Japan's Invasion Of The Philippines

“Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. This world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children. This is not a way of life at all in any true sense. Under the clouds of war, it is humanity hanging on a cross of iron. ” ~Dwight D. Eisenhower, speech, American Society of Newspaper Editors, 16 April 1953

And that is just how our fellow Filipinos had felt. For them, they deserve more than peace, more than a chance to live. But rather, the chance to seek the will to be free… ---------- BROUGHT TO YOU BY     

Luiza Artillero Jesselle Ann Bagadiong Karen See Rachel Frances Rodriguez Reynold Christian Zuniga

---------- HS 1- St. Agnes {Group # 7}

TABLE OF CONTENTS        

The Prologue Fearing For The Worst Troublesome Times The Battle Continues A New Start The New Constitution Revenge Of The Filipinos The Epilogue

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Treaty of Versailles solved nothing

The loss of all that land to other countries simply made Hitler's early aggression look justified. But, most of all, the Treaty made the Germans angry, just waiting their chance for revenge. -----------------------------

League of Nations failed to keep the peace

While Hitler kept the Treaty of Versailles, it failed to achieve disarmament. Countries left the failing League, and realized that they would have to fight a war. -----------------------------

Appeasement

Appeasement encouraged war. It made Hitler think no one dare stop him, which encouraged him to go further and further until in the end he went too far.

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Hitler

Many historians still think that the Second World War was Hitler's personal war, and that he always intended to fight a war - as a re-run of a First World War he did not believe that German had lost fairly.

Each event created anger in the allies. This anger grew until Chamberlain declared war on Hitler on 3rd September 1939.   -------------------And as we go on further with this, we’ll know that for some reason, Japan also had something to do be blamed for all of this.

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Even before the war itself, Japan had already its means of communication with the Philippines. In fact, there are already several of them in the country. Mostly, they were active at the Davao region.

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It all started when the Japanese and the Philippines met for the first time. They’re actually the last ones whom our very forefathers have traded with in the past. And until now, their influence is mainly on industry, like for example, the breeding of ducks and fishes.

To be honest, we were actually in good terms with them, that is, until that faithful day had come…

One of the ministers of Japan named Arita had invited the Philippines to the “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” program. But sadly for him, the Commonwealth had denied his offer, knowing the consequences. -------------------The war warning of December 6 had then put US Army General Douglas MacArthur into action. When Pearl was being bombed, his planes were in the air, his shore defense were manned, and he thought the first attack would come his way, as the war plans expected. 

General Douglas MacArthur right on duty…

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Unfortunately for McArthur and the War Department, the Japanese had already written their own war plans that called for the attack on the Philippines on Clark Air Base in late morning of December 7, 1941.

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The Americans and Filipinos were truly stunned when the attack came as the planes were on the ground and refueling. By that time, Manila was bombed next on December 9.

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MacArthur had spent twelve years in the Philippines, and had recently returned to the US Army after commanding the Filipino Armies wearing an elaborate gold braided uniform. He failed to provide the needed training, but was also hampered by a corrupt Filipino government and little assistance from the United States.

Most of the US Army Air Corps was destroyed on the ground. Bombers hit Cavite Navy Yard very hard, and the bleeding of the US Asiatic Fleet began. 

His army in December 1941 was made up of many different units that were not coordinated or had trained together on any useful basis. He had a huge force of almost 130,000 men, but the majorities were Filipino units, only one of which was considered combat-ready.

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Macarthur planned for the expected Japanese attack using standard military doctrine for defense of the Philippines: retreat into prepared fortifications on Bataan peninsula and Corregidor, expecting a landing in Manila Bay

Here lies the mighty stronghold of Corregidor…

But the speed of the Japanese advance prevented that mode of defense. 

Because by then, Imperial Army General Masaharu Homma landed on northern Luzon on December 9 and moved quickly through little resistance. Essentially, Homma landed behind the Allies, leaving their supplies between the Japanese and Macarthur's men.

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By December 20, Homma was landing on Mindanao and driving for Manila. The Philippine Government declared Manila an open city, but the Japanese bombed it anyway.

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MacArthur retreated to Corregidor and Bataan without telling his Navy counterpart in Manila Bay. His men called him “Dugout Doug.”

The one and only Imperial Army General Masaharu Homma!!!

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Homma moved to occupy Manila, giving the Allies time to set up some sort of defensive line.

President Roosevelt of US 

Roosevelt could see that the Philippines could not hold, because there was no relief available. MacArthur was ordered to evacuate to Australia in March; he left via PT boat, creating a romantic myth about the plywood craft, to a remote airfield and flew to Darwin.

Upon arrival, he remarked to reporters

which became his battle cry.

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Homma surrounded US Army General Jonathan Wainwright and 100,000 Americans and Filipinos on Bataan and Corregidor.

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They were able to hold out until May 7, 1942, when Wainwright tried to separate his command so that his Southern subordinate, Army General King, could continue resistance.

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Soldiers who were caught, surrendered, and had been injured, were all then asked to partake in the Death March.

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King complied, but he had little fight to offer anyway. He was surrounded and continued resistance would have resulted in thousands of deaths.

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However, thousands died anyway. King’s and Wainwright’s forces in Bataan were forced to march several miles in four columns to Camp O’Donnell, which the Japanese were using as a POW camp. That was none other than the Death March. And apparently, 3,000 Americans and 10,000 Filipinos died within days, and thousands more died during the course of their captivity.

There was even one time when Japan made continuous bombings just in honor for the birthday of their own emperor; bullets and canyons were raining everywhere at that time.

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Seeing their enemies’ suffering, Homma then insisted on complete surrender, and Wainwright decided he had no choice since the loss was humongous. Via radio, he ordered all Allied troops to surrender on May 8.

Here, Douglas MacArthur is signing his formal surrender…

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Some Americans and Filipinos retreated into the mountains to begin the kind of warfare that was so infuriating to the Spanish and Americans during their colonial occupations.

They were known as the “guerrillas”. And indeed, the battle still had continued on…

If only if only the Filipinos could have things according to their will... Then maybe the Philippines would not be the puppetstate of Japan. 

The Second Philippine Republic, officially the Republic of the Philippines was the government of the Japanese-occupied Philippines during World War II.

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If once can remember correctly, Japan invaded other countries in the 1930s and 1940s, long before World War II. It annexed Manchuria in 1932, attacked China in 1937 and then added North French Indochina to its sphere in 1940.

The invasion of Manchuria, China, and North French Indochina as follows…

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Like what’s said before, Hachiro Arita, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan, invited the Philippines to cooperate with the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere. However, the Philippines declined the invitation.

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President Manuel Quezon declared Manila, the capital, an "open city" and left it under the rule of Jorge B. Vargas, as mayor. The Japanese entered the city on January 2, 1942 and established it as the capital. Japan fully captured the Philippines on May 6, 1942, after the fall of Corregidor.

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After the Japanese had full control of the Philippines, Homma then stated that the country will be led by a general director.

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General Masaharu Homma dissolved the commonwealth and established the Philippine Executive Commission, caretaker of the government, with Vargas as its first chairman.

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All political parties were banned, with the exception of the KALIBAPI – Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (Filipino for the "Organization in the Service of the New Philippines").

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A constitution was formed by the Preparatory Commission for Independence, consisting of 20 members from the KALIBAPI. The Preparatory Commission, led by Jose P. Laurel presented its draft Constitution on September 4, 1943 and three days later, the KALIBAPI general assembly ratified the draft Constitution.

All hail the Republic Of The Philippines!!!

By September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPI's representative groups in the country's provinces and cities elected from among themselves fifty-four members of the Philippine National Assembly, the legislature of the country, with fifty four governors and city mayors as ex-officio members.

Together with the change in society… --------------------A constitution was formed by the Preparatory Commission for Independence, consisting of 20 members from the KALIBAPI. The Preparatory Commission, led by Jose P. Laurel, presented its draft Constitution on September 4, 1943 and three days later, the KALIBAPI general assembly ratified the draft Constitution. 

And by September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPI's representative groups in the country's provinces and cities elected from among themselves fifty-four members of the Philippine National Assembly, the legislature of the country, with fifty four governors and city mayors as ex-officio members.

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Three days after establishing the National Assembly, its inaugural session was held at the prewar Legislative Building and elected Benigno Aquino, Sr. as its first Speaker and Jose P. Laurel as President of the New Philippine Republic.

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On October 15, 1943, the Second Philippine Republic was inaugurated. Laurel took his oath as president, but he ruled in name only, as the government was still.....

…..a puppet state of Japan

In March 1942, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur and President Quezon fled the country.

-------------------The cruelty of the Japanese military occupation of the Philippines is legendary. 

And it just so happens that the guerrilla units harassed the Japanese when they could, and on Luzon, native resistance was strong enough that the Japanese never did get control of a large part of the island.

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And on the other hand, The HUKBALAHAP was the military arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), formed in 1942 to fight the Japanese Empire's occupation of the Philippines during World War II.

Commonly known as “Huks”, it fought a second war from 1946 to 1954 against the pro-Western leaders of their newly independent country. The term is a contraction of the Filipino term "Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon", which means "People's Army Against the Japanese." 

Just to make things clear…

The HUKBALAHAP Campaign was a series of battles and confrontations between Philippine Government forces and HUKBALAHAP forces. The HUKBALAHAPS were mainly supported (in fighting) by the NPA, CCP and the PKP and they were also supported with both weapons and economically by the Asian Countries as well as of the US, UK and Australia.

And finally… In October 1944… 

McArthur had gathered enough additional troops and supplies to begin the retaking of the Philippines, landing with Sergio Osmena who had assumed the Presidency after Quezon's death.

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After their landing, Filipino and American forces also undertook measures to suppress the Huk movement, which was originally founded to fight the Japanese Occupation. The Filipino and American forces removed local Huk governments and imprisoned many high-ranking members of the Philippine Communist Party. While these incidents happened, there was still fighting against the Japanese forces.

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And despite the American and Philippine measures against the Huks, they still supported American and Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese.

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The Filipino and American forces removed local Huk governments and imprisoned many highranking members of the Philippine Communist Party.

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While these incidents happened, however, there was still fighting against the Japanese forces and, despite the American and Philippine measures against the Huk, they still supported American and Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese.

The battles entailed long fierce fighting…

Some of the Japanese continued to fight until…

The official surrender of the Empire of Japan took place on September 2, 1945…

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The Philippines suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction by the time the war was over.

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The Japanese committed widespread abuse of the Filipino people, including murder, rape, theft, forced labor, and punishment for having been under US rule. And an estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed, and Manila was extensively damaged as the Japanese did not declare it an open city as the Americans had done in 1942.

The years 1942 to 1945 proved to be the darkest moments of the country as this was known by the citizens as the “TIME OF DARKNESS”.

And after years of connection with the Japanese, it seems they have influenced us one way or another by the following… 

The systems of cooperatives. During a Filipino’s travel to Japan, he saw how the Japanese work in cooperation. So when he was exiled to Dapitan, the first cooperative was formed there which was inspired from his Japan travel.

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Pottery-making is one of the influences because a lot of people here in the Philippines like to do some potteries.

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Many Filipinos loves watching animes or the so-called Japanese cartoons.

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Decapitation of Men, women, and children with a Katana sword. Hundreds of thousands dead.

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Taking off one’s slippers or shoes when entering other's houses as well as using miso as for ingredient.

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Pottery-making and Karaoke as well…

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The use of Bonsai.

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Showing respect especially through the use of suffixes like “san” and “chan” at the end of one’s name.

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Massive addiction/liking to video games.

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The use of “Kampai” which is related to alcohol drinking.

REFERENCES  

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http://worldwar2database.com/html/philip42.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines#Worl d_War_II http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines #World_War_II_and_Japanese_occupation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbalahap http://www.johndclare.net/RoadtoWWII7a.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_constitution#Second_Republic _.281943.29 http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070711052938AA6j 2Eo http://images.search.yahoo.com/images;_ylt=A0oGkmqfIsVIH6EAtB Kl87UF?ei=UTF-8&fr2=tab-web&fr=&p=