Kozier - Chapter 3 - Nursing Theories
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Chapter
3
Nursing Theories and Conceptual Frameworks Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, 8e Berman, Snyder, Kozier, Erb Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 1
2. 3. 4. 5.
“A supposition or system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon” best defines A concept. A conceptual framework. A theory. A paradigm. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 1 • • • •
Concepts are mental images which are included within a theory. A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. Correct. A supposition or system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon is a theory. A paradigm is a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 2
2. 3. 4. 5.
“A group of related ideas or statements” is a definition for Philosophy. A conceptual framework. A theory. A paradigm.
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 2 • A philosophy is a belief system. • Correct. A group of related ideas or statements is a conceptual framework. • A theory is a supposition or system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon. • A paradigm is a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 3
2. 3. 4. 5.
“A set of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world” is a definition for A concept. A conceptual framework. A practice discipline. A paradigm. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 3 • Concepts are mental images. • A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. • A practice discipline is a field of study in which the central focus is performance of a professional role. • Correct. A set of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world is a paradigm.
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 4
2. 3. 4. 5.
Which of the following is a reason nursing is considered a practice discipline? Nursing focuses on performing the professional role. It takes time and experience to become a competent nurse. Research and theory development is a central focus. Nurses function as members of a team who form a practice group. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 4 • • • •
Correct. Practice disciplines are fields of study in which the central focus is performance of a professional role. Time and experience are necessary for developing proficiency in any profession or career. Research and theory development do not have performance as their primary focus. The primary focus of nursing is providing quality service to humans. Team or group practice can be part of a career in humanities, computer science, or rocket science. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 5
2. 3. 4. 5.
Which of the following constitute the metaparadigm for nursing? Nursing process, nursing diagnosis, nursing theory, nursing research. Person, environment, health, nursing. Assessment, diagnosis, planning, evaluation. Individual, family, group, community.
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 5 • •
• •
Incorrect. Correct. Person/client, environment, health, and nursing are relevant when providing care for any client in any setting. These elements can be used to understand diseases, conduct and apply research, develop nursing theories, as well as implement the nursing process. Incorrect. Incorrect. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Differentiation of Terms • Concept • Conceptual framework • Paradigm • Metaparadigm • Theory
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Concepts • Abstract ideas or mental images of phenomena or reality • Often called the “building blocks” of theories • Examples: mass, energy, ego, id
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Conceptual Framework • Group of related ideas, statements, or concepts • Often used interchangeably with the terms “conceptual model” and “grand theories” • Examples: Freud’s structure of the mind (id, ego, and superego)
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Paradigm • A pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world • Include notions of reality that are largely unconscious or taken for granted • Derived from cultural beliefs • Examples: time, space Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Metaparadigm • Concepts that can be superimposed on other concepts • Four major metaparadigms in nursing – – – –
Person Environment Health Nursing
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Theory • Supposition or system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon • Attempt to explain relationships between concepts • Offer ways to conceptualize central interests of a discipline • Example: Freud’s theory of the unconscious Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Purposes of Nursing Theory • Link among nursing theory, education, research, and clinical practice • Contributes to knowledge development • May direct education, research, and practice
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Metaparadigms of Nursing • Collectively include the following concepts: – – – –
Person or client Environment Health Nursing
• Superimposed on almost any work in nursing Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
The Living Tree of Nursing Theories
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Theory in the Sciences and Practice Disciplines • Natural Sciences – Theories provide a foundation and direction for research – Often produce tangible results – Examples: knowledge that can be used to control nature, disease, and foreign threats
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Theory in the Sciences and Practice Disciplines • Practice Disciplines – Theories work like lenses to interpret the world of interest – Usefulness comes from helping to interpret phenomenon from unique perspectives – Building new understandings, relationships, possibilities
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Use of Theory to Understand Clinical Practice • Debates about the role of theory in practice provide evidence that nursing is maturing
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Thinking Point
As a tool, theory can either liberate or enslave
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 1
2. 3. 4. 5.
“A supposition or system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon” best defines A concept. A conceptual framework. A theory. A paradigm. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 1 • • • •
Concepts are mental images which are included within a theory. A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. Correct. A supposition or system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon is a theory. A paradigm is a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 2
2. 3. 4. 5.
“A group of related ideas or statements” is a definition for Philosophy. A conceptual framework. A theory. A paradigm.
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 2 • A philosophy is a belief system. • Correct. A group of related ideas or statements is a conceptual framework. • A theory is a supposition or system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon. • A paradigm is a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 3
2. 3. 4. 5.
“A set of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world” is a definition for A concept. A conceptual framework. A practice discipline. A paradigm. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 3 • Concepts are mental images. • A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. • A practice discipline is a field of study in which the central focus is performance of a professional role. • Correct. A set of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world is a paradigm.
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 4
2. 3. 4. 5.
Which of the following is a reason nursing is considered a practice discipline? Nursing focuses on performing the professional role. It takes time and experience to become a competent nurse. Research and theory development is a central focus. Nurses function as members of a team who form a practice group. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 4 • • • •
Correct. Practice disciplines are fields of study in which the central focus is performance of a professional role. Time and experience are necessary for developing proficiency in any profession or career. Research and theory development do not have performance as their primary focus. The primary focus of nursing is providing quality service to humans. Team or group practice can be part of a career in humanities, computer science, or rocket science. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 5
2. 3. 4. 5.
Which of the following constitute the metaparadigm for nursing? Nursing process, nursing diagnosis, nursing theory, nursing research. Person, environment, health, nursing. Assessment, diagnosis, planning, evaluation. Individual, family, group, community.
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 5 • •
• •
Incorrect. Correct. Person/client, environment, health, and nursing are relevant when providing care for any client in any setting. These elements can be used to understand diseases, conduct and apply research, develop nursing theories, as well as implement the nursing process. Incorrect. Incorrect. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Resources • Audio Glossary • Nursing Theory, Practice, and Research This site exposes the nurse to various nursing theorists. • Nursing Theory Link Page This site was developed by a college of nursing and provides links to various nursing theorists Web sites. • Unitary Health Care: Martha Rogers's Science of Unita A Web site dedicated to Martha Rogers and her theory of unitary human beings. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Resources • What is a mid-range theory? This Web page provides excerpts from literature on nursing theory. • The collected works of Florence Nightingale This site offers data on Florence Nightingale and her works. • Boston College: Welcome to the nursing theorist web site. This site provides information on Sister Callista Roy's Theory of Adaptation. • Welcome to the Caring Science Home Page This site, created by the University of Colorado School of Nursing, details the Jean Watson Caring Theory. • The Neuman Systems Model This is the home page for the Neuman Systems Model. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
3
Nursing Theories and Conceptual Frameworks Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, 8e Berman, Snyder, Kozier, Erb Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 1
2. 3. 4. 5.
“A supposition or system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon” best defines A concept. A conceptual framework. A theory. A paradigm. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 1 • • • •
Concepts are mental images which are included within a theory. A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. Correct. A supposition or system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon is a theory. A paradigm is a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 2
2. 3. 4. 5.
“A group of related ideas or statements” is a definition for Philosophy. A conceptual framework. A theory. A paradigm.
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 2 • A philosophy is a belief system. • Correct. A group of related ideas or statements is a conceptual framework. • A theory is a supposition or system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon. • A paradigm is a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 3
2. 3. 4. 5.
“A set of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world” is a definition for A concept. A conceptual framework. A practice discipline. A paradigm. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 3 • Concepts are mental images. • A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. • A practice discipline is a field of study in which the central focus is performance of a professional role. • Correct. A set of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world is a paradigm.
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 4
2. 3. 4. 5.
Which of the following is a reason nursing is considered a practice discipline? Nursing focuses on performing the professional role. It takes time and experience to become a competent nurse. Research and theory development is a central focus. Nurses function as members of a team who form a practice group. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 4 • • • •
Correct. Practice disciplines are fields of study in which the central focus is performance of a professional role. Time and experience are necessary for developing proficiency in any profession or career. Research and theory development do not have performance as their primary focus. The primary focus of nursing is providing quality service to humans. Team or group practice can be part of a career in humanities, computer science, or rocket science. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 5
2. 3. 4. 5.
Which of the following constitute the metaparadigm for nursing? Nursing process, nursing diagnosis, nursing theory, nursing research. Person, environment, health, nursing. Assessment, diagnosis, planning, evaluation. Individual, family, group, community.
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 5 • •
• •
Incorrect. Correct. Person/client, environment, health, and nursing are relevant when providing care for any client in any setting. These elements can be used to understand diseases, conduct and apply research, develop nursing theories, as well as implement the nursing process. Incorrect. Incorrect. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Differentiation of Terms • Concept • Conceptual framework • Paradigm • Metaparadigm • Theory
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Concepts • Abstract ideas or mental images of phenomena or reality • Often called the “building blocks” of theories • Examples: mass, energy, ego, id
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Conceptual Framework • Group of related ideas, statements, or concepts • Often used interchangeably with the terms “conceptual model” and “grand theories” • Examples: Freud’s structure of the mind (id, ego, and superego)
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Paradigm • A pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world • Include notions of reality that are largely unconscious or taken for granted • Derived from cultural beliefs • Examples: time, space Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Metaparadigm • Concepts that can be superimposed on other concepts • Four major metaparadigms in nursing – – – –
Person Environment Health Nursing
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Theory • Supposition or system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon • Attempt to explain relationships between concepts • Offer ways to conceptualize central interests of a discipline • Example: Freud’s theory of the unconscious Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Purposes of Nursing Theory • Link among nursing theory, education, research, and clinical practice • Contributes to knowledge development • May direct education, research, and practice
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Metaparadigms of Nursing • Collectively include the following concepts: – – – –
Person or client Environment Health Nursing
• Superimposed on almost any work in nursing Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
The Living Tree of Nursing Theories
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Theory in the Sciences and Practice Disciplines • Natural Sciences – Theories provide a foundation and direction for research – Often produce tangible results – Examples: knowledge that can be used to control nature, disease, and foreign threats
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Theory in the Sciences and Practice Disciplines • Practice Disciplines – Theories work like lenses to interpret the world of interest – Usefulness comes from helping to interpret phenomenon from unique perspectives – Building new understandings, relationships, possibilities
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Use of Theory to Understand Clinical Practice • Debates about the role of theory in practice provide evidence that nursing is maturing
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Thinking Point
As a tool, theory can either liberate or enslave
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 1
2. 3. 4. 5.
“A supposition or system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon” best defines A concept. A conceptual framework. A theory. A paradigm. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 1 • • • •
Concepts are mental images which are included within a theory. A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. Correct. A supposition or system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon is a theory. A paradigm is a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 2
2. 3. 4. 5.
“A group of related ideas or statements” is a definition for Philosophy. A conceptual framework. A theory. A paradigm.
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 2 • A philosophy is a belief system. • Correct. A group of related ideas or statements is a conceptual framework. • A theory is a supposition or system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon. • A paradigm is a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 3
2. 3. 4. 5.
“A set of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world” is a definition for A concept. A conceptual framework. A practice discipline. A paradigm. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 3 • Concepts are mental images. • A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. • A practice discipline is a field of study in which the central focus is performance of a professional role. • Correct. A set of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world is a paradigm.
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 4
2. 3. 4. 5.
Which of the following is a reason nursing is considered a practice discipline? Nursing focuses on performing the professional role. It takes time and experience to become a competent nurse. Research and theory development is a central focus. Nurses function as members of a team who form a practice group. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 4 • • • •
Correct. Practice disciplines are fields of study in which the central focus is performance of a professional role. Time and experience are necessary for developing proficiency in any profession or career. Research and theory development do not have performance as their primary focus. The primary focus of nursing is providing quality service to humans. Team or group practice can be part of a career in humanities, computer science, or rocket science. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 5
2. 3. 4. 5.
Which of the following constitute the metaparadigm for nursing? Nursing process, nursing diagnosis, nursing theory, nursing research. Person, environment, health, nursing. Assessment, diagnosis, planning, evaluation. Individual, family, group, community.
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Rationales 5 • •
• •
Incorrect. Correct. Person/client, environment, health, and nursing are relevant when providing care for any client in any setting. These elements can be used to understand diseases, conduct and apply research, develop nursing theories, as well as implement the nursing process. Incorrect. Incorrect. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Resources • Audio Glossary • Nursing Theory, Practice, and Research This site exposes the nurse to various nursing theorists. • Nursing Theory Link Page This site was developed by a college of nursing and provides links to various nursing theorists Web sites. • Unitary Health Care: Martha Rogers's Science of Unita A Web site dedicated to Martha Rogers and her theory of unitary human beings. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Resources • What is a mid-range theory? This Web page provides excerpts from literature on nursing theory. • The collected works of Florence Nightingale This site offers data on Florence Nightingale and her works. • Boston College: Welcome to the nursing theorist web site. This site provides information on Sister Callista Roy's Theory of Adaptation. • Welcome to the Caring Science Home Page This site, created by the University of Colorado School of Nursing, details the Jean Watson Caring Theory. • The Neuman Systems Model This is the home page for the Neuman Systems Model. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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