Jenis-jenis Kabel

BAB A PENGENALAN PERALATAN RANGKAIAN BAB A – 1 Pengenalan kepada pemasangan rangkaian 1.1 Senarai dan kenalpasti jenis-jenis kabel rangkaian

Types of Copper Network Cables ■

Coaxial Cables

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Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

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Shielded Twisted Pair (STP )

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Coaxial Cable Coaxial cable is comprised of : ■ Central conductor ■ Dielectric material ■ Copper braid Braided Shield ■ PVC jacket. PVC Jacket

Conductor

Dielectric

15

Coaxial Cable Characteristics ■

The center conductor and the braided shield make up the two paths of a signal circuit.

■

Two types of coaxial cable used in networks are: – RGRG-6 (10Base5) Thicknet cable. – RGRG-58 (10Base2) Thinnet cable.

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Unshielded Twisted Pair

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Unshielded Twisted Pair Characteristics Typical impedance is 100 ohms. ■ Contains four pairs of 22 or 24 gauge solid copper wire. ■ Relatively small diameter of 0.17” makes it easy to install. ■ Has no physical shielding. ■ Uses cancellation effect to reduce crosstalk and EMI/RFI noise. ■

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Categories of UTP Cables Category 1 - Not Rated ■ Category 2 - Telephone Wiring ■ Category 3 - 10Base-T Ethernet ■ Category 4 - 16 Mbs Token Ring ■ Category 5 - 100Base-T Ethernet ■

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Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

Shield Drain Wire

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Shielded Twisted Pair Characteristics ■

Available for: – 100 ohm 10Base10Base-T – 150 ohm Token Ring

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Utilize both shielding and cancellation interference techniques. 21

Typical Fiber Optic Cable

J acket

Buffer

Cladding

Core

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Fiber Optic Cable Characteristics Immune to electrical interference ■ Extremely secure ■ Very low loss ■ Very expensive to install and maintain ■ Requires electrical-optical-electrical signal conversion ■

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BAB A : 2 PENGENALAN KABEL RANGKAIAN

Types of Cables Used In Networks ■

Copper Cables

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Fiber Optic Cable

1

Factors Affecting Copper Cable Performance ■

Impedance

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Electrical Interference

5

Cable Impedance ■

Resistance

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Reactance

6

Cable Resistance ■

Opposes current flow.

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Is measured in ohms.

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Can be measured with an ohmmeter.

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Is directly proportional to cable length. 7

Cable Reactance ■

Opposes changes in voltage or current.

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Is rated in ohms but cannot be measured with an ohmmeter.

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Is the result of capacitance and inductance between conductors.

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Determined by their diameter and spacing. 8

Impedance ■ Impedance is the vector sum of

resistance and reactance. Im ped anc e

Resistance

Reactance 9

Electrical Interference ■

Degrades data signals.

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Can result in data errors.

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Types of electrical interference: – Crosstalk – EMI/RFI 10

Interference Protection Techniques ■

Cancellation – Twisted wire pairs create out of phase magnetic fields which tend to cancel each other.

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Shielding – Grounded metal braid or foil surrounding a conductor protects it from external radiation. 11

Crosstalk Between Conductors The interference generated when a magnetic field from one wire induces current into another wire. ■ Fields of opposite phase tend to cancel each other. Insulation ■

Electromagnetic Fields

Copper Conductor

+ -

12

EMI/RFI Results from the cable being placed in an external magnetic field. ■ Shielding blocks external magnet interference. ■

Conductor Magnetic Field Grounded Shield 13

PERBEZAAN KABEL UNSHIELDED DAN KABEL SHIELDED

KABEL UNSHIELDED

KABEL SHIELDED

Kos lebih rendah dan 1.Apakah fungsi pin crimping tool? murah Penghantaraan sehingga 100Mbps cepat untuk dipasang

Kos lebih tinggi dan mahal Penghantaraan yang laju Lambat untuk dipasang KURANG Sensetif terhadap gangguan elektrikal Selamat Lambat rosak

sensetif terhadap gangguan elektrikal Kurang keselamatan Cepat rosak

CONTOH – CONTOH KABEL UNSHIELDED DAN KABEL SHIELDED

KABEL UNSHIELDED

KABEL SHIELDED

KABEL COAXIAL

•Namakan peralatan di bawah:

History Of Coaxial Cables ■

Invented in 1929 – Original concept consisted of a hollow pencilpencilsized copper tube with a central wire conductor suspended in its center.

AT& T established its first cross-continental coaxial transmission system in 1941. ■ Used extensively in military radar and communications systems by the mid-1940s. ■

4

Coax Cable Construction Consists of two conductors that share a common axis. Hence the name “coaxial.” ■ These two conductors are separated by a sheath of insulating dielectric material. ■ The outer conductor, made of copper braid or mesh, is in turn covered by a tough plastic jacket which forms the outer cover. ■

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Construction Details End View Jacket Outer Conductor Dielectric Center Conductor

6

Important Cable Characteristics ■

Nominal Impedance – Total opposition to current flow

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Velocity of Propagation – Signal speed in cable compared to free space

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Nominal Capacitance – Cable capacitance, in pF/ft

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Nominal Attenuation – Decrease in cable signal power, in db/ft 7

How Dielectric Material and Thickness Affect Capacitance ■

Air or a vacuum is considered to have a dielectric constant of 1 while common coax dielectrics range from 2 to 2.4. The lower this number, the lower the capacitance.

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The greater the thickness of the dielectric, the greater the spacing between the conductors and the lower the capacitance. 12

How Dielectric Constant and Thickness Affect Capacitance ■

This illustrates how dielectric constant (K) and thickness affect cable capacitance.

Air K=1

K=2

Dielectric Increases Capacitance

Decreased Spacing Increases Capacitance

13

PERBEZAAN ANTARA KABEL KUPRUM DENGAN GENTIAN OPTIK KABEL KUPRUM

KABEL GENTIAN OPTIK

Kos lebih rendah dan murah 1.Apakah fungsi pin crimping tool? Lebih bising Mudah untuk dipasang Terdapat gangguan elektrik Isyarat dalam bentuk elektromagnetik Kurang selamat

Kos lebih tinggi dan mahal Tiada kebisingan Sukar untuk dipasang Tiada gangguan elektrikal Isyarat dalam bentuk cahaya atau laser Keselamatan yang tinggi

Data kurang laju Panjang maksimum kabel kurang

Data sangat laju Lebih panjang

BAB A : 3 PENGENALAN PERALATAN DAN PIAWAIAN

3.1 PERALATAN-PERALATAN DALAM PENDAWAIAN KABEL KUPRUM 1. Punchdown tool 2. RJ45 crimping tool 3. Coaxial crimping tool 4. Pin crimping tool 5. Coaxial cable & UTP cable stripper

3.2 KEPERLUAN PIAWAIAN DALAM PENDAWAIAN RANGKAIAN

Th

So ■

Nation and As

■

G OSHA Act

Hiera

Topolo Standa

■

– Softw Soft

Acti Act Ba

Stand ■

Pro

Sta

Pop Cab

I

Type 1 ■ Type 2 ■ EIA/ Type 3 ■

NE ■

All lev safety

Cab

Cabl ■

DC Re