jyí rnfoo l nf taumif;qk;H vky&f yfjyKvyk o f jl zpfaMumif; prf;oyfrnfjzpfNy;D vlom;wkid ;f \vky&f yfudk tpm; ay;vkíd jzpfonf/ (uk&t f mef 11;7) jrifrh m;aom&nf½, G cf suEf iS hf trSew f &m;twGujf zpfonf/ (uk&t f mef 16;3) xkYdaMumifh tv’m[fonf vlom;ukd pMu0Vmü taumif;qk;H ½kyef mrfprG ;f &nfobm0wkYdjzifh zefqif;xm; onf/ (uk&ftmef 95;4? 87;2) urÇmN*dK[fukd qufcHolrsm;tjzpf jyKvkyfawmfrlcJhonf/ (uk&ftmef 2;30? 6;164) vlom;rsK;d EG,rf sm;ukd vlY*P k af y;oem;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ (uk&t f mef 17;70) pMu0Vmrsm;ESihf urÇmN*dK[üf ½So d rQwYdkudk vlom;\vufatmufct H jzpf pDrjH y|mef;xm;onf/ ,kMH unfvt JT yfraI y;xm;onf/ (uk&t f mef 31;20? 45;13)/ okdYjzpfay&m vlom;onf aus;Zl;awmf½Sif tv’m[f\,kHMunfvTJtyfrIukd tvGJokH;pm;rjyKtyfacs/ tv’m[f\vrf;nTew f &m;awmfEiS t hf nD b0wnfaqmufjcif;jzifh tv’m[f\aus;Zl;w&m;uko d w d wfo?l trSef w&m;ukjd rwfE;dk oltjzpf &yfwnfMu&ayrnf/

vlUb0jzpfpOf pMu0Vmukd umvajcmufck(0g) ajcmuf&ufjzifh tqifhqifhtv’m[fu zefqif;xif½Sm;xm;ay&m ,cktcg pMu0Vm\ajcmuf&ufajrmufaeY aemufqkH;tcsdefumvrsm;ü vlom;wkdYa&muf½Sdaejcif;jzpfayonf/ urÇmN*dK[füvnf; acwftoD;oD;ü tv’m[fxHrS vlom;eADwrefwmftvif;jyrsm; ay:xGef;apcJh&m ,cktcg aemufq;Hk wrefawmfcsKyf rk[r®'v f nf; ay:xGe;f Ny;D jzpfayonf/ pMu0Vm\wpf&uf[o l nf urÇmN*Kd [üf a&wGuf aom wpf&ufuq dk v dk jkd cif;r[kwyf g/ owfrw S u f mv ajcmuf&ufjynfyh gu pMu0Vmonf aemufq;Hk tcsed ef m&DoYdk a&muf½NdS yD; vuf½t Sd oGio f bm0rS toGio f pfobm0opfoYdk qufvufajymif;vJomG ;ayrnf/ xkt d cg obm0 topfjzifh i&J(*s[Eérf)ESifh *sEéwf ac: xm0&NyD;jynfhpkHaomtajctaewkdY ay:aygufvmayrnf/ (uk&ftmef 77;7-9? 55;37? 21;104? 7;187? 39;68-69? 14;48) vlom;\b0onf vlYavmura&mufrD oefYpifaom0dnmOfb0 (7;172)? xkYd aemuf owfrw S cf sed üf vlUavmuü ajr^uvva&Munfb0 (23;12-13)? oaE¨om;b0 (13;8)? arG;zGm;jcif; (46;15)jzifh vlYavmu okYd a&mufvmcJo h nf/ aojcif;w&m;u vlom;ukd A&fZaf c: Mum;tajctaeokYd ykYd aqmifvu kd o f nf/ (29;57? 23;100)? aoNyD;0dnmOftm;vk;H onf A&fZcfac: Mum;tajctaeü½SMd uonf/ ,if;tajctaeü avmuDtcsed f uefYowf^owfrSwfcsufuJhokdYr[kwf/ avmuDuJhokdY tmumoae&muefYowfcsuf? owfrSwfcsufrsKd;r½Sdacs/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tdyrf ufwiG ;f ü aoolEiS v hf nf;awGU\? rk;d ys\ H ? ajrvQK;d \? jyifytcsed af e&mü jyKír&aomudprö sm; tdyrf ufüvG,u f pl mG jzpfonf/ xkYdtwl ,aeYoyd yHÜ nmüvnf; tcsed [ f o l nf pMu0VmtwGi;f ü wpforwfwnf;pD;qif;aejcif;? ½Sad ejcif; r[kw/f tcsed [ f o l nf usKUH jcif;? qefYjcif;? &yfjcif;wkYd½o dS nf[k odjrifvmcJMh uonf/ tdik ;f pwkid ;f \ &DavwDAw D D oDt&dk aD emufwiG f (3 Dimension) ok;H bufjrifobm0ukv d eG af jrmufí tcsed u f dk 'dik rf if;½Si;f (Dimension)jzifh avhvmodjrifvmaeMuonf/ xkYdaMumifh aooltm;vk;H \0dnmOfrsm;onf pMu0Vmajcmuf&ufjynfu h m toGif ajymif;rnfah eY (0g) ½Sijf yefxajrmuf&rnfah eYudk apmifq h idk ;f ae&aom tcsed \ f oabmr½Sad cs/ A&fZcfac: Mum;tajctaeukd tcsed jf zifah zmfjyír&acs/ okYdaomf pMu0VmtoGiaf jymif;rnf?h ½Sijf yefxajrmuf rnfah eYwiG f aoolwYdk\0dnmOftm;vk;H ½Sijf yefxajrmufum rdrw d Ydk\ ukov dk f tukov dk t f vdu k f pD&ifcMH u&rnf jzpfayonf/

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uk&t f mefü ae(0g)Mu,frsm; avmifpmukecf rf;í acgufvyd jf cif;obm0ukad zmfjyxm;onf/ (81;1-2) ,cktcg ,if;obm0ukd pMu0VmtwGi;f ü wGi;f eufrsm;(Black holes)tjzpf qef;Mu,fpmG awGUjrifae&ayonf/ tcsKdUvnf; vuf½SdpMu0Vm ,kd,Gif;&ef tcsdefrsm;pGmvkdao;onf[k qkdMuonf/ wdkufwpfvkH;rSm rnfrQopfviG cf idk cf aHh pumrl? omreftm;jzifh ESp(f 100)cH&rnf[k ,lq&apumrl a&çajrçavçrD;çivsi'f Pfrsm;aMumifh csucf si;f ysuEf ikd af yonf/ xkYd wl pMu0VmvQKUd 0Sucf supf rG ;f tifudk vlom;wkYd t
toufaojcif;ESifhtoufowfjcif; toD;t½Gupf m;jcif; ]okdYjzpfay&m vlom;onf rdrd\tpm;tpmukd MunfhMu&rnf/} (uk&ftmef 80;24) toufEiS 0hf n d mOf uGmjcm;csuu f dk avhvmcJNh yD;jzpfygonf/ touf[o l nfh qJvu f vmyfpnf; (y½kw d dk yvmZrf)rsm;onf aoMuonf/ Oyrm-opfyifrS opfo;D wpfv;Hk cl;vdu k jf cif;? [if;oD;[if;½Guu f dk csK;d vdu k jf cif;jzifh qJv(f 0g) toufuo dk wfvu kd jf cif;? aoapjcif;jzpfvmayrnf/ uREykf w f Ydk pm;ok;H aom opfo;D jzpfap? [if;oD; [if;½Gujf zpfap? oD;ESjH zpfap toufaooGm;onfh y½kw d ydk vmZrf&nfrsm;jzpfMuayonf/ tom;ESihf ig;uJo h Ydkyif jzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumifh toD;t½Gufpm;okH;jcif;ukd oufowfvGwf[k rqkdEdkifacs/ toD;t½GufqGwfcl;jcif; onfvnf; qJv(f 0g) toufowfjcif;? aoapjcif;omjzpfayonf/

v,f,mukefxkwfvkyfrI ]toifwkdYonf rdrdwkdYpdkufysKd;cJhMuonfwkdYukd jrifcJhMuavoavm/}} (uk&ftmef 56;63) ]xkdt½Sifjrwfonf ,if;(urÇmN*dK[f)rS ,if;\a&ukdvnf;aumif;? ,if;\ jruf? opfyifoD;ESH pm;usufrsm;ukdvnf;aumif; xGufapawmfrlcJh\/ oifwkdY tusKd;iSmvnf;aumif;? oifwkdY\ uRJEGm;wd&pämefwkdY\tusKd;iSmvnf;aumif; (uk&ftmef 79;30-32) jzpfayonf/} tyifrsm;onf vlwYdk\pm;eyf&u d m© tm[m&twGuf yifrtajccHrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ wd&pämefrsm;onf vnf; pm;eyf&du©mtm[m&wGif ta&;ygMuonf/ wd&pämewkdY\tpmwGif tyifrsm;vnf; yg0ifMuygonf/ vlom;wkYdpm;ok;H jcif;rjyKaom tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;ukv d nf; owå0gwkYd pm;ok;H Muygonf/ xkYdaemuf vlwYdktwGuf tom;? om;a&? om;arT;? EkdY paom xkwfukefrsm; ajymif;vJxkwfvkyfay;Muygonf/ trsK;d om;pD;yGm;a&;tajccHudk jr§iw hf ifonfeh nf;vrf;rsm;teuf v,f,mukex f w k v f yk rf I zGUH NzdK;wk;d wuf vkdaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;wdkif;onf (1) 0rf;pmzlv½Hk Hk pdu k yf sK;d a&;tqifh (Subsistance Farming) (2) bufpkHpdkufysKd;a&;tqifh (Mixed or Diversified Farming)

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(3) txl;jyKv,f,mtqifh (Specialized Farming) wkYdudk wpfqifNh y;D wpfqifh ul;ajymif;Edik af tmif BuKd ;yrf; Mu&ygonf/ «armifxdefvif;? ]jrefrmhv,f,mvkyfief; aY½SwpfvSrf;wuf}(yxrwGJ)? &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1985? pm 30»

bufpkHpdkufysKd;a&;tqifhrS txl;jyKv,f,mtqifhokdY bufppHk u kd yf sK;d a&;tqifw h iG f t"duoD;ESw H pfrsK;d wnf;uko d m tNrpJ u kd yf sK;d aejcif;r[kwaf wmhbJ opfo;D 0vH ESihf [if;oD;[if;½Gupf u kd yf sK;d jcif;? arG;jrLa&;yg wGb J ufvyk u f ikd jf cif;wkYd yg0ifvmygonf/ vkyt f m;coufom aprnfh pufud&d,mrsm;? txGufwkd;aprnfh enf;ynmrsm;vnf; yg0ifvmygonf/ bufpkHoD;ESHpdkufysKd;a&; atmifjrifap&ef ajr,mjyKjyifjcif;? a&ab;umuG,fjcif;? a&&½Sdatmif aqmif½Gufjcif;? rsKd;aumif;rsKd;oefYrsm; a½G;cs,af y;jcif;? acwfreD nf;pepfrsm;ok;H jcif;wkYdtjyif "gwfajrMoZmok;H jcif;ESihf yk;d owfaq;&nfo;Hk pGjJ cif;wkYdonf vnf; yg0ifygonf/ Muuf? bJ? uR?J EGm;rsm;ESihf ig;arG;jrLjcif;jzifh v,f,mrS tyk0d ifaiGrsm; &½Sv d mapygonf/ txl;jyKv,f,mtqifrh mS twk;d wufq;Hk tqifjh zpfygonf/ vlaerItqifh jrifrh m;vmjcif;? ZD0aA'ESihf pdu k yf sK;d a&;enf;ynmrsm; xGe;f um;wk;d wufvmjcif;? jynfyaps;uGuo f Ydkyg ukeo f , G rf w I ;dk csUJ vmjcif;wkYdjzpfygonf/ «armifxdefvif;? ]jrefrmhv,f,mvkyfief; aY½SwpfvSrf;wuf}(yxrwGJ)? &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1985? pm 32-38? 74»

wkd;wufrIESifh t[efYtwm;rsm; v,f,mu@toGifajymif;&mwGif a'oqkdif&mvlUtzGJUtpnf;\ "avhp½dkuf? ,kHMunfrI? vlrIa&; ponfh tpGrJ sm;½Sw d wfMuay&m wpfcgwpf&H wk;d wufrt I oGiaf jymif;a&;twGuf t[efytwm;rsm;jzpfwwfyg onf/ xkdYaMumifh bufpkHynmay;a&;rSm tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ Oyrm Ä ajymif;vJonfph epfr&S vmrnfh tjrwftpGe;f tay: oHo,½Sjd cif;/ Ä rdrw d Ydk aus;vuftzGUJ tpnf;\ b0vrf;aMumif;ajymif;vJaprnfh tajymif;tvJrsm;tay: aMumuf½UHG rIEiS hf oHo,rsm;jzpfjcif;/ Ä uRJ? EGm; tokH;jyKonfhae&mwGif xGefpufESifh pufud&d,mrsm; okH;vmjcif;/ txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'orsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;wk;d wufap&ef ewfwYdu k dk ,kMH unfjcif;jzpfap? ,Zfyal Zmfjcif; jzpfap t,lrsm;½SMd uouJo h Ydk EGm;rsm;ukv d nf; v,f,mvkyif ef;twGuf rdrw d Ydk\ aus;Zl;½Sit f jzpf rSw, f rl rI sK;d vnf; ½SdwwfMuygonf/ pifppf uREJ mG ;½S½d rHk Qjzifh pyg;oD;ESH r&Edik yf g/ a&? ajr? av? rD; ponfh obm0ypön;f rsm;? vlYprG ;f tm; ESihf enf;vrf;rsm;vkt d yfygonf/ ,cktcg uREJ mG ;rsm;ae&mwGif pufu&d,mrsm;ukd tok;H jyKjcif;jzifh ykrd adk umif;rGef wk;d wuftusK;d ½Sad ompepfoYdk a&muf½adS eayNyD/

oD;ESHzsufykd;ESifh ykd;owfaq; pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;wGif oD;ESHzsufykd;rsm;\tEÅ&m,frSm rao;vSacs/ oD;ESHzsufykd; rsK;d aygif;rsm;pGm½So d nf/ trsm;tm;jzifh tif;qufy;dk rsm;jzpfMuonf/ tif;qufy;dk r[kwb f J zsupf ;D aomtaumif rsm;rSm
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(2) v,f,mvkyif ef;jzifh ESrd ef if;eif;rsm;pGm½So d nf/ ¤if;wkYdteuf xnfx;dk ? xGeaf rTMum;aygif; aygif;vdu k af y;jcif;jzifh ajratmuftif;qufrsm; ajray:a&mufum aoaMuMuygonf/ (3) ouf½o dS wå0grsm;uko d ;Hk í ESrd ef if;&mwGif iSu?f zm;? a>r ponfwYdkuo dk ;Hk um yk;d aumifrsm;ukpd m;apygonf/ (4) "gwkaA'yk;d owfaq;rsm;udt k ok;H jyKívnf; yk;d rTm;tEÅ&m,f ESrd ef if;Mu&ygonf/ xkYdaMumifh omrefajrxGe, f uf½rHk Qjzifyh if touf½adS omtif;qufy;dk rsm;aoaMu&onft h jyif oD;ESzH suyf ;dk rsm;twGuf yk;d owfaq;rsm;ukd ok;H aeMu&ay&m pdu k yf sK;d a&;u@ü toufowfjcif; rnfoYdk rQ rvGwEf ikd af y/ okYdaomf ,if;okYd toufowfjcif;aMumifh jypfrrI xdu k af cs/ ,if; tif;qufy;dk rTm;owå0gwkYdü ezfp0f n d mOfr½SMd ubJ toufuvmyfpnf; qJvrf sm;om½SMd uíjzpfonf/

urÇmhpm;eyf&du©mqkESifh wDxGifrIqk tmz&duwdu k o f m; oef;aygif;rsm;pGm tpm;tpmiwfrw G af cgif;yg;rnfah b;rS u,fq,fay;cJah om qdpG v f rl sK;d odyyHÜ nm½Sif [ef;pftm&f[m&if;tm; urÇmph m;eyf&u d m© qk cs;D jri§ v hf u kd o f nf/ [m&if;Edik if w H umtoif;ukd wDxiG rf I qk cs;D jri§ rhf nf/ [m&if;Edik if w H umtoif;onf tmz&duwdu k \ f ta&;Bu;D qk;H pm;ok;H oD;ESjH zpfonfh yavmyDeu H dk ESppf Ofa':vm oef;(2000)zk;d rQ zsuq f ;D ypfaeaom yk;d rTm;wpfrsK;d tm; tjrpfjzwfow k o f ifay;onfh aq;&nfwpfrsK;d ukd wDxGifazmfpyfay;cJhonf/ «jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm - 19.10.95? pm 3» xkYdaMumifh toufowfwikd ;f jypfrrI xdu k b f J jrwfaomvlYtoufudk umuG,rf t I jzpf *kPjf yKxu kd af om udp&ö yfrsm;pGm½Sad eygonf/

bufpkHarG;jrLa&;ESifh EdkifiHwkd;wufa&; usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f uke;f arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;? a&arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;ESiihf g;zrf;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd cGijhf yKxm;ay onf/ (16;5? 16;14? 5;96) bufpaHk rG;jrLa&;aqmif½u G &f mwGif v,form;rsm;tygt0if jynforl sm;taejzifv h nf; v,f,mxGuu f ek f rsm;ok;H pGíJ wwftm;orQ wpfEikd af rG;jrLa&;? pkaygif;arG;jrLa&;ESihf or0g,rarG;jra&;wkYdudk wk;d csUJ aqmif½u G &f rnf jzpfygonf/ okdYrSom ckdif;EGm;? uRJrsm;ESifh om;ig;? EkdY? O pm;eyf&du©mykdrkdxkwfvkyfEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ EdkifiH wpfEikd if \ H pD;yGm;wk;d wuf&ef bufpaHk rG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd wk;d csUJ vkyu f ikd Mf u&rnfjzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESifh qnfajrmif;0efBuD;Xmetjyif arG;jrLa&;ESifh a&vkyif ef;0efBu;D Xmetqifx h al xmifí oD;jcm;aqmif½u G af e&ygonf/ Edik if yH ikd af rG;jrLa&;NcrH sm;pGm wnfaqmufxm; ygonf/ pHjyarG;jrLa&;NrKd Ue,frsm;ESihf pHjyarG;jrLa&;aus;½Gmrsm;xlaxmifvsu½f ydS gonf/ rsK;d aumif;rsK;d oefY wd&pämef rsm;ukv d nf; jzefYjzL;ay;vsu½f NdS yD; tpmESiahf q;0g;rsm; a&mif;csay;ae&ygonf/ ig;ESihf ykpeG af rG;jrLa&;twGuf oifah wmfaomajrae&mrsm; azmfxw k af e&ygonf/ yifv,fig;zrf;vkyif ef;ukv d nf; jynfoyl ikd t f cef;u@tjzpf aqmif½u G cf iG jhf yKxm;onf/ ig;ESihf a&csKad &iefypk eG af rG;jrLenf;ukv d nf; tm;ay;vsu½f o dS nf/ pifppf bufppHk u kd yf sK;d a&;ESihf arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;rSm vlUtzGUJ tpnf;wpf&yf? Edik if w H pfEikd if \ H toufaoG;aMum ozG,f t"duusvaS yonf/ jynfwiG ;f pm;ok;H rIzv l aHk &;rSonf jynfyokYdyg wk;d jri§ ahf &mif;csa&;twGuf a&wkad &½Snf pDru H ed ;f rsm; tvGet f a&;ygvSygonf/

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usef;rma&;u@ESifhtouf vlwYdo k nf puúeYfrvyf touf½LS vsu½f MdS u\/ ESmacgif;aygufrpS í tqkwt f xd touf½LS vrf;aMumif; wGif a&m*gyk;d rTm;rsm;ukd umuG,rf pI epfrsm;½Sad eayonf/ touf½LS ojzifh avESit hf wl0ifvmaom a&m*gyk;d rTm; rsm;onf ESmacgif;twGi;f tarT;rsm;? eH&½H q dS v J t f wGi;f rS tust d cRrJ sm;ü uyfapjcif;jzifh umuG,rf pI epf½adS eyg onf/ a&m*gyk;d rTm; bufw;D &D;,m;[lonf qJvjf zifh wnfaqmufxm;aom ouf½rdS sm;yifjzpfay&m touf raoapvkyd gu vlwpfO;D touf½LS &efyif rjzpfEikd af wmhay/ xkdYtwl uREfkyfwkdYaomufokH;aeMuaoma&ü rsm;pGmaomykd;rTm;rsm;yg0ifaeayonf/ omrefrsufpdjzifh rjrif&aomfvnf; rPkMunfrh eS b f v D ;l rsm;jzifMh unfu h awGUEdik af yonf/ a&ukBd uKd csu&f mwGijf zpfap? xrif;[if;csu&f m wGijf zpfap a&½Syd ;dk rTm;ajrmufrsm;pGmwkYd aoaMuMuygonf/ oufowfvw G [ f o l nf a&aomufjcif;üyif rjzpfEikd af cs/ vlwkdYwGif a&m*grsm;jzpfwwfMuay&m a&m*gjzpfapaomaMumif;&if;vnf;½Sdygonf/ xkdYtwl a&m*g aysmufuif;&mtaMumif;vnf;½Syd gonf/ t"durSm a&m*gjzpfapaom a&m*gyk;d uko d ½d &dS efEiS hf ,if;yk;d uko d wf&ef jzpfygonf/ ,if;yk;d ukd BudKwifumuG,&f efvnf;vkt d yfygonf/ pifppf vlwYdkaomufaq;rsm;ESihf xk;d aq;rsm; ok;H aeMujcif;rSm oufqikd &f ma*gyk;d rTm;(ouf½)dS rsm;ukd owfaeMujcif;yifjzpfygonf/ 0dnmOf½adS eaom vlom; touf½iS o f efa&;twGuf a&m*gyk;d uko d wf&rnfomjzpfonf/ omreftm;jzifh toufrowfvykd g[lí aq;xk;d jcif;? aq;aomufjcif;wkYd rjyKu jrwfaomvlUtouf qk;H ½I;H &efom½Syd gonf/ use;f rma&;u@wGif a&m*guku d o k jcif;xuf BudKwifumuG,jf cif;u ykrd x dk ad &mufayonf/ vlwYdkwiG f aoG;vGefwkwfauG;a&m*gESifh iSufzsm;a&m*gonf jcifaMumifhjzpfay&m urÇmESifht0Srf; usef;rma&;Xmersm;u jcifwYdkuo dk wfjcif;jzifh tqkyd ga&m*gukd umuG,af eMu&onf/ xkYd wl yvdyaf &m*gonf
w&m;a&;ESifhtouf vlom;wkYd\touf? pnf;pdrEf iS hf vlY*P k o f u d m© umuG,af pmifah ½Smufa&;ESihf vkNH cKH a&;twGuf w&m;Oya' pkd;rkd;a&;onf t"dujzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumifh w&m;½kH;rsm;ü ]ao'Pf}pD&ifydkifcGifhtmPmukd Oya'ESifhtnD w&m;olBuD;wkdYtm; tyfESif;xm;ayonf/ tu,fí olwpfyg;touf rowf&[lí cRif;csufr½SdbJqkdygu vlowfw&m;cHudk ao'Pfay;&rnfh w&m;olBuD;uk, d w f ikd f jypfrt I ukov dk x f u kd o f mG ;Muayrnf/ tpövmrfwiG f ,if;okYd w&m;Oya'twdik ;f aqmif½u G jf cif;onf ukov dk af umif;rIyifjzpfayonf/ w&m;Oya'ukd apmifx h ed ;f jcif; jzifo h m Nidr;f csr;f a&;ESihf trSew f &m;ukd xde;f odr;f Edik af yonf/

EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;ESifhtouf vGwv f yfjcif;? w&m;rQwjcif;? Nidr;f csr;f jcif;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIudk zsuq f ;D vmaom rnfonf&h efou l rdk qkd umuG,w f u kd cf u kd &f efrmS umuG,af &;wyfrawmfrsm;\ wm0efjzpfayonf/ ,if;okYd umuG,w f u kd cf u kd &f mwGif tzsuo f rm;&efow l Ydk\ toufuo dk wf&ojzifh umuG,af &;ESiv hf NHk cHKa&;wm0ef½o dS w l Ydkonf vlowform;rsm;

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jzpfroGm;Muyg/ pifppf ¤if;wkYd\&nf½, G cf suEf iS hf vky&f yfay:wGif rlwnfayonf/ rdr\ d vkyyf ikd cf iG u hf dk tvGo J ;Hk pm; jyKí tjypfro J t l m;owfvQiu f m; tjypfxu kd af yonf/ w&m;aomppfEiS hf trSew f &m;umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f a&;twGuf owfjzwf&onfqydk gu vlYtowfyifjzpfap umrl tjypfrxdu k af cs/

tpövmrfhw&m;ESifhvlY0dnmOf ]]tv’m[ft½Sifjrwfu jrifhjrwfpGmjyKvkyfxm;aom ezfpf0dnmOfukd toifwkdY rowfMuavESifh/ okdYaomf trSefw&m;twGufrl (>cif;csuf½Sdayonf/} (uk&ftmef 17;33)

]tMuifrnfolrqkd vlowfrItwGuf (Oya't& tpm;ay;jcif;)vnf;r[kwf? urÇmN*dK[f0,f tzsufvkyfief; jyefYyGm;apjcif;aMumifhvnf;r[kwfbJ (ezfpf) 0dnmOfwpfckukdowfcJhaomf vlom;rsKd;EG,fwpf&yfvkH;ukd owfouJhokdYyifjzpfonf/ xkdYtwl tMuifrnfolrqkd ,if;(0dnmOf)ukd u,fwif½SifoefapthH/ vlom;xk wpf&yfvkH;ukd u,fwif½SifoefapouJhokdYyifjzpfonf/} (uk&ftmef 5;32) w&m;awmfwiG f toufEiS 0hf n d mOfudk xif½mS ;pGm cGjJ cm;jyqkx d m;ay&m tyifEiS hf wd&pämefwYdkrmS vlom;wkYd tusK;d iSm zefqif;jyKvyk af y;xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; avhvmcJNh y;D jzpfayonf/ xkYdtwl vlYtoufonfyifvQif trSef w&m;ESifh w&m;Oya'twGuf cRif;csuftm;jzifh owfcGifh½SdaMumif; vufawGUuspGmoifMum;xm;\/ okdYaomf trSew f &m;ESihf w&m;Oya'twGurf [kwb f J vlwpfO;D uko d wfjcif;onf vlom;rsK;d EG,t f m;vk;H uko d wfjcif;jypf'Pf tjzpf jyif;xefpGmowfrSwfxm;onf/ xkdYtwl vlUtouf umuG,f^u,fwifaom (MuufajceD? olemjyK? q&m0ef? aq;ynm? umuG,fa&;? w&m;a&; w&m;olBuD;)vkyfief;rsm;ukdvnf; vlom;xk wpf&yfvkH;tm; u,fwifonfh aumif;rItjzpf *kPjf yKoeG o f ifxm;ayonf/ tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfonf vlom;wkYdtwGuf vufawGUvdu k ef musio hf ;Hk Edik af om vrf;nTew f &m;wkYduo dk m nTeMf um;usio hf ;Hk apayonf/ olwpfyg;toufrowf&[lí cRi;f csurf o hJ ifMum;vkyd gu vufawGUvlrb I 0wGif usio hf ;Hk &efrjzpfEikd af wmhacs/ þodYkjzifh tpövmrfwiG f umuG,af &;ESihf vkNH cKH a&;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;? aq;ESihf use;f rma&; tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;? arG;jrLa&;ESihf a&vkyif ef;rsm;? pdu k yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef;rsm;? w&m;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; ponfjzifh oGeo f ifcsuf ESihf vufawGUb0 [efcsun f n D aD zmfaqmifusio hf ;Hk Edik af yawmhonf/ tpövmrfonf b0wnfaqmufrv I rf;pOf( )jzpfí avmuDa&;ESihf wrvGeaf &;[lí oD;jcm;cGjJ cm; xm;jcif;r½Sdyg/ avmuDü b0aeenf;tm;vkH;ukd jy|mef;xm;onf/ avmuDü tv’m[f\vrf;nTeftwdkif; aexkid yf gu aemifb0twGuf ukov dk w f &m;rsm;jzpfvmayrnf/ wpfO;D csi;f usiphf Of½o dS vkd vlom;xkwpf&yfv;Hk twGuf tusKd;jyKvkyfief;( )w&m;ukd tav;xm;oifMum;ay;ygonf/

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vlom;ESifh tm[m& tm[m&"gwf(6)rsKd; vlom;wkYd ½Sio f efa&;ESihf use;f rma&;twGuf tm[m&rSm t"dujzpfayonf/ tm[m&ukd aeYpOfpm;ok;H aom tpmrsm;rS &½Sdygonf/ qef? qD? yJ? tom;? ig;? yef;oD; ponfjzifh tpm;tpmtrsKd;aygif; rsm;pGm½Sdaomf vnf; tm[m&"gwftjzpfcyJG gu (6)rsK;d ½Sad yonf/ ¤if;wkYdrmS upD"gwf(umbk[ d u kd Nf 'dw)f ? tqD"gwf? y½kw d if; (tom;"gwf)? owåK"gwfqm;? ADwmrifrsm;ESihf a&"gwfwYdk jzpfMuonf/ «jrefrmhtpm;tpm\tm[m&? &efukef? usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme? 1994? pm 23»

tm[m&[lonf taoG;? tom;? tiftm;ukjd zpfapaom MoZm"gwfjzpfygonf/ tm[m&"gwf(6)rsK;d \ *kPo f wård sm; wpfcEk iS w hf pfck rwlno D uJo h Ydk cE¨muk, d üf tok;H csyrHk sm;rSmvnf; rwlnMD uyg/

tm[m&rQwaomtpm tm[m&rQwaomtpm[lonf vlwpfa,muftwGufvkdtyfaom tm[m&"gwf(6)rsKd; trsKd;trnf tm;jzifh jynfph NHk y;D yrmPtm;jzifh vkaH vmuf&rnft h jyif aeYpOfvt dk yfcsuu f v dk nf;jznfq h nf;ay;Ekid af om tpmukd qkv d ydk gonf/ tqkyd gtpmonf vlwpfO;D csi;f twGuf vlraI &;? pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifv h nf; vdu k af vsmnDaxG½NdS yD; vufcHEdkifaomtpmjzpf&ygrnf/ «jrefrmhtpm;tpm\tm[m&? &efukef? usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme? 1994? pm 24» touft½G,ftrsKd;rsKd;twGuf wpfaeYwmtm[m&"gwfvkdtycsufrsm; rwlnDMuyg/ vlwkdif;onf rdrdtouft½G,f? tajctaet& vkdtyfaomtm[m&? rQwaomtpmukdpm;&ef vkdtyfygonf/

tpmtkyfpk À

tm[m&"gwf(6)rsK;d ukd atmufygtwdik ;f tpmtkypf rk sm;tjzpf cGjJ cm;Edik yf gonf/ «jrefrmhtpm;tpm\tm[m&? &efukef? usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme? 1994? pm 25-26»

(u) tiftm;jzpfxGef;apaomtpmtkyfpkwGif upD"gwfESifhtqDrsm; yg0ifygonf/ upD"gwfukd qef? *sKH? ajymif;? tmvl;? uefpeG ;f O? oMum;? xef;vsuf ponfwYdkrS &½Syd gonf/ tqDrsm;ukd toD;tESEH iS hf wd&pämefwYdkrS &½Sdygonf/ (c) cE¨muk, d Bf u;D xGm;apaomtpmtkypf w k iG f y½kid ;f ac: tom;"gwfyg0ifygonf/ cE¨muk, d \ f tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;ukd qJvu f vmyfpnf;rsm;jzifh zGUJ pnf;wnfaqmufxm;&m qJvrf sm;onf tom;"gwfrsm;jzifh zGUJ pnf;xm;yg onf/ y½kdwif;ac: tom;"gwfukd (1) wd&pämefrsm;rS&½Sad omtpmrsm;? (2) tyifr&S ½Sad omtpmrsm;[lí (2)rsK;d cGjJ cm;Edik o f nf/ wd&pämefrS&½Sdaom y½kdwif;tpmrsm;rSm tom;trsKd;rsKd;? ig;trsKd;rsKd;? ykpGeftrsKd;rsKd;? OtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh EkYd xu G yf pön;f wkYd yg0ifMuygonf/ tyifr&S aom y½kw d if;tpmrsm;rSm yJtrsK;d rsK;d ESiahf jryJwYdk jzpfMuygonf/ (*) a&m*gumuG,af omtkypf w k iG f ADwmrifEiS hf owåK"gwfrsm;yg0ifNy;D [if;oD;[if;½Gu?f opfo;D ponfwYdkrS &½SEd ikd yf gonf/ vlom;uk, d \ f ok;H ykEH pS yf rHk mS a&jzifzh UJG pnf;xm;í a&onf vlom;twGi;f r½Srd jzpf vkt d yfcsuw f pf&yf

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jzpfavonf/ tajccHtm;jzifh tiftm;"gwfjzpfapaom upDESifh tqD"gwfrsm;? cE¨mukd,fBuD;xGm;apaom y½kw d if;"gwfrsm;onf wd&pämefEiS hf tyifrsm;ü ysUH ESYH yg0ifaeaMumif; awGUjrif&ayonf/ xkdYaMumifh tpövmrfhtpm;tpmpepfwGif [vmvfac: w&m;0ifcGifhjyKxm;aom tpmjzpf&rnfhtjyif odKG i, f Ad af c: oefYpifaumif;jrwfonft h pm (0g) tm[m&jzpfaponfh tpmvnf;jzpf&ef nTeMf um;xm;ygonf/ (uk&ftmef 2;168)

tpmtvdkuf tpmvrf;aMumif;oifhavsmfatmif zGJUpnf;xm;ykH ]xkdt½Sifjrwfonf (t&mcyfodrf;ukd) zefqif;xif½Sm;apawmfrlcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf zefqif;cH&onfhobm0ESifhtnDjzpfap&ef aeom;wusjzpfatmifvnf; jyKawmf rlcJhonf . . . . ./} (uk&ftmef 87;2) vlUtwGuf vkt d yfaomtm[m&"gwfrsm;onf tyifEiS hf wd&pämefwYdw k iG f ysUH ESUH ½Sad eaMumif; avhvmcJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ tpövmrfhvrf;pOfwGif oufowfvGwfpm;jcif;ukd bmoma&;t& vrf;nTefxm;csufr½Sdacs/ vlom;onf toD;t½GuEf iS hf tom;ESprf sK;d pvk;H pm;ok;H &ef tv’m[fu vlom;\tpmvrf;aMumif;ukd zGUJ pnf;xm;ayonf/ «Biology: Standard Ten, &efukef? tajccHynmoif½kd;nTef;wrf;? oif½kd;rmwdumESifh ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD? pm 124»

EkYdwu kd o f wå0grsm;onf tqifjh rifw h &d pämeftyk pf jk zpfMuayonf/ EkYdwu dk o f wå0grsm;ukd ¤if;wkYdpm;ok;H aom tpmtvdkuf owåaA't& atmufygtwdkif; cGJjcm;Edkifygonf/ (1) toD;t½Gupf m; EkYd wu kd o f wå0g (tpmukd tyifrsm;rSom &,lonf/) Herbivorous mammals (2) tom;pm; EkYd wu kd o f wå0g (tpmukd tyifEiS hf wd&pämefwYdkrS &,lonf) Carnivorous mammals (3) toD;t½GuEf iS hf tom;pm; EkYw d u kd o f wå0g (tpmukd tyifEiS hf wd&pämefwYrdk S &,lonf/) Omnivorous mammals EkYd wu kd o f wå0gwkYd \ tpmvrf;aMumif;zGUJ pnf;ykEH iS hf vkyif ef;uGjJ ym;rIonf ¤if;wkYd pm;ok;H aom tpmtavsmuf oifah vsmatmif pD&ifxm;jcif;cH&NyD; txl;ojzifh oGm;rsm;ESihf ar;½k;d rsm;ü awGUjrif&ayonf/ «Biology: Standard Ten, &efukef? tajccHynmoif½kd;nTef;wrf;? oif½kd;rmwdumESifh ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD? pm 124»

oGm;aygufjcif; EkYdwu kd o f wå0grsm;wGif EkYdomG ;(i,fomG ;)ESihf tNrw J rf;oGm;[lí ½SMd uygonf/ ,if;wkYdudk tpmvkyif ef;rsm; tvdu k f aY½o S mG ;rsm;? pG,o f mG ;rsm;? aY½t S o H mG ;rsm;ESihf aemufto H mG ;rsm;tjzpf oifah vsmaf om t&nftwGurf sm; ESifh tpDtpOfwus wnfaqmufxm;Muayonf/ wpfcgwpf&H vlukd toD;t½Gufpm;owå0gESifha&maxG;um rSm;,Gi;f pGm aumufcsucf suw f wfMuayonf/ vufawGUusus avhvmMuygpkYd / À toD;t½GuEf iS hf tom;pm; EkYdwu kd o f wå0gjzpfaom vlwiG f tNrw J rf;oGm;aygufjcif;ü nmbufjcrf;wGif txuf atmuf

aU½SomG ; aU½SomG ;

pG,foGm; 1 pG, foGm; 1 txuf

aY½StH 2 atmuftH 3 aY½StH 2 atmuftH 3

xkYdaMumifh nmbuf(16)acsmif;? b,fbuf(16)acsmif;? pkpak ygif;(32)acsmif;½So d nf/ «Biology: Standard Ten,

&efukef? tajccHynmoif½kd;nTef;wrf;? oif½kd;rmwdumESifh ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD? pm 124»

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À

tom;pm;EkYd wu dk o f wå0g(Oyrm - acG;)\ tNrJwrf;oGm;aygufjcif;ü nmbufjcrf;wGif txuf aU½SoGm; 3 pG,foGm; 1 aY½StH 4 atmuftH 2 atmuf aU½SoGm; 3 pG,foGm; 1 aY½StH 4 atmuftH 3 nmbuf(21)acsmif;? b,fbuf(21)acsmif;? pkpkaygif; (42)acsmif;½Sdonf/ «Biology: Standard Ten,

&efukef? tajccHynmoif½kd;nTef;wrf;? oif½kd;rmwdumESifh ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD? pm 124»

ikwo f @mefaY½o S mG ;rsm;onf om;aumifudk uku d x f m;&efjzpfayonf/ pG,o f mG ;rsm;rSm tvGeBf u;D rm;Ny;D om;aumifudk xk;d pdu k &f efjzpfayonf/ aY½t S EH iS ahf emuftrH sm;rSm tpGe;f rsm;xufNy;D tom;ukd qGjJ zwf&ef jzpfayonf/ pwkw¬ajrmuf tay:aY½StHoGm;ESifh yxrajrmuf atmufaemuftHoGm;rSm tom;rsm;ukd yg;yg;vSD;jzwf&efESifh t½k;d rsm;acs&ef txl;ykpH jH zpfayonf/ xkYjd yif tom;pm;EkYw d u kd o f wå0gESihf atmufar;½k;d ESihf ar;½k;d
À xkYdjyif toD;t½Gupf m; EkYdwu dk o f wå0g,keEf iS hf toD;t½Gu+f tom;pm; vlwYd\ k tpmvrf;aMumif;rSmvnf; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;ygonf/ ,keo f nf toD;t½Gupf m;owå0gjzpfí ¤if;\tpmwGif tyif\qJvef &H (H Cellulose) rsm;yg0ifonf/ vlwGif ,if;qJvfeH&H qJvlvkdYpfukdacszsuf&ef tpmacstifZdkif;r½Sdcs/ vlwGif ,if;qJvfeH&H qJvv l Ypdk af cszsu&f ef tpmacstifZikd ;f rxkwv f yk af omfvnf; Caecum ESihf appendix wkYrd S bufw;D &D;,m;tcsKUd u tifZdkif;ukd0Sufxm;NyD; ,if;wkdYu qJvlvkdYpfukd acszsufay;Muonf/ «Biology: Standard Ten, &efukef? tajccHynmoif½kd;nTef;wrf;? oif½kd;rmwdumESifh ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD? pm 126»

xkdYjyif toD;t½Gufpm;owå0g EGm;? okd; ponfwkdY\ pm;NrHKUjyefjcif;vkyfief;wGif tpmtdrfü tcef; (4)cef; oifah vsmpf mG yg0ifaeayonf/ «Biology: Standard Ten, &efuek ?f tajccHynmoif½;dk nTe;f wrf;? oif½;dk rmwdumESihf ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD? pm 126»

tom;ukd tpmacs&efxuf toD;t½Guu f dk tpmacs&efyrdk Mdk umygonf/ xkYdaMumifh tom;pm;owå0g\ tpmvrf;aMumif;xuf toD;t½Gupf m;owå\vrf;aMumif;rSm yk½d n S yf gonf/ okYdaomf vl\tpmvrf;aMumif;rSm tom;pm;owå0g\ tpmvrf;aMumif;xuf yk½d n S o f nf[q k ½dk rHk Qjzifh vlrmS toD;t½Gupf m;owå0gomjzpfonf[íl aumufcsucf sír&Edik af cs/ pifppf vl\oGm;ESihf tpmvrf;aMumif;wnfaqmufyrHk mS txufygavhvmcsurf sm;t& toD;t½Gupf m;owå0goD;oefYvnf;r[kw?f tom;pm;owå0goD;oefYvnf;r[kw/f okYdaomf toD;ESihf tom;pm; owå0gtjzpf awGUjrifEikd af yonf/ tjcm;xl;jcm;csuf rsm;pGm½SEd ikd yf gao;onf/

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pifppf zefqif;½Siftv’m[fonf zefqif;cHtoD;oD;tm; oufqdkif&mzefqif;cHobm0ESifhavsmfnDpGm pDrjH yKvyk x f m;jcif;omjzpfayonf/

urÇmhpm;eyf&du©m owå0gavmu &du©y"ge vlwpfO;D csi;f taejzifh rQwaomtm[m& vdt k yfygonf/ tom;ig;rSjzpfap? [if;oD;[if;½Gurf jS zpfap vkt d yfaomtm[m&rsm; &½SEd ikd Mf uygonf/ vlwpfO;D taejzifh tom;ig;pm;jcif;rS a½Smif½mS ;Edik rf nfjzpfaomfvnf; vlYtzGUJ tpnf;wpf&yfv;Hk jzpfap? Edik if w H pfEikd if v H ;Hk jzpfap? wpfurÇmvk;H jzpfap tom;ig;pm;jcif;rS a½Smif½mS ;&ef vufawGUtm;jzifh vk;H 0rjzpfEikd af cs/

tm[m&csKdUriwfzkdY 0dkif;0ef;wdkufzsufMupkdY urÇmESit hf 0Sr;f Edik if t H vdu k f vlO;D a&wk;d EIe;f ESihf &dum© xkwv f yk rf n I rD Qap&eftwGuf pDrcH surf sm; csrw S f aqmif½u G af eMu&onf/ &dum© w k v f yk rf aI vsmeh nf;vmygu tm[m&"gwfcsKUd wJrh aI y:aygufNy;D vlom;wkYd a&m*gb, xlajymjcif;? iwfrw G af oqk;H jcif;wkYd ay:aygufvmrnfjzpfonf/ tm[m&csKUd wJrh o I nf rdom;pkuo dk mru Edik if H rsm;\ Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh cspfcif&if;ESD;rIukdyif xdyg;Edkifayonf/ Oyrm - iwfrGwfaom vlYtpkta0;jzpfap? ppfwyfjzpfap? ajrvGw½f &dS ma'orsm;okYd 0ifa&mufwwfMuayonf/ &dum© xkwv f yk af &;twGuo f m tm½kx H m;ae Mu&í acwfrw D ;dk wufNyD; tqifjh rifv h Ul tzGUJ tpnf;xlaxmifa&;u@rsm; aqmif½u G Ef ikd pf rG ;f r½Sad wmhacs/ xkYdjyif tm[m&csKUd wJrh aI Mumifh uav;i,frsm; OD;aESmufzUHG NzKd ;rIenf;yg;vmNy;D tem*wfurÇmvlom;rsK;d qufrsm; ½Sio f ef zGUH NzdK;wk;d wufa&;twGuf qk;d ½Gm;aomt[efYtwm;ESihf tusK;d tqufrsm;BuHKawGUEdik af yonf/

pm;eyf&du©mzlvkHzkdY &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHaqmif½GufpkdY xkYdaMumifh urÇmu h v k or*¾tzGUJ tpnf;wpfcjk zpfaom ]urÇmph m;eyf&u d m© ESihf pdu k yf sK;d a&;tzGUJ BuD;( )}u ,cktcg atmufwb dk m(16)&ufaeYudk ESppf Of urÇmph m;eyf&u d m© aeY[o k wfrw S u f m ESppf Ofaqmify'k rf sm;jzifh ynmay; vkyif ef;ukv d nf; aqmif½u G af eMu&ayonf/ ESppf Ofusi;f y&onf&h nf½, G cf surf mS urÇmvlom;wkYd aeYpOfBuHKawGU ae&aompm;eyf&u d m© ESihf pdu k yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef; tav;ay;aqmif½u G &f efEiS hf urÇmih wfrw G rf jI yóemukd rnfoYdkrnfyHk ajz½Si;f &rnfudk vlxt k aejzifh tpOftNrJowd½adS p&efjzpfayonf/ 1997-ckEpS af qmify'k rf mS ]pm;eyf&u d m© zlvzdk Ydk &if;ES;D jr§KyEf aHS qmif½u G pf Ydk}jzpf\/ xkt d zGUJ BuD;\ pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& urÇmv h Ol ;D a&xuf0ufausmaf exdik &f m tm½S? tmz&duESihf vufwiftar&du Edik if aH ygif;(43)Edik if w H iG f vlaygif;(455)oef;rSm tpma&pm 00vifvifrpm;&bJ tm[m&csKUd wJv h su½f adS eMuaMumif;od&onf/ xkYdjyif urÇmu h av;i,f ESpyf w Hk pfyHk okYdr[kwf ok;H ykEH pS yf rHk mS vnf; tpma&pm0vifpGmrpm;&aMumif;od&onf/ «jrifhxGef;OD;? &du©mjynfhNzdK;tm[m&wkd;? aMu;rkHowif;pm-7.10.92? pm 3» urÇmajrjyifBuD;wGif vlom;wkYd\wDxiG zf efw;D Edik af ompGr;f tm;aMumifh ajrxGuo f ;D ESrH sm;pGm qufvuf xGuaf y:aeayonf/ oJuEÅm&vkad e&mrsK;d üyif vlom;wkYdatmifjrifpmG oD;ESrH sm;pdu k yf sK;d vmEdik Mf uNyDjzpfayonf/ arG;jrLa&;vnf;atmifjrifpmG aqmif½u G af eMuNyDjzpfonf/ urÇmyh ifv,fork'&´ mBuD;rsm;onfvnf; rsuaf rSmufpm;eyf&u d m© ? ta&;ay:pm;eyf&u d m© ESihf tem*wf pm;eyf&u d m© zlvaHk &;twGuf tpm;tpmt&if;tjrpfBuD;rsm;jzpfMuayonf/ urÇmBuD;\ ok;H ykEH pS yf rHk mS a&jyifBuD;

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jzpfayonf/ a&xkrS ESpfpOf ig;wefcsdefoef;rsm;pGmxkwf,laeMu&ayonf/ ykpGefESifh tjcm;o,HZmwrsm; xkw, f al eMu&onf/ a&wGif pdu k yf sK;d arG;jrLa&;enf;pepf(Aquaculture)vnf; ay:aygufvmaeNyDjzpfonf/ a&csK?d a&iefrsm;ü vlwYdktwGuf tyifEiS o hf wå0grsm; arG;jrLpdu k yf sK;d jcif;ynmjzpfayonf/ Oyrm - t,fvaf *s; ac: a&rIrd sm;pdu k yf sK;d jcif;? ig;? uEkurmrsm;? rkwaf umifrsm;ESihf ck;H aumifrsm; a½G;cs,af rG;jrLjcif;jzpfayonf/ «armifMunfoefY?
urÇmyh ifv,fork'&´ murf;ajcrsm;ESihf uRe;f pkrsm;ü vlO;D a&ajrmufjrm;pGmaexdik Mf uonf/ a&xGu&f u d m© ukd rsm;pGmtav;xm;aeMu&onf/ Oyrm - 1958-59twGi;f pl;prf;avhvmrIrsm;t& tdE, d´ ork'&´ mwpfco k nfyifvQif urÇmrh suEf mS jyif\ (14)&mcdik Ef eI ;f ausmaf usmu f s,0f ef;NyD; tdE, ´d ork'&´ murf;ajcwpfavQmufü urÇmv h Ol ;D a&\ av;ykw H pfyaHk usmaf exdik Mf uonf/ xku d rf;ajcwpfavQmufEikd if rH sm;ü &dum© rsm;vkt d yfvsu½f aSd eayonf/ «cspf0if;nGefY? vljynfhMuyfaeaomþurÇm(bmomjyef)? &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1986? pm 114-115»

*syefEikd if o H nfvnf; yifv,fxu G t f m[m&ukd trsm;qk;H tm;xm;ae&onf/ jrefrmhyifv,furf;½k;d wef; onf rdik (f 1700)ausm½f n S v f sm;NyD; uRe;f BuD;uRe;f i,f(800)ausm½f adS eayonf/ jrefrmEdik if o H nf jrpf? acsmif;? tif;? tdkif aygrsm;NyD; arG;jrLa&;jzpfxGef;aomEdkifiHjzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh pm;eyf&du©mtwGuf pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh tom;ig;xk, f jl cif;u@ukd pepfwusenf;ynmrsm;jzifh xde;f odr;f jcif;? xkw, f jl cif;? BuKd ;yrf;aqmif½u G jf cif;jzifh Edik if t H usK;d ESihf urÇm&h u d m© jyóemukd 0dik ;f 0ef;ulno D rl sm;jzpfatmif BudK;yrf;Mu&rnfjzpfygonf/ tpövmrfwiG f om;owfvw G u f siphf OfEiS hf arG;jrLa&;ESihf a&xGu&f u d m© rsm;ukd a½Smif½mS ;apaom vrf;nTecf suf r½Sdyg/ tom;pm;usL;jcif;aMumifh a&m*g&Edkifygonf/ pepfwuspm;okH;jcif;jzifh vlwpfOD;csif;Esifh urÇmh&du©m jyóemukd xde;f odr;f ygonf/

]. . . xkdYjyif igt½Sifjrwfonf ,if;urÇmN*dK[f0,f owfrSwfNyD;jzpfaom t&mwkdif;ukd aygufa&mufjzpfxGef;apawmfrlcJh\/ xkdYjyif ,if;urÇmN*dK[fü toif w k d Y t wG u f v nf ; aumif ; ? toif w k d Y a xmuf y h H j cif ; rjyKol w k d Y t wG u f vnf;aumif;? toufarG;0rf;aMumif;rsm; pDrHjyKvkyfxm;awmfrlavonf/ pifppf rnfonfht&mrsKd;rqkd ,if;\t&if;tjrpfonf igt½SifjrwfxHawmfüom½Sd\/ okdYaomf igt½Sifjrwfonf ,if;wkdYukd owfrSwfNyD;jzpfaom twdkif;twmjzifh (uk&ftmef 15;19-21) om csay;oem;awmfrl\/} ]toifwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\vkyf&yfrsm;aMumifh ysufpD;jcif;okdY ra&mufMuapESifh/} (uk&ftmef 2;195)

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pm;okH;&ef wm;jrpfxm;aomtpmrsm; pm;okH;cGifhjyKxm;aomtpm ]tkd-vlom;taygif;wkdY urÇmN*dK[fxGuft&mrsm;teufrS w&m;0ifcGifhjyKxm;aom oefYpifaumif;jrwfaomt&mwkdYukd pm;okH;Muavmh . . ./} (uk&ftmef 2;168) À tpövmrfb0wnfaqmufrv I rf;pOfonf Ny;D jynfph aHk y&m tpmtm[m&pnf;rsO;f ukd oGeo f ifxm;ayonf/ pm;cGi½hf adS omt&mrsm;rSm (1) [vmvf ac: w&m;0ifciG jhf yKxm;aomt&mjzpf&rnft h jyif (2) odGKif,Af ac: oefYpifaumif;jrwfaom? tm[m&jzpfapaom? usef;rma&;ukd taxmuftuljzpfapaom t&mukd pm;ok;H cGijhf yKxm;ygonf/ [if;oD;[if;½GufESifh oD;ESHwkdYukd pm;okH;cGifhjyKxm;\/ (2;22) ig;ESifh a&xGuftpmrsm;ukdvnf; pm;okH;cGifhjyKxm;\/ (6;141? 16;14? 5;99) cGijhf yKxm;aomtpmrsm;ukd oefY½iS ;f pifMu,frI (0g) use;f rma&;ukd taxmuftuljzpfaprI½rdS o S m pm;ok;H cGihf ½Syd gonf/ xkYd twl tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfu pm;ok;H &efwm;jrpfxm;aomtom;rsm;ukv d nf; jy|mef;xm;ygonf/

wm;jrpfxm;aomtom;rsm; usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef (2;172-173)? (5;3)? (6;146)ESihf (16;115)t& [&mrftjzpf wm;jrpfxm;aom tom;rsm;rSm (1) tvkt d avsmufaoaomwd&pämef\tom; (2) pD;xGuaf omaoG; (3) 0ufom; (4) tv’m[ft½Sijf rwf\emrawmfrv S íJG tjcm;trnfrsm;woí vS;D jzwfxm;aomowå0g\tom;? ½kyx f rk sm;ü ylaZmf&ef vS;D jzwfxm;aomtom; (5) vnfrsKv d rd ^f n§pcf &H íaoaomowå0g\tom; (6) ½du k Ef u S ^f xdcu kd íf aoaomowå0g\tom; (7) jrif&h mrSusíaoaomowå0g\tom; (8) OD;csKjd zifah Y0cS wfc&H íaoaomowå0g\tom; (9) om;&Jw&d pämefrsm; udu k cf o J wfjzwfxm;aomowå0g\tom; txufygtom;rsm;onf vlom;wkYd\ ½ky?f emrfEiS hf uk, d u f siw hf &m;wkYd zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufru I dk xdcu kd af pí t
(1) tvkdtavsmufaoaomowå0g\tom; obm0tavsmufaoaomwd&pämefwYdk\tom;onf vlom;wkYdpm;ok;H &ef roifah wmfacs/ ,if;wd&pämef onf rnfonft h wGuaf Mumifah ocJ&h onfudk twdtusrodEikd af cs/ tqdyt f awmufwpfcck ak Mumifjh zpfap? a&m*gyk;d

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wpfcck ak Mumifjh zpfap aoEdik o f nfjzpfay&m ,if;owå0g\tom;rSm rnfoYdk rQ rpm;oifah cs/ wd&pämefrsm;wGif tusw d af &m*g(Antrax)rSm ul;pufEikd af oma&m*gjzpfNy;D ,if;a&m*g½So d al omowå0g\tom;rSm vludk aoap Edik af vmufatmiftxd tEÅ&m,f½adS yonf/

(2) aoG; owå0gwkYd\aoG;ukv d nf; pm;ok;H &efwm;jrpfxm;ayonf/ aoG;[lonf vSnv hf nfaeaomaoG; okYdr[kwf vnfrsKv d ;DS jzwf&mwGif xGuv f maomaoG;ukq d v dk ykd gonf/ (uk&t f mef 6;145? 7;157) cE¨muk, d w f iG ;f aoG;\vkyif ef;rsm;teuf vkyif ef;wpfcrk mS aoG;vTwaf Mumrsm;rSwpfqifh atmufq*D sif ESifh tpm paom tm[m&jzpfapaomt&mrsm;ukd wpf½SL;qJvf tom;rQifuvmyfpnf;rsm;okdYykdYay;onf/ xkYdaemuf wpf½LS ;wkYd\ "gwkajymif;vJrjI zpfpOfrsm;aMumifh pGeYfy,ftydx k u G yf pön;f tnpftaMu;ukd aoG;jyefaMum rsm;rSwpfqifh jyefvnfo,faqmifvmMu&onf/ xkpd eG Yfy,fypön;f wkYdrmS cE¨muk, d u f dk xdcu kd af pojzifh aoG;rsm; onf ausmufuyfukd jzwfoef;pOf xkdpGefYy,fypönf;rsm;ukd ausmufuyfu z,f½Sm;ypfvkdufNyD; qD;tjzpf cE¨mjyifyokYd xkwyf pfvu kd yf gonf/ aoG;onf pGeYfy,fypön;f uko d mrubJ a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d jzpfapwwfaomt&mpk ZD0½ky(f Organism)rsm;ukd vnf; o,faqmifygonf/ xkYdaMumifh aoG;ukpd m;ok;H jcif;onf tEÅ&m,fjzpfapygonf/ pm;ok;H cGijhf yKxm;aom owå0gukd ,if;cE¨mwGi;f rSaoG;rsm;xGuaf p&ef ZA[fenf;jzifh vS;D jzwf&ygonf/ ,if;okYd tpövmrfw&m;awmfEiS hf tnD vS;D jzwfNyD;aomowå0g\cE¨mwGi;f ü
(3) 0ufom; 0uf\tom;ukd npfnL;rI( )ESifh roefYpifrI( )aMumifh wm;jrpfxm;onf[k uk&ftmef (6;145)ü jyqkx d m;onf/ aq;odyyHÜ nmt&vnf; 0ufqED iS hf 0ufom;wkYd rpm;oifah Mumif; taxmuftxm; rsm;pGm jyqkdaeayonf/ Oyrm (u) uyfyg;temul;jcif;wpfrsK;d jzpfonfh x&DcseD ;D ,ppf(Trichiniasis)onf 0uf\tom;üysUH ESYHvsu½f o dS nf/ xku d yfyg;\trnfrmS x&DcseD ,fvm pydik &f mvpf(Trichinella spiralis)jzpfonf/ vk;H 0ef;aom oHaumif jzpfonf/ pm;ok;H rdou l dk emwm½Snaf &m*gjzpfaponf/ aoavmufatmifvnf; tEÅ&m,fjzpfapwwfonf/ tar&duefuo hJ YdEk idk if rH sK;d üyif ,if;uyfyg;aMumifjh zpfaoma&m*gukd rwm;qD;Edik af cs/ 0ufom;pm;jcif;rS a½Smifjcif; onfom enf;vrf;jzpfonf/ [(1) Scientific Indications, In the Holy Quran, Islamic Foundation Bangladesh, 1990, p. 55, (2) Why Islam Forblds Pork, Islamabad, Islamic Research Institute, p. 67]

(c) tjcm;a&m*gwpfcrk mS 0ufusK;d jym;oef wDe, D mqkv d , D rf(Taenia solium pork tape worm)jzpfonf/ oefaumifOyg½Sdaom0ufom;ukd aumif;pGmrcsufbJ pm;okH;rd&mu ,if;a&m*g &½Sdwwf\/ vlom;\ tlwGif;ü usKd;jym;oefaumifBuD;xGm;aeonf/ wpfcgwpf&H tpmtdrfxJjyef0ifonf/ tpmacs"gwfESifh awGU&mrS oefaumifOrsm;onf tpmtdrfxJüyif taumifi,frsm;aygufyGm;NyD; xkdoefaumifi,fwkdYu

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tlrsm;ukad zmufum cE¨muk, d t f ESYH a&mufomG ;NyD; tvk;H tcJrsm; jzpfay:apygonf/
,cktcg rsm;pGmaomtEÅ&m,f½o dS nfh bufw;D &D;,m;rsm; 0ufü½Sad Mumif;awGUaeMu&onf/

[Javid Aziz

Awan, ISLAMIC FOOD LAWS, AL-NAHDAH, RISEAP, Kuala Lumpur]

(*) 0uf\obm0rSmvnf; npfywfpmG aeonfh obm0½Sad eayonf/ t&mwkid ;f ukpd m;onf/ txufygtcsurf sm; tjyif tjcm;taMumif;tcsuf rsm;pGm½Sad eayonf/ rkpv f ifrw f Ydk url t
(C) 0ufwiG f tqDyg0ifrjI rifrh m;ojzifh vlYtpmtdrüf tpmacs&ef rvG,u f al cs/ xkYdaMumifh q&m0efrsm;pGmwkYdu 0ufom;? aq;vdyEf iS hf t&ufudk jzwfcikd ;f aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ 0uftaoaumifü tqDyrmPrsm;pGmyg0ifaejcif;onf jyóemrsm;pGmukw d ifu;l jzpfaponf/ 0uftaoaumif ü ykyaf paom bufw;D &D;,m;jrifw h ufNy;D touftEÅ&m,fjzpfapaom ajymif;tvJrsm;jzpfay:onf/ 0uf\
(4) tv’m[ft½Sifjrwf\emrawmfrSvGJí tjcm;trnfrsm;woívSD;jzwfxm;aom owå0g\tom; tpövmrfü ½kycf E¨mqkid &f muse;f rma&;uko d eG o f ifovkd emrfcE¨m^pdw0f n d mOfuse;f rma&;ukv d nf; txl; *½kjyKaponf/ zefqif;½Siaf us;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[f\emrawmfrv S íJG tjcm;trnfudk wovS;D jzwfxm;aom owå0g\tom;ukd pm;ok;H jcif;rS wm;jrpfxm;jcif;rSm opömw&m;wkYd\t½Sif wpfyg;wnf;om½Sad Mumif; w&m;ukd twnfjyKjcif;jzpfayonf/ zefqif;½Siu f t&mcyford ;f ukd vlom;wkYdtwGuf jyKvyk af y;xm;aomfvnf; vlom;onf aus;Zl;opömapmifo h w d wfow l pfO;D tjzpf cGijhf yKxm;aomowå0g\tom;ukd pm;ok;H awmhrnfqv dk Qif tv’m[f\ emrawmfwoívS;D jzwfciG ½hf adS yonf/ toufuw dk efz;dk xm;jcif;vnf;jzpfayonf/ tv’m[frv S íJG tjcm;emr woxm;aomtom;ESihf ,Zfyal Zmfxm;aomtom; ponfwYdkrmS pm;ok;H &efwm;jrpfxm;NyD;jzpfayonf/

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(5) vnfrsKdvdrf^n§pfcH&íaoaomowå0g\tom; owå0g\tom;ukpd m;rnfqv dk Qif ,if;cE¨mwGi;f rS tqdyt f awmuf pGeYfypfypön;f rsm; o,faqmifxm; onfh aoG;rsm;ukd z,fxw k &f rnfjzpfaMumif;azmfjyNy;D jzpfygonf/ vnfrsKv d rd íf jzpfap? n§pcf &H íjzpfap aoaom wd&pämefonf touf½LS rGe;f Muyf&mrS arsmoGm;jcif;jzpfayonf/ xdYkaMumifh umAGe'f ikd af tmufqu kd "f gwfaiGUonf xkdowå0g\aoG;twGif;ü pkykHvsuf½Sdayonf/ xkdYjyif tqdyftawmufpGefYy,fypönf;rsm; bufwD;&D;,m;rsm; o,faqmifxm;onfh xko d wå0g\aoG;ukd raorD jyifyokYd xw k &f ef tcGit hf vrf;r&bJ½jdS yefonf/ xkYd aMumifh vnfrsKv d rd ^f n§pcf &H íaoaomtom;rSm pm;ok;H oltwGuf tEÅ&m,fjzpfapaomt&mrsm;½Sad eayonf/

(6) ½dkufESuf^xdcdkufíaoaomowå0g\tom; ½du k Ef u S jf cif;? ykqw d jf zifch w k jf cif;? usnq f jH zifyh pfjcif;? vQypf pf"gwfjzifw h Ydkjcif;ponfwYdkonf u½kPm w&m;uif;aomvky&f yfrsm;jzpfonf/ owå0g\twGi;f rS aoG;ukv d nf; pepfwusrxkwEf ikd af cs/ xkYdwl rawmfwq xdcu kd íf aojcif;üvnf; owå0g\cE¨mwGi;f rS aoG;rsm;ukd rxkwEf ikd af cs/ tpövmrfeh nf;us ZA[fv;DS jzwfenf; ESifh tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;ukd aemufwGif ½Sif;vif;xm;ayonf/

(7) jrifh&mrSusíaoaomwd&pämef\tom; ,if;onfvnf; xdwv f efYjcif;? vnfyif;usK;d jcif;? jyif;xefpmG vIy½f mS ;jcif;? a&epfjcif;ponfjzifh aojcif; jzpfí xdcu kd íf aoaomowå0g\tom;uJo h Ydk jzpfayonf/

(8) OD;csKdjzifh aY0ScwfcH&íaoaomowå0g\tom;ESifh (9) om;&Jwd&pämefrsm;udkufcHowfjzwfxm;aomwd&pämef\tom; wd&pämeftcsi;f csi;f aY0íS jzpfap? udu k jf zwfMuíjzpfap aoaomwd&pämef\tom;ukd wm;jrpfxm;onf/ ,if;onfvnf; xdcu kd í f aoaomwd&pämefuo hJ Ydk yifjzpfayonf/ om;&Jw&d pämef wpfpw d w f pfyikd ;f pm;xm;aom owå0g\tom;ukv d nf; wm;jrpfxm;ayonf/ taMumif;aomf aoaomowå0gukd udu k jf zwfaomowå0grS tqdyaf Mumifjh zpfap? cE¨mrSp;D xGuaf omaoG;yrmPrS vdt k yfaomyrmPxd ra&mufjcif;aMumifjh zpfap? wdu k cf u kd f &mwGif ½ke;f uefvyI ½f mS ;&ojzifh Lactic acid (EkYdtufqpf)rsm;pGmxGuEf ikd íf jzk pfap aoaomowå0g\tom;rSm pm;ok;H oltwGuf tEÅ&m,f½EdS ikd af yonf/ ,if;owå0grsm;ukd ½Siv f suaf wGUvsiu f m; raoao;ojzifh tpövmrfh enf;us tv’m[f\trnfwí ZA[fv;DS jzwfjcif;jzifh pm;ok;H Edik af yonf/ tvkdtavsmufaoonfjzpfap? rawmfwq xdcdkufaoonfjzpfap? taoaumifí ,kd,Gif;rIjzpfpOf pwifawmhonf/ ,if;ukd tifZikd ;f ESihf rdu k cf ½kad tmf*eJ pfZifrsm;ujyKvyk jf cif;jzpfNyD;
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t
ZA[fvSD;jzwfjcif;enf;vrf;ESifh tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm; ZA[f(

)

ZA[f[o l nf vlom;wkYd pm;ok;H &ef tom;tjzpfjyKvyk &f ef &nf½, G cf sujf zifh cGijhf yKxm;aomwd&pämefudk vS;D jzwfonfeh nf;vrf;ukad c:onf/ ZA[f\t"dymÜ ,fwiG f oefY½iS ;f apjcif; okYdr[kwf use;f rma&;ESin hf n D w G af pjcif; [laom oabmvnf;yg0ifayonf/

ZA[fvSD;jzwfjcif;\ pnf;urf;csufrsm; (1) vSD;jzwfol À ZA[fv;DS jzwfoo l nf trsK;d om;jzpfap? trsK;d orD;jzpfap tpövmrfbmom0ifwpfO;D jzpf&rnf/ okYdwnf; r[kwf udomAD ac: ]tv’mh[fxHrS a½S;usrf;&oltkyfpk}rS jzpf&rnf/ qkdvkdonfrSm zefqif;½Sif aus;Zl;½Sif tv’m[fudk ouf0if,MHk unfow l pfO;D jzpf&rnf/ À rl;,pfaeol? ½l;oGyfaeol? t½G,fra&mufao;í qifjcifwkHw&m;rokH;wwfao;olwpfOD;jyKvkyfygu rydik af cs/ qkv d o dk nfrmS todw&m;ESi, hf OS íf jyKvyk Ef ikd o f jl zpf&rnf/ À tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfudk ,kaH omfvnf; tv’m[fEiS hf wpfpw Hk pf&mukd wef;wlxm;uk;d uG,o f ?l woolwpfO;D jyKvyk yf guvnf; rydik af cs/

(2) vSD;jzwfonfhud&d,m À ZA[fjyKvkyfonfhtcg vSD;jzwfonfhud&d,mrSm tvGefxuf&rnf/ wd&pämef\om;a&? avydkufESifh aoG;aMumrsm;ukd vsijf refpmG jywfapNyD; aoG;rsm;csucf si;f vsijf refpmG xGuaf pEdik &f rnf/ (rkpfvifrf? t[fr'f? tAl'g0k'? epmtD? tdAfEkrm*s[f) qkv d o dk nfrmS wd&pämefudk emusirf rI ½Sad pbJ oufawmifo h ufomjzpfap&rnf/ rvS;D jzwfrt D vsiv f nf; nifompGmqufq&H rnf/ (rkpv f ifr)f tpmESiahf &wdu k af uR;&rnf[k wrefawmfjrwfu oifMum;cJo h nf/ xkYdjyif vnfyif;½So d m;a&uko d mjywfapNyD; aoG;aMumukrd jywfapaomud&, d mukd ok;H pGjJ cif;rS wm;jrpfxm;onf/

(3) vSD;jzwf&rnfhae&m À vS;D jzwf&rnfah e&mrSm vnfyif;wGijf zpfonf/ vnfacsmif;0\atmufbufEiS hf vnfyif;\t&if;tjrpf ae&mwGijf zpfonf/ (Akcg&D? rkpv f ifr)f À ukvm;tkyjf zpfygu vnfyif;\ [du k af eaomae&m(vAfA[f)üjzpfonf/ ukvm;tkyv f ;DS jzwfjcif;enf;ukd t&ADwGif e[f&f( )[kac:onf/ ukvm;tkyf\vnfyif;½Sd csKdifh^[dkufaeaomae&mukd xkd;azmufjcif; jzpfonf/ À vS;D jzwf&mwGif OD;acgif;ydik ;f okYd aoG;vTwaf Mum ua&mwpfaoG;aMumr(carotid artery)tjyif (spinal cord)[kac:aom tm½kaH MumrBuD;ukd rjywf&acs/ OD;acgif;vk;H 0rjywfbJ ½Sad p&efjzpfonf/

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À ta&;ay:tajctaewpf&yf&yfaMumifh wd&pämef\vnfyif;ukd rvS;D jzwfEikd o f nft h aetxm;wGif tqifoif&h m ae&mwpfae&mukd vSD;jzwfcGifh½Sdonf/ ,if;ukd ZA[f td'fod&m&D(vdktyfcsuft& vSD;jzwfjcif;) (dhabh of necessity)[kac:onf/ (rkcg&D? rkpv f ifr)f

(4) aus;Zl;awmf½Sif tv’m[f\emrawmfukd trSwf&wojcif; À owå0gukrd vS;D jzwfrD ]Adprf v d m[f tv’m[f\emrawmfjzif}h [lí wo½Gwq f Ndk y;D vS;D jzwf&rnf/ touf\ jrifjh rwfrEI iS hf touftm;vk;H \t½Sio f cif tv’m[fudk ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;jzifh &ufpufMurf;wrf;rIudk a½Smifjcif;jzpf\/

owå0gukdvSD;jzwf&mwGif a½SmifusOf&rnfht&mrsm; (1) (2) (3) (4)

vS;D jzwfrnfo h wå0gaY½üS "g;aoG;jyaejcif;/ tm½kaH Mum½S&d mausm½k;d wdik af tmifv;DS jzwfojzifh acgif;jywfomG ;jcif;/ vS;D jzwfNyD; toufrxGuaf o;rD vnfyif;ukcd sK;d jcif;/ wk;H aom"g;jzifh vS;D jcif;/

ZA[fvSD;jzwfjcif;enf;vrf;\ tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm; xufaom"g;jzifh vsijf refpmG vS;D jzwfaomtvsio f nf a,bl,stm;jzifh emusirf rI ahJ omenf;vrf; wpf&yf jzpfygonf/ ½kww f &uf tht H m;oifah pNyD; tjcm;pufryI pön;f rsm;rvkyd g/

vnfrsKdüvSD;jzwfíaoG;xkwfjcif; owå0g\vnfrsKdukd ,if;okdYvSD;jzwfjcif;jzifh owå0g\cE¨mwGif;rS aoG;rsm;ukd tvGefvsifjrefpGmESifh vkaH vmufpmG xGuaf pygonf/ wd&pämefwYdkonf aovQif aoG;cJomG ;ojzifh aoNyD;aemufrS cE¨mwGi;f rS aoG;ukd xkwfír&yg/ owå0g½SifaepOf (0g) toufrxGufcifüom ,if;cE¨mwGif;rSaoG;rsm;ukd xkwfí&ayonf/ cE¨mwGi;f ütqufrjywf vnfywfaeaomaoG;rsm;ukd aoG;aMumrsm;tm;jzwfawmufjcif;jzifo h m z,f½mS ;Edik yf g onf/ aoG;aMumukv d ;DS jzwfrEI iS hf owå0gaorI Mum;umvwGi;f ü aoG;aMumt0ef;rsm;rsm;jzwfEikd af vav? z,fxw k f Edik af om aoG;yrmPrsm;avavjzpfygrnf/ vnfacsmif;t0ef;? aoG;vTwaf Mum? aoG;jyefaMumESihf tjcm;aoG;aMumi,frsm;½So d nfh owå0g\vnfyif; onf vS;D jzwf&efEiS hf aoG;xGuaf p&ef taumif;qk;H ae&mjzpfygonf/ xkYdjyif ,if;okYdv;DS jzwfNy;D aemuf OD;aESmufoYdk (5)puúefY aoG;ra&mufygu owå0gonf owdvpfoGm;ayonf/ toufraoao;yg/

aoG;oHo&mvnfjcif; aoG;tzGUJ twGi;f aoG;tqufrjywfvn S yhf wfap&ef ESv;Hk rSnp§ x f w k \ f / ESv;Hk rSnp§ x f w k v f u kd af om oeYpf if onfah oG;onf aoG;vTwaf Mumrsm;rSwpfqifh cE¨muk, d t f ESYHtjym;½Sd qJvrf sm;Mum;½Sd qHjcnfrQiaf oG;vTwaf Mum uav;rsm;okYd a&mufonf/ xkrd w S pfqifh wpf½LS ;rsm;? qJvrf sm;twGi;f okYd a&mufNyD; ZD0udpaö qmif½u G rf aI Mumifh roefYpifaomaoG;jzpfomG ;onf/ xkrd oefYpifaomaoG;onf qHjcnfrQiaf oG;jyefaMumuav;rsm;rSwpfqifh aoG;jyefaMumtwGi;f a&muf½u dS m ESv;Hk okYdjyefvnf0ifa&mufvmonf/ roefYpifaomaoG;onf ESv;Hk rS tqkww f iG ;f okYdjyefvnf0ifa&mufvmonf/ roefYpifaomaoG;onf ESv;Hk rS tqkww f iG ;f okYd0ifa&mufum avtdwu f av;rsm;ü aoG;oefYpifrjI yKvyk af y;onf/

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oefYpifaomaoG;onf tqkwrf ES v S ;Hk wGi;f okYd jyefvnfa&muf½o dS mG ;Ny;D txufygenf;twdik ;f ESv;Hk rSnp§ x f w k af y;jcif; jzifh cE¨muk, d t f ESYH oYdk aoG;a&muf½jdS cif;ukd aoG;oHo&mvnfjcif;[kac:onf/ ESv;Hk ckerf aI Mumifh aoG;vSnyhf wf&jcif;jzpfygonf/ vQijf refeuf½idI ;f pGm touf½LS rIonf vkaH vmufaom atmufq*D sijf zpfru I dk umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f ay;NyD; atmufq*D si&f yfpjJ cif;rSvnf; umuG,af y;ygonf/ tom;rQif wpf½LS ;\ (Acid base ratio)(tufqpfabhpt f csK;d )ukv d nf; wk;d jrifah pygonf/ ,if;tcsurf sm;onf tom;\ t&nftaoG;xde;f odr;f rIEiS hf obm0t&omukd wk;d wufaumif;rGeaf pygonf/

ausm½kd;eAfaMumr ausm½k;d eAfaMumr(Spinal cord)onf OD;aESmufEiS w hf pfqufwnf;jzpfonf/ OD;aESmufonf OD;acgif;cG½H ;dk twGi;f wnf½ídS ausm½k;d eAfaMumronf ausm½k;d qpf>yefacgif;twGi;f tNr;D txd oG,w f ef;wnf½o dS nf/ OD;aESmufrS aomfvnf;aumif;? ausm½k;d eAfaMumrSaomfvnf;aumif; OD;acgif;ydik ;f ESihf cE¨muk, d t f ESYHtjym;okYd eAfaMum okYdr[kwf tm½kaH Mumrsm; ab;wpfzufwpfcsurf S jzmxGuv f monf/ rnfonfh cHpm;csuu f rdk qkd xked AfaMumrsm;u OD;aESmuf okYd wdu k ½f u kd af omfvnf;aumif;? ausm½k;d eAfaMumrrSwpfqifah omfvnf;aumif;tm½kaH y;ykYd onf/ owå0g\vnfrsKu d v dk ;DS jzwfaomfvnf; owå0g\cE¨mwGi;f rS aoG;tm;vk;H ukn d x § w k af p&efrmS OD;aESmufEiS hf cE¨muk, d ef AfaMumqufo, G rf u I xde;f odr;f xm;rnfjzpfygonf/ vnfrsKu d v dk ;DS jzwf&mwGif aoG;aMumrsm;uko d m jywfapNyD; ausm½kd;eAfaMumr (0g) tm½kHaMum½Sd&m ausm½kd;rukd jywfapjcif; (0g) OD;acgif;ukd rjywfapjcif; jzpfygonf/

taMumwufjcif; ,if;okdY vnfrsdKjzwfcH&NyD; tm½kHaMumESifh OD;acgif;rjywfbJ½Sdaeaom owå0gwkdYwGif qefYiifqefYiif taMumwwfr(I convulsion) jzpfay:vmygonf/ vnfrsKEd iS hf aoG;aMumrsm;jywfomG ;aomfvnf; OD;aESmufEiS hf qJvw f pf½LS ;rsm;tMum; eAfaMumqufo, G rf I rjywfb½J adS ejcif;jzpfayonf/ taMumwufrrI mS OD;aESmufqv J u f vmyfpnf;rsm;ü atmufq*D siv f t dk yfro I wif;rsm;okYd
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aoG;\tEÅ&m,f tpövmrfwGif aoG;pm;okH;jcif;ukdvnf;([&mrf)wm;jrpfxm;ayonf/ aoG;\vkyfief;rsm;teuf vkyif ef;wpfcrk mS (atmufq*D si+f tpm)tm[m&jzpfapaomt&mrsm;ukd tom;rQiu f vmyfpnf; (wpf½LS ;qJv)f rsm;qDoYdk ykYday;NyD; tom;rQiw f Ydk\ "gwkajymif;vJrjI zpfpOfrsm;aMumifh (tykx d u G pf eG Yfy,f)ypön;f rsm; (waste products) tnpftaMu;rsm;ukd jyefvnfo,faqmifvm&efjzpfayonf/ xkt d ykx d u G pf eG Yfy,fypön;f rsm;onf cE¨mukd xdcu kd af p ojzifh aoG;rsm;onf ausmufuyfujdk zwfoef;pOf ,if;aoG;twGi;f rS tykx d u G pf eG Yfy,fypön;f rsm;ukd ausmufuyfu z,f½mS ;ypfvu kd yf gonf/ a&wGiaf ysm0f ifNy;D owå0gonf ,if;tEÅ&m,fjzpfapaom tykyd pön;f rsm;ukd ausmufuyfrS qD;tjzpf cE¨mjyifyokYd xkwyf pfvu kd yf gonf/ aoG;onf a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d jzpfapwwfaom t&mpk ZD0½ky?f ouf½(dS Organism)rsm;ukv d nf; o,faqmif ygonf/ ,if;t&mpkrsm;onf a&m*gvu©PmwpfpkHwpf&m cE¨mukd,fürjybJ aoG;xJüvSnfhywfMuygonf/ xkYdaMumifh aoG;ukpd m;ok;H jcif;onf tEÅ&m,fjzpfapygonf/ xkYdtwl aoG;rsm;pGmyg0ifaomtom;ukpd m;ok;H jcif;jzifh aoG;xJrSa&m*gjzpfapaomt&mpkrsm;aMumifh tEÅ&m,fjzpfapygonf/ xkdYtwl aoG;rsm;pGmyg0ifaomtom;ukd pm;ok;H jcif;jzifh aoG;xJraS &m*gjzpfapaomt&mpkrsm;aMumifh tEÅ&m,f½EdS ikd yf gonf/ xkYdaMumifh owå0gukv d ;DS jzwf &mwGif aoG;yrmPtrsm;qk;H xGuaf p&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ aoG;jzpfap? aoG;ygaomtom;jzpfap pm;okH;jcif;onf tBuD;qkH;tEÅ&m,fwpfckrSm pdwfydkif;qdkif&m tEÅ&m,fjzpfonf/ oefYpifaom tom;pm;jcif;rSm tEÅ&m,fr[kwaf cs/ aoG;pm;ok;H jcif;aMumifh aoG;qmwwfaom ½dkif;pdkif;Murf;wrf;aomtjyKtrlrsm;ay:xGufEdkifygonf/ aoG;pm;jcif;onf vlom;\oefYpifaomobm0udk zsuq f ;D ygonf/

ZA[fenf;jzifhvSD;jzwfrIwGif wd&pämefüemusifrIr½Sdjcif; tpövmrfeh nf;us ZA[fv;DS jzwfjcif;rSm owå0g\cE¨mwGi;f rSaoG;ukx d w k &f mwGif txda&mufq;Hk enf;vrf; jzpfaMumif; awGUjrif&Ny;D jzpfayonf/ odYkqv dk Qif ZA[fenf;jzifv h ;DS jzwfjcif;onf owå0gudk emusiaf pygoavm/ wd&pämefwkdYrSm vlwkdYuJhokdY pum;rajymEdkifMuay&m ZA[fvSD;jzwfpOf ¤if;wkdYrnfokdYcHpm;Mu&oenf;/ emusirf I jzpfEikd ^f rjzpfEikd q f &dk mwGif atmufygtqif(h 4)qifu h dk avhvm&efvydk gonf/ (1) vnfyif;\om;a&jym;ukd vS;D jzwfjcif;/ (2) vnfyif;wGif 'Pf&m&apjcif;/ (3) aoG;xGujf cif;/ (4) qefYiifqefYiif taMumwufjcif;/

vnfyif;ta&jym;vSD;jzwfjcif;ESifh emusifrI vlwpfOD;onf EIwfcrf;arT;? yg;odkif;arT; ponfwkdYonf &dwf&mwGif wpfcgwpf&H ta&jym;ukd "g;½Sd oGm;wwfygonf/ okdYaomf'Pf&mrS aoG;rxGufrD pyfaomcHpm;rIr&rD xkd'Pf&mukd owdrxm;rdwwfMuyg/ uREykf w f Ydkonf þemusirf u I dk xdcu kd ½f NdS yD;rSom cHpm;Mu&ygonf/ "g;½SpOf owdrjyKrv d u kd Mf uyg/ taMumif;rSm tvGeaf o;i,faom qHjcnf>yefaoG;aMumrsm;rS aoG;xGujf cif;rSm vlwpfO;D ukd owdvpfomG ;apavmufatmif rjyif;xefacs/ xkYdtwl owå0gwpfaumiftaejzifv h nf;,if;\vnfyif;om;a&jym;ukd tvGex f ufaom "g;ud&, d m jzifh tvGew f adk wmif;aomtcsed t f wGi;f vQyw f jyufv;DS jzwfjcif;jzifh emusirf cI pH m;&ef tcsed yf ifr&vdu k af cs/

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vnfyif;rS'Pf&mESifh emusifrI vnfyif;wGif vS;D jzwfr'I Pf&maMumifh owå0grSm emusirf rI cHpm;&acs/ ZA[fenf;jzifh vS;D jzwf&mwGif xufaom"g;jzifh ta&jym;NyD;aemuf wpf½LS ;tom;rQirf sm;ukv d ;DS jzwf&mwGif BuD;rm;aom aoG;aMumBuD;(4)ckudk jzwfvu kd yf gonf/ aoG;yrmPrsm;pGmonf tvGev f sijf refpmG xGuo f mG ;ojzifh owå0grSm owdvpfomG ;ygonf/ OD;aESmufokdY aoG;ra&mufbJ aoG;qufvufxGufaeorQ owdvpfrIjyif;xefaernfjzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh owå0gü emusirf rI cHpm;&yg/ tu,fí owåg\cE¨muk, d \ f tjcm;wpfae&mü vS;D jzwf'Pf&m&apygu aoG;tajrmuftjrm; xGurf nf jzpfaomfvnf; owå0grSm owd&aernfjzpfNyD; 'Pf&mrS emusirf u I dk cHpm;&rnfjzpfygonf/ wd&pämefudk ZA[fv;DS jzwfjcif;jzifh jzpfay:rnfeh musirf w I pfpw Hk pf&mukd touf½LS vrf;aMumif;ydwo f jzifh av>yefütaygufwpfaygufazmufonfh atmfya&;½Si;f jyKvyk jf cif;jzifh rSe;f qpOf;pm;Edik yf gonf/ ,if;ukd xkaH q;jzifh jyKvyk Ef ikd o f nf/ pepfwusprD x H m;aom atmfya&;½Si;f ü vlem\tm½kEH iS hf emusirf NI ird o f ufap&ef aomufaq;ukd ay;rnf/ tvsm;vdu k af v>yefay:½St d a&jym;atmufoYdk xkaH q;xk;d oGi;f rnf/ okYdaomf wd&pämefwiG rf l vnfyif;ü a'gifvu kd ½f adS eaom aoG;aMumudjk zwfawmuf&efvt dk yfygonf/ owå0gonf aoG;tvGex f u G Nf y;D rdepftenf;i,f twGi;f aoqk;H oGm;ygonf/ xkaH q;xk;d oGi;f p&mrvk/d vlEiS hf wd&pämefwYdw k iG f ta&jym;OD;aESmufEiS hf xdcu dk ef musirf w I YdEk iS phf yfvsO;f í uGjJ ym;Muygonf/ zefqif;½Sif tv’m[fu wd&pämefrsm;okYday;xm;aom emusifrIukd odomcHpm;EdkifpGrf;tqifh (level of sensitivity)rSm ¤if;wkYd\ obm0tjyKtrlrsm;ESihf vdu k af vsmnDaxGjyKxm;Ny;D jzpfayonf/ ¤if;wkYd½dS xlaomom;a&? tvGeef rd ahf om tm½kHodpnf;(threshold)ESifh zefqif;cHxm;&ayonf/ xkdYaMumifh pm;okH;cGifhjyKaom owå0g\vnfyif;ukd tpövmrfeh nf;usv;DS jzwfjcif;jzifh emusirf rI cHpm;&yg/

aoG;xGufpOfemusifrI ZA[fenf;jzifh vnfrsKu d v dk ;DS jzwfraI Mumifh owå0g\vnfyif;'Pf&mrS aoG;rsm;xGuo f nfudk &ufpuf Murf;MuKwfonf[lí emusifrIESifhywfoufaomt*Fgrsm;\ vIyf½Sm;rI,EÅ,m;(Physiology of pain)ukd *½k rjyKrdolwkdYu xifaumif;xifaMuayrnf/ aoG;rsm;pGmxGufrIjzpfpOfü emusifrIr½Sdyg/ þtcsufukd aoG;vSL½Siw f idk ;f od½cdS pH m;Edik Mf uygonf/ xkYdjyif aoG;xGurf rI sm;av owå0g\ owdarhrI euf½idI ;f avjzpfygonf/

taMumwufrIESifhemusifrI vnfyif;vSD;jzwfcH&rIaMumifh aoG;rsm;xGufaeojzifh qefYiifqefYiif taMumwufaeaomowå0gukd Munfhí emusifrIcHpm;ae&onf[k xifaumif;xifayrnf/ taMumwufrIESifhqdkifaomt*Fgrsm;\ vIyf½Sm;rI ,EÅ,m;(Physiology of convulsion)jzpfpOfukdrodbJ MunfhaeolwpfOD;url &ufpuf&ma&mufonf[k xifayrnf/ aY½w S iG f ½Si;f cJNh y;D onft h wdik ;f taMumwufr[ I o l nf OD;aESmuf\ qJvu f vmyfpnf;rsm;wGif atmufq*D sif csKUd wJrh aI Mumifh tm½keH AfaMumrSwpfqifh owif;ykYdru I dk wpf½LS ;u wkYHjyefonft h aejzifh
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jyifyokYdxu G af vonf/ OD;aESmuf½q dS v J w f Ydkurl atmufq*D sicf sKUd wJo h jzifh aoG;vTwaf y;&efowif;ukd
ZA[ftESpfcsKyf À

ZA[fenf;jzifh vS;D jzwfjcif;onf owå0g\vnfrsKu d dk vS;D jcif;jzifh Ä tvGev f sijf refpmG ESihf aoG;tajrmuftjrm; xGuaf pjcif;/ Ä vsijf refpmG owdvpfomG ;apNyD;aemuf aojcif;ukd acwåtcsed q f x JG m;Edik jf cif;/ Ä OD;aESmufEiS chf E¨muk, d \ f eAfaMumqufxm;rIurdk jzwfbJ csex f m;ojzifh taMumwufapum cE¨mwGi;f rS tqdyt f awmufjzpfapaomaoG;rsm;ukd xkwyf pfEikd jf cif;/ Ä xkYt d wl aoG;xGujf cif;? taMumwufjcif;wkYrd mS t*Fgrsm;\ vIy½f mS ;rI,EÅ&m;(physiology)jzpfpOfom jzpfNyD; &ufpufMurf;wrf;rIr[kwaf y/ owå0ukd emusiaf pjcif;vnf;r[kwyf g/ ZA[fjyKorl sm;rSm vnf; pMu0Vmtaygif;wkYdk\t½Sif tv’m[fudk owd&apNyD; owå0gukv d nf; use;f rma&;twGuf tusK;d ½Sad om tom;ukjd zpfapygonf/ wd&pämefwYdkudk ZA[fjyK&ef vScJ sjcif;rSm &ufpufrrI [kwaf cs/ ¤if;wkYd udk aq;0g;uko&efppfaq;rItwGuv f nf; vScJ saomtaetxm;jyKMu&ygonf/

wd&pämefavmuESifhywfoufaom vlwkdY\wm0efrsm; wd&pämefrsm;tygt0if pMu0VmtwGif;½Sd t&mwkdYukd wkEIdif;rJhaus;Zl;awmf½Sif tv’m[ft½Sifjrwfu vlom;wkYd twGuf (1) uk;d uG,&f mt½Sif tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf; edpx ö m0&Ny;D jynfph pHk mG ½Sad ejcif;\ oufaovu©Pmawmf]tm,of} awmfrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? (2) vlom;wkYd pepfwuso;Hk pGíJ avmuukt d vSqif&ef aus;Zl;awmf]edtrf of}rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/

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(3) tv’m[ft½Sifjrwfu vlom;ukd,kHMunfvTJtyfol ]trmeof}tay: tvGJokH;pm;rjyKbJ opöm½SdpGm b0 wnfaqmuf&efvnf;aumif; pDrjH yKvyk af y;xm;jcif;jzpfayonf/

(1) aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[f½adS wmfral Mumif; oufaovu©Pmrsm;ukd ESv;Hk oGi;f tyfjcif; ]xk d ( tv’ m [f ) t½S i f j rwf \ ouf a ovu© P mawmf r sm;teuf rk d ; aumif u if pMu0Vmrsm;zefqif;awmfrljcif;onfvnf;aumif;? urÇmN*dK[fukd zefqif;awmfrl jcif;onfvnf;aumif;? ,if;rkd;aumif;uifrsm;ESifh urÇmN*dK[fESpfckpvkH;wGif jzefYxm;awmfrlaomouf½Sdtaygif;wkdYtm; zefqif;awmfrljcif;onfvnf;aumif; tygt0ifjzpfayonf/ xkdYjyif xkdt½Sifjrwfonf rdrdtvkd½Sdawmfrlaomtcg ,if;wkdYtm; pk½kH;jcif;ukdvnf; jyKpGrf;Edkifawmfrl\\/} (uk&ftmef 42;29) ]. . . pifppf t&mcyfodrf;wkdYonf xkdt½Sifjrwftm; csD;rGrf;jcif;ESifhwuG twdkif; tqr½Sd oefY½Sif;pifMu,fawmfrlaMumif; ½GwfqkdusL;&ifhvsuf½SdMuukef\/} (uk&ftmef 17;44) xkdYaMumifh vlom;taejzifh ouf½Sdwd&pämefavmutygt0if pMu0VmtwGif;rS tv’m[ft½Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;½SdaMumif; oufaovu©Pmrsm;ukd avhvmMunfh½I&ef? em;vnfatmifBudK;pm;NyD; ESvkH;oGif;&ef vdt k yfygonf/ tv’m[f\vrf;nTef uk&t f mefusr;f awmfjrwfonf pmawGUoufaovu©Pmawmfrsm;jzpfMuNyD; tv’m[f\zefqif;rIobm0avmuBuD;onf vufawGU oufaovu©Pmawmfrsm;jzpfMuay&m ,if;oufao vu©PmESp&f yfv;Hk ukd odem;vnfEikd af om ynm&yfrsm;ukv d nf; qnf;yl;avhvmqifjcif&m\/ txufyguk&t f meftm,wfawmfü urÇmN*Kd [t f jyif tjcm;pMu0Vmrsm;ü ouf½rdS sm;½Sad Mumif;yif jyqkx d m; ayonf/ xkYdjyif wd&pämefrsm;taMumif; uk&t f mefüazmfjyxm;csurf sm;teuf ysm;aumifudk tdraf qmuf? tpm½Sm? ysm;&nfxw k &f efvrf;nTecf suu f dk (16;68-69)üazmfjyxm;&m rl&if;t&ADo'´gtok;H tEIe;f rsm;ü ysm;rukad zmfneT ;f xm;ayonf/ ysm;tkHü ysm;bk&ifrESifh ysm;vkyfom;rsm;rSm trrsm;jzpfMuNyD; ysm;xD;rSm rsKd;yGm;a&;twGuf tenf;i,fom½Sad Mumif; od½MdS uonfrmS rMumao;acs/ uk&t f mefurl vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygif;(1400)ausmu f wnf;u ysm;r(bk&ifrESiv hf yk o f m;rsm;)udk &nfneT ;f azmfjyxm;onfudk thzH , G af wGU½SEd ikd af yonf/ xkYdtwl EkYdjzpfay:yku H v dk nf; (16;66)ü thzH , G af zmfjyxm;onf/

(2) tv’m[f\aus;Zl;awmfrsm;ukdodtyfjcif; ]toif(vlom;)wkYd rjrifcMhJ uavoavm/ pifppf tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfonf toifwYdt k usK;d iSm rk;d aumif;uif pMu0Vmrsm;ü½So d nfwYdkuv dk nf;aumif;? urÇmN*dK[üf ½So d nfwYdkuv dk nf;aumif; tok;csEikd af pawmfrcl ahJ vonf/ xkYd jyif xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf rdr\ d xif½mS ;aom aus;Zl;awmfrsm;ukv d nf;aumif;? rxif½mS ;aom aus;Zl;awmfrsm; ukv d nf; toifwYdk tay:0,f tjynft h pkcH say;oem;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ (uk&ftmef 31;20) ]¤if;jyif xk(d tv’m[f)t½Sijf rwfonf ajcav;acsmif;wd&pämefrsm;ukv d nf; zefqif;xif½mS ;apawmfrcl ahJ v onf/ toifwkdYtwGuf ,if;wkdYütaEG;xnfonfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; ½Sad yonf/ xkYd jyif ,if;wkYd teufryS if toifwYdk pm;ok;H Muuke\ f / ¤if;jyif ,if;wkYd udk naecsr;f wGif tdro f Ydk jyefoiG ;f vmcsed üf vnf;aumif;? eHeuf,w H iG f pm;usuo f Ydk vTwcf sed üf vnf;aumif; oifwYdw k u G f vSyESpv f zdk , G v f nf;

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½Sad yonf/ xkYdjyif ,if;wkYdonf toifwYdk\ 0efpnfpv,frsm;ukd toifwYdktvGet f rif;cJ,Of;pGmom a&muf½dS Edik Mf uaom NrKd U½GmokYd o,fy;dk jcif;ukv d nf;jyKMu\/ rkcs{uef toifwYdktm; tqifq h ifjh yKpyk sK;d axmifawmfral om t½Sio f nf trSeyf if wkEidI ;f rJh El;nhaH wmfral omt½Si?f wkEidI ;f rJh aumif;cs;D u½kPmay;awmfral omt½Sif jzpfawmfrl ayonf/ xkdYjyif xkd(tv’m[f)t½SifjrwfonfyifvQif jrif;? vm;ESifh jrnf;wd&pämefrsm;ukdvnf; toifwkdY pD;eif;Mu&efvnf;aumif;? cefYnm;wifw h ,fvyS ap&efvnf;aumif; pDrjH yKvyk af wmfrcl o hJ nf/ xked nf;wl xdt k ½Sijf rwf onf toif(vlom;)wkYd rodMuaomt&mrsm;ukv d nf; zefqif;awmfral vonf/} (uk&t f mef 16;5-8) vlom;onf ausmufacwfrpS í ,cktcg tEkjrLukd ok;H wwfaeayNy/D tmumoukd xk;d azmufaeayNy/D xkdYaMumifh vlom;taejzifh opfyifrsm;ukd aygufaponfh opfaphukdvnf;aumif;? a&çajrçavçrD; obm0 t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukv d nf;aumif; wDxiG Bf uq H ok;H pGEJ ikd pf rG ;f ½So d nfh qifjcifww Hk &m;ukv d nf;aumif;? wd&pämefrsm;ukd vnf;aumif; pDrjH yKvyk af y;awmfro l nfh wkEidI ;f rJh aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[fudk opöm½So d t l jzpf b0wnfaqmuf &rnfjzpfayonf/ xkYdjyif tv’m[f\aus;Zl;awmfrsm;ukd pepfwuso;Hk pGEJ ikd af &;twGuf oufqikd &f m odyHÜ 0dZmÆ ynm&yfrsm; ukd pepfwusem;vnf&efvt dk yfovk?d aq;ynm? ZD0aA'ynm&yfrsm;twGuf owå0grsm;jzifh tajccHvt dk yfcsuf ukd okawoejyKydkifcGifh½Sdygonf/ tEÅ&m,f½Sdygu okwfoifcGifh½Sdygonf/ vlonf ukd,fusifhw&m;ukdom apmifx h ed ;f tyfygonf/

(3) tv’m[f\,kHMunfvTJtyfrIukd tvGJokH;pm;rjyKtyfjcif; zefqif;½Sit f v’m[fonf pMu0VmtwGi;f ü vlom;ukd trmeofac: ,kMH unfvt JT yfrjI yKxm;&m ,if;ukd tvGo J ;Hk pm;rjyKtyfacs/ (uk&t f mef 33;72) t&mwkid ;f ukd ,if;wkYd EiS hf xdu k o f ifah om&ydik cf iG u hf dk ay;tyf&rnf/ w&m;rQwrIudk xde;f odr;f &rnf/ (uk&mf tef 4;58) xkYdaMumifh wd&pämefavmu todu k t f 0ef;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufí vlom;vky&f yfrsm;ukv d nf; rSww f rf;wifxm;Ny;D ½Sijf yefxajrmuf&rnfah eYwiG f ppfaq;cH&rnfjzpfaMumif; atmufyg twdik ;f owday;vrf;nTex f m;ayonf/ ]¤if;jyif urÇmN*dK[f0,f ½Sd½SdorQaom ouf½Sdowå0gtaygif;wkdYonfvnf;aumif;? rdrdwkdY\ awmifyHESpfzufjzifh ysHoef;vsuf½Sdaom iSufwd&pämeftaygif;wkdYonf vnf;aumif; toifwkdYuJhokdY tkyfpkrsm;jzpfMuayonf/ igt½SifjrwfrSwfwrf; awmfwGif wpfpkHwpf&mukdrQ csefvSyfxm;awmfrlcJhonfr½Sdacs/ xkdYaemuf ,if;wkdY onf ¤if;wkdYtm; tqifhqifhjyKpkysKd;axmifawmfrlaom t½SifjrwfxHawmfokdY (uk&ftmef 16;38) omvQif pk½kH;apjcif;ukd cHMu&ayrnf/} ]trSefaomfum; urÇmN*dK[f0,f ½Sd½SdorQ owå0gtaygif;wkdY\&du©monf tv’m[f t½Sifjrwf\tay:ü½Sdayonf/ ¤if;jyif xkdt½Sifjrwfonf ,if;wkdY\ owfrSwf ae&mrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;? xdef;odrf;&mae&mrsm;ukdvnf;aumif; t
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tv’m[ft½Sifjrwfonf a&xk? ajrxk? avxk toD;oD;ü½SdMuaom owå0gwkdYtwGuf &du©mukd oufqidk &f mobm0tavsmuf qifu h q J ifu h o J wfrw S x f m;ay\/ (20;54) xkYd aMumifh vlom;onf ¤if;wkYd \ pm;usurf sm;? tqifq h ift h odu k t f 0ef;vku d jf zpfwnfrrI sm;ukd xde;f odr;f ay;Mu&ayrnf/ wd&pämefwYdkwiG f toufEiS hf obm0todpw d (f instinct)om½SNd y;D qifjcifww Hk &m;? vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG Ehf iS hf ezfp0f n d mOfwYdk r½SMd uojzifh ukov dk f tukov dk (f aumif;rIjypfr)I rjzpfMuacs/ obm0todpw d rf w S pfqifh zefqif;½Sit f v’m[fu ¤if;wkYdtwGuf owfrw S jf y|mef;csurf sm;twdik ;f wpfaoGrwdr;f emcHvsu½f MdS uay&m ½Sijf yefxajrmuf&rnfah eYwiG f ¤if;wkYd w&m;pD&if ppfaq;cHMu&rnfvnf;r[kwaf cs/ uk&t f mefusr;f jrwfüvnf; wd&pämefwYdk w&m;pD&ifppfaq;cH&rnf[k azmfjy xm;jcif;tvsO;f r½Sad cs/ tv’m[ h x f H pk½;Hk jcif;cH&rnf[o l nf tv’m[f\pGr;f aqmifEikd rf u I dk jyqkNd y;D wd&pämefwYdkudk w&m;pD&ifppfaq;rnf[k qkv d jdk cif;r[kwaf y/ okYdaomf tv’m[ h x f rH S ,kMH unfvt JT yfrcI x H m;&aomvlom;onf wd&pämefavmutygt0if pMu0VmESihf pyfvsO;f í rdr\ d qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,v f yk yf ikd cf iG u hf dk tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKrEI iS phf yfvsO;f í ½Sijf yefxajrmuf &rnfah eYwiG f w&m;pD&ifcMH u&rnfjzpfayonf/ wd&pämefwYdkxrH v S o l m;u &ydik cf iG rhf sm;½So d uJo h Ydk vlwYdku wd&pämefwYdktm;ay;&rnfh tcGit hf a&;rsm;vnf; ½Sad eayonf/ tMuifrnforl qkd wd&pämefwYdktm;ay;&rnft h cGit hf a&;ukd ray;bJ tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKjcif;onf tv’m[ h f xHrS ,kMH unfvt JT yfru I dk tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKjcif;jzpfí jypfrx I u kd af yonf/

wd&pämefwkdYtm;ay;&rnfhtcGifhta&;rsm; tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfu wd&pämeftoD;oD;tm; vlom;\tusK;d iSm obm0toD;oD;jzifh zefqif;xm;\/ vlom;wkYdtaejzifh oufqikd &f mobm0tavsmufom tok;H csMu&rnf/ obm0ESiq hf efYusiíf tok;H rcs&/ rEdik 0f efudk rxrf;ap&/ tusK;d rJo h wfjzwfjcif;rjyK&/ n§i;f yef;ESyd pf ufjcif;rjyK&/ pm;ydik cf iG ½hf adS omowå0gukd pm;ok;H awmhrnf qkdvQif ydkif½Siftv’mh[fxH cGifhyefí ZA[fvSD;jzwfenf;jzifhom vSD;jzwfNyD;rS pm;okH;cGifh½Sdonf/ ZA[fenf;jzifh vSD;jzwfxm;jcif;r½Sdaomowå0g\tom;ukd pm;okH;jcif;onf aus;Zl;½Siftv’m[fukd opömrJh&m? owå0gukd apmfum;&ma&mufojzifh rpm;&/ tESpcf sKyrf mS tpövmrfwiG f vlom;tcsi;f csi;f touf? Opöm"eESihf *kPo f u d m© ukd apmifx h ed ;f tyfouJo h Ydk wd&pämef\touf? &dum© ESihf ae&mXmersm;? wd&pämeftjzpf jznfwnfrrI sm;ukd umuG,af pmifx h ed ;f Mu&rnf/ uk&t f mefusr;f jrwfrmS rl acwfwidk ;f ? a'owkid ;f twGuf trSm;r½Sb d J NyD;jynfph NHk yD;jzpfayonf/ okYd aomf wd&pämefwYd\ k tcGit hf a&;ESiphf yfvsO;f í wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'awmfrw S w f rf;wkYdudk avhvm&mwGif ajymcH&onfo h ?l rSww f rf;wpfqifjh yefo?l ajymonft h csed ?f ajymonft h ajctaersm;ukd *½krjyKrb d J em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;r½Syd gu t"dymÜ ,faumuf,&l mwGif vGrJ mS ;rIrsm;jzpfwwfonfudk owdjyKMu&rnfjzpfygonf/ xkYdaMumifh Mo0g'awmfrw S w f rf; wkYd udk uk&t f mefvrf;nTet f vif;a&mifatmufüom zGiq hf edk m;vnfEikd af yonf/

wd&pämefwkdY\toufESifhpyfvsOf;í Mo0g'rSwfwrf;tcsKdU (1) ]rnfolrqkd pmuav; (okdYr[kwf) pmuav;xufBuD;aomwd&pämefukd wmef0efrJhowfjzwfygu ,if; owfjzwfrEI iS phf yfvsO;f í xko d pl pfaq;ar;jref;jcif;cH&rnf/} (t[fr'f? epmtD) qkv d o dk nfrmS touftEÅ&m,f½ydS gu umuG,o f wfjzwfciG ½hf ydS gonf/ pm;ok;H cGi½hf adS omowå0gukd ZA[fenf;jzifh vS;D jzwfciG ½hf ydS gonf/

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(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

okYd aomf wm0efr?hJ tusK;d rJo h wfjzwfjcif;rjyK&ef oGeo f ifcsujf zpfayonf/ owå0gtcsi;f csi;f wdu k af y;jcif;? aY0cS ikd ;f jcif;rjyK&/ (od&rf Zd ?D tAl'g0k')f owå0gwkYdprG ;f &nfjrifw h ufvmap&ef pepfwusavhusirhf jI yKay;Edik af omfvnf; taMumif;rJah rm[du k yf ifyef;atmif? xdcu kd ef musiaf tmifrjyK&ef (Oyrm - Muufwu kd jf cif;? EGm;aY0cS ikd ;f jcif;wkYdurdk jyK&ef)oGeo f ifcsujf zpfayonf/ tpm;tpmtwGurf [kwb f J wd&pämefudk vufwnfph rf;jcif;rjyK&/ (Akcg&D? rkpfvifrf? rpf½Sfumof) tpm;tpm&du©mvdktyfcsuftwGuf trJvdkufjcif;? ig;½Smjcif;jyKvkyfcGifh½Sdaomfvnf; owå0gukd tusKd;rJh vufwnfph rf;&mypfrw S t f jzpf rjyK&efjzpfonf/ pm;cGi½hf adS omowå0gukd ZA[fenf;jzifh vS;D jzwf&mwGif owå0g oufawmifo h ufomjzpfap&ef *½kjyK&rnf/ Oyrm - tpma&pmauR;jcif;? xufaom"g;uko d ;Hk jcif;? ZA[fenf;pepftjynft h 0usio hf ;Hk jcif; (rkpv f ifr?f rpf½u fS mof)/ xkYdaMumifh tEÅ&m,fay;onfw h &d pämefudk okwo f if&mwGiyf if raumif;aomapwemjzifh tcsed q f íJG owfjcif;rsK;d rjyKtyfacs/ ukvm;tkyfbkdYrsm;? okd;NrD;rsm; tp½SdonfwkdYukd ZA[frvSD;cif t½Sifvwfvwf vSD;jzwfpm;aomufjcif; rjyK&/ ,if;onf taoom;uJo h Ydk yifjzpfonf/ (od&rf Zd ?D tAl'g0k')f

wd&pämefwkdY\ pm;eyf&du©mESifhae&mXmersm; (1) vlwpfO;D onf auR;arG;&efwm0ef½ydS gvsuf rauR;bJaejcif;onf w&m;cHjzpf&ef vkaH vmufayonf/ (rkpv f ifr)f (2) qmavmifrw G o f yd o f jzifh 0rf;ESichf g; wpfajy;wnf;jzpfaeaom ukvm;tkyw f pfaumifudk wrefawmfjrwf awGUawmfral omtcg pum;rajymEdik ½f mS aom þwd&pämefrsm;ESiyhf wfoufí tv’m[fudk aMumuf½UHG ½kad oMu\/ xku d o f ifo h aY½o G mpD;Mu? tpmukv d nf;a
wd&pämeftjzpf jzpfwnfrIukd ESdrfcs½dkif;jypGm qufqHrIrjyK&jcif; (1) c&D;oGm;pOf pcef;csygu tpD;teif;rS vSn;f tdrjf zKwNf yD;rS qGvmof0wfjyKMu&rnf/ (rpf½u fS mof) rvkt d yfbJ tpD;teif;owå0gü vSn;f tdrw f yfxm;jcif;rjyK&/ iJn h m§ rI½&dS rnf/ (2) c&D;oGm;&mwGif pD;eif;aejcif;r[kwb f J rvkt d yfbJ owå0gtay:xdik íf pum;ajymaejcif;rsK;d rjyK&/ (rpf½u fS mof) (3) wd&pämefrsm;rsuEf mS ay:okYd ½du k Ef u S jf cif;? rsuEf mS ukd trm½Gwjf zpfatmif jyKvyk jf cif;wkYd rjyK&/ (rkpv f ifr)f (4) Muufzukd qJa&;wkid ;f xGmjcif;rjyKEiS /hf ¤if;onf 0wfjyK&ef EI;d aqmfay;onf/ (rpf½u fS mof) qkv d o dk nfrmS owå0gwkYd udk qJa&;wkid ;f xGmjcif;rjyK&/ ½dik ;f jypGmqufqjH cif;rjyK&/ pGr;f &nfxufjrufa&; twGuf pepfwusavhusiahf y;cGi½hf ydS gonf/ (5) wd&pämefwYdkudk erdwq f ;dk ^tr*Fvm[k oabmrxm;&/ (tAl'g0k')f Oyrm - tcsKdUwd&pämefrsm;onf pD;yGm;wkd;apNyD;? tcsKdUwd&pämefwkdYrSm usufoa&r½Sd[lí rajymtyf/ wrefawmfjrwfonf ½Su D mvfjrif;(nmajcb,fvuf^b,fajcnmvufü tjzLuGu½f adS omjrif;)ukd rESpo f uf/ (rkpv f ifr)f

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qkv d o dk nfrmS xkjd rif;rsK;d onf tr*Fvmr[kw/f okYd aomf trsK;d tpm;ukd rBudKujf cif;omjzpfygonf/ wrefawmfjrwfonf teDa&mifjrif;ukd ESpo f uf\/ (od&rf Zd )D t&AfwkdYonf ,cifu c&D;oGm;cgeD; iSufodkufwGif;rS iSufrsm;ukd armif;xkwfwwfMu\/ iSufwkdYu taY½b S uf^nmbufoYdkyso H ef;u edrw d af umif;NyD; b,fbufoYdkyso H ef;u edrw d rf aumif;[lí ,lqMu&m wrefawmfjrwfu ]iSurf sm;ukd iSuo f u kd rf sm;ü½Syd gap}(tAl'g0k')f [k qk;H r\/ ,if;okYd edrw d rf aumufMu&ef oifMum;xm;\/ (uk&t f mef 17;13)uk&d nfneT ;f í tv’m[fu, dk yHk NHk yD; rdrMd ur®m rdrzd efw;D Mu&ef oGo f if awmfr\ l / (6) wd&pämef&ifaoG;i,frsm;ukd rdcifxrH S cGrJ ,l&/ (tAl'g0k'?f rpf½u fS mof) rdcifEiS &hf ifaoG; cGjJ cif;jzifh rdcifudk 'kur© a&;&/ wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'awmfrw S w f rf;rsm;\ tESpcf sKyo f abmrSm wd&pämefuo hJ Ydk rjzpfapbJ tv’m[fu rdru d adk y;oem;xm;aom qifjcifww Hk &m;ÓPfpifwYdkudk pepfwustok;H csí zefqif;½Si?f aus;Zl;½Sif tv’m[f\ oufaovu©Pmrsm;ukd odjrifem;vnfEv S ;Hk oGi;f Mu&ef atmufygtwdik ;f tv’m[fu vrf;nTex f m;\/ ]. . . xkdolwkdYü pdwfESvkH;rsm;um;½SdMu\/ okdYaomf ,if;pdwfESvkH;rsm;jzifh ¤if;wkdYonf pOf;pm;qifjcifem;vnfjcif;r½SdMuacs/ xkdolwkdYü rsufpdrsm;um; ½SdMu\/ okdYaomf ,if;wkdYjzifh xkdolwkdYrjrifMuacs/ xkdolwkdYü em;rsm;um; ½SdMu\/ okdYaomf ,if;wkdYjzifh xkdolwkdYrMum;Muacs/ xkdolwkdYonf wd&pämef rsm;uJhokdYomjzpfNyD; ykdíyif qkd;0g;Muao;onf/ xkdolwkdYonf *½krjyKolrsm; jzpfMuayonf/} (uk&ftmef 7;179)

uk&fAgeD[lonf ,ZfylaZmfjcif; tvsOf;r[kwfyg/ urÇmah 'otcsKUd ½Sd ½k;d &m,Ofaus;rIrsm;ukad vhvmMunfv h Qif wd&pämefrsm;jzifh ,Zfyal ZmfryI pHk rH sK;d pku H dk awGUjrif &ayonf/ &nf½, G cf sut f oD;oD;½SMd u\/ txl;ojzifh ewfuydk ojcif;jzpfayonf/ ,Zfyal Zmfonfh wd&pämefwYdkrmS uRJ? EGm;? EGm;aemuf? 0uf ponfwkdYjzpfMuonf/ ,if;okdY ,ZfylaZmf&mwGif (u) ewfuGef; okdYr[kwf ewfpif (c) ,ZfaumifEiS hf ,Zfpif (*) ewfyal Zmfjcif;? ewfay;jcif;? ewfuEém;ay;jcif; (C) OD;aqmifay;aom ewfq&mrsm; . . . ponfwYdk ½SMd uayonf/ wkid ;f &if;om;wkYd \ "avhx;Hk pHrsm;tjzpf tcsi;f csi;f av;pm;Muayonf/ odYkaomf tpövmrf\ uk&Af geDusiphf OfrmS ,if;okYd ,Zfyal Zmfonft h oGiw f pfcrk Q ryg½Sad cs/ &nf½, G cf suf rSmvnf; oD;jcm;pDomjzpfaMumif; azmfjyNyD;jzpfygonf/ xkYdjyif tpövmrf\ tpm;tpmpepfwiG f vlYzUJG pnf;ykt H & tom;ig;ESihf oD;ESu H dk wGzJ ufpm;ok;H rI½ydS gonf/ tom;ukd uk&Af geDaeYwiG rf S pm;ok;H jcif;r[kwyf g/ touf[o l nf qJvEf iS hf y½kw d ydk vmZrfudk tajccHxm;ojzifh oufowfvw G pf epfrjzpfEikd af Mumif; azmfjycJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ aeYpOf om;ig;ykpeG Ef iS hf toD;t½Guu f dk pm;ok;H aeMu& ayonf/ tom;pm;&mwGiyf if opömw&m;ukd rnfrQxed ;f odr;f xm;aMumif;vnf; azmfjycJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh rkpfvifrfpm;aomufqdkifrsm;wGif ]786}[lí azmfjyxm;jcif;rSm pm;aomufrIpnf;urf;ukd apmifhxdef;&aom rkpv f ifrw f YdktwGuf tpövmrfeh nf;usprD x H m;aom tpm;tpmrsm;[lí oauFwjzifh azmfjyjcif;omjzpfygonf/

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tjcm; rnfonf&h nf½, G cf surf Qr½Syd g/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ukvm;tkyfraygbJ EGm;aygí EGm;rsm;ukd uk&fAgeDjyKjcif;jzpfygonf/ EGm;okH;pGJrsm;u xkwfvkyfrIykdrsm;onfrSm "r®wmjzpfygonf/ v,f,mudkif;uRef;udpw ö Gif uRJEGm;ukdokH;&mrS ykdrkdxa&mufaom pufypön;f wkYd aem,lvmaeNyDjzpfygonf/ okYdaomf AvD0wfausmif;awmfrsm;wGif uk&Af geDjyKjcif;rSm tpövmrfw h &m;awmfEiS rhf avsmn f yD g/ rtyfpyfyg/ utfA[fausmif;awmfüvnf; uk&Af geDrjyKyg/ rDemt&yfü oD;jcm;jyKMu&ygonf/ AvDtwGi;f ZA[fjyKjcif;aMumifh roefYpifrrI sm;pGmay:ayguf&onf/ tajccHoefY½iS ;f pifMu,frI oG[m&ofuif;rJah pygonf/ uk&Af geDjyKot l csKUd rSmvnf; uk&Af geDoabmw&m;ESihf tESpo f m&ukd odjrifem;vnfjcif;r½Sb d J tom;azmfpm;olomomrQ jyKusihf aeMujcif;wkYdudk a½SmifMuOfMu&ygrnf/ tjcm;bmom0ifwYdkEiS hf Nird ;f csr;f pGm twl,OS w f aJG exdik af &;rlEiS hf tjyeftvSef av;pm;rIudk owdrvpfoifah cs/ jrifjh rwfaom uk&Af geD pGeYfvLS jcif;oabmw&m;ukd vufawGUazmfaqmifMu&ygrnf/

ed*kH; tpövmrfac: Nidr;f csr;f a&;b0wnfaqmufrv I rf;pOfonf yk*Kd¾ vpf ?JG a'opG?J vlrsK;d pGJ ponfh tpGw J &m; tm;vkH;tay: tajccHrxm;acs/ tcsdefESifh ae&mtmumo? taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;? EIdif;,SOfrI ponfh uefYowfcsuw f Ydkudk vGeaf jrmufawmfral om avmucyford ;f wkYdudk jyKjyifp&D ifawmfral om wkEidI ;f rJh u½kPm awmf½iS f tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf;tay:ü tajccHxm;ayonf/ okdYjzpfay&m tpövmrfhusifhpOfwkdYrSmvnf; yk*dK¾ vfpGJ? a'opGJ? vlrsKd;wkdYtay: tajcrcHacs/ qifjcifwkH w&m;rJhjcif;? t,lonf;jcif;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifhqefYusifjcif; ponfh vrf;nTefcsufrsm;vnf; tvsOf;rygacs/ pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ESi, hf OS af om Nidr;f csr;f a&;w&m;rsm;uko d m awGUjrif&ayrnf/ uk&Af geDusiphf OfrmS vnf; pMu0VmESi, hf OS af om jrifjh rwfonfyh ef;wdik t f wGuf ]ig}tpGcJ Rw&f ef trSew f &m; tay: opömapmifo h ½d adk ojcif;ESihf pGeYf vLS &Jaomowåu d dk xde;f odr;f apaom taMumif;w&m;wpf&yfjzpfaMumif; avhvmawGU½SdcJh&NyD;jzpfayonf/ trSefw&m;ay: opöm½Sdjcif;ESifh pGefYvSL&Jaom owåd½SifwkdYomvQif ukd,fusKd; rzufbJ Nird ;f csr;f a&;w&m;ukd umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f Murnfh pMu0Vm\ ol&aJ umif;rsm;jzpfMuayonf/ ¤if;wkYdonfom ]ig}wnf;[laomtpGu J dk atmifEikd Mf uolrsm;jzpfMuayonf/ vlom;wkid ;f onf qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG u hf dk ydik q f ikd x f m;Muonf/ vlom;\ vuf½v dS yk &f yfwikd ;f onf ¤if;\tem*wfuMH ur®mtwGuf taMumif;w&m;rsm;omjzpfayonf/ vlYtzGUJ tpnf;rsm; onf Nidrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;rljzifh&yfwnf&ef BudK;yrf;aeMuonf/ bmomw&m;toD;oD;uvnf; wpfcck si;f \jzpfwnfru I dk oabmxm;Bu;D pGm todtrSwjf yKí vlom;xkwpf&yfv;Hk \ Nird ;f csr;f a&;ESihf zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wuf a&;twGuf w&m;rQwrIay: tajccHum BuKd ;yrf;aqmif½u G af eMuonf/ tpövmrfac: Nird ;f csr;f a&;vrf;pOfuvnf; w&m;rQwrI( )ESifh tvSqifaumif;usKd;jyKjcif;( )w&m;wkdYukd aqmif½Guf&mwGif trSefw&m;twGuf pGefYvSL&ef tNrJtoifh½Sdapjcif;? ½IdifoGmefac: tzsuftiftm;pkukd qefYusif&eftoifh½Sdapjcif;wkdYukd uk&fAgeD pdw"f gwfu yJjh yifxed ;f ausmif;ay;aejcif;jzpfygonf/ vlom;wGif ½kyEf iS ehf mrf [lí yl;wG½J adS eay&m tpövmrfu h siphf Ofrsm;onf ,if; ½kyEf iS ehf mrf ESprf sK;d pvk;H ukd o[Zmwjzpfapaom w&m;wkYduo dk mjyqko d nf/ uk, d çf EIwçf ESv;Hk ok;H yg;pvk;H ukd wpfxyfwnf;usap&ef oGeo f if ygonf/ w&m;wpfc\ k oabmw&m;ESihf tESpo f m&ukd azmfaqmif&mwGif ,if;ESiphf yfvsO;f aeonfh ½kyw f &m;

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wkdY\ yuwdtajctaeESifhvnf; vufawGUo[Zmwjzpfap&ef vrf;nTefoifMum;ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,ck uk&fAgeDusifhpOfwGifvnf; wkEIdif;rJhu½kPmawmf½Sif tv’m[fESifh eD;uyfrI½Sdap&ef (0g) vlom;onf rdrd\ ezfp0f n d mOfonf tzGUH NzdK;qk;H jzpfap&ef tESpo f m&oabmaqmifvsuf wrefawmfBuD; tdA&f m[DrEf iS hf om;awmf tdprf mtDvo f rkid ;f wkYd udk *kPjf yKvsuf vkt d yfcsu½f o dS rl sm;xH tom;tvSLay;a0jcif;jzpfayonf/ tpövmrfwGif toufESifh ezfpf0dnmOfwkdY\ uGmjcm;ykHrsm;ukdvnf; avhvmcJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ xkdYjyif oufowfvw G [ f o l nf vufawGUtm;jzifrh &Edik af Mumif;vnf; ½Si;f vif;cJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ tpövmrfh tpm;tpmpepf wGif zefqif;½Sit f ay: opömapmifo h ½d adk ojcif;w&m;ukv d nf; azmfjycJNh yD;jzpfygonf/ jrifjh rwfaom vlom;wpfO;D jzpfap? ,Ofaus;rI½adS om vlYtzGUJ tpnf;wpf&yftwGujf zpfap opömw&m;ukd apmifo h ½d adk ojcif;ESihf pGeYf vLS jcif;wkYd onf r½Srd jzpf vkt d yfaomt&nftaoG;rsm;yifjzpfayawmhonf/ ]toifwkdYonf rdrdwkdY cspfcifESpfoufonfht&mxJrS rokH;pGJorQumvywfvkH; jrifhjrwfaom ukd,fusifhw&m;ukd rnfonfhtcgrQ &,lEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/} (uk&ftmef 3;92)

Nidr;f csr;f vkvif 1.11.1997

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usrf;ukd;pm&if; (1) usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t f mef t&ADr&l if;/ (2) Akcg&D? rkpfvifrf? od&frdZD? tAl'g0k'f? tdAfEkrm*s[? epmtD (3) Ghulam Mustafa Khan, “AL-DHABH” Jeddah, Abul Qasim Bookstore, 1991.

(4) BIOLOGY (Standard Ten) Yangon, Ministry of Education, 1986.

(5) John Pfeiffer, “THE CELL” United States, Time Inc., 1969.

(6) “SCIENTIFIC INDICATIONS IN THE HOLY QURAN” Dhaks, Islamic Foundation Bangladesh, 1990.

(7) “WHY ISLAM FORBIDS PORK” Islamabad, Islamic Research Institute

(8) Muhammad lqbal Saddiqi, “THE RITUAL OF ANIMAL SACRIFICE IN ISLAM” Lahore, KAZI PUBLICATION,

(9) armifarmfO;D (aq;-2)? ]oifch E¨muk, d ½f q dS v J }f ? &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1994/ (10) tajccHowåaA'(e0rwef;)? &efuek ?f txufwef;oif½;dk rmwdum/ (11) jrefrmhtpm;tpm\tm[m&? &efuek ?f use;f rma&;0efBuD;Xme? 1994/ (12) armifxed v f if;? jrefrmhv,f,mvkyif ef; aY½w S pfvrS ;f twuf(yxrwG)J ? &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1985/ (13) udopf b D m½Ge?f ]pm;eyf&u d m© -vlwYdk \ tem*wfjyóem} (bmomjyef)? &efuek ?f tar&duefjyefMum;a&;Xme? 1978/ (14) csp0f if;nGeYf ? ]vljynfu h syaf eaom þurÇm} (bmomjyef)? &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1986/ (15) armifMunfoefY? ]