Itm Lecture 1

INFORMATICS Information Technology gy Management

L Lecture 1 12th December 2007

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Reference Book Charles Ch rl s P Parker rk r & Th Thomas m sC Case, s ”Management Information Systems: Strategy and Action”, Second edition, edition Mitchell McGraw-Hill, McGraw Hill ISBN0-07-048573-9

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Why are we here? z

> 1/2 / off allll new businesses b today d involve computer products or services

z

You must b Y be IS liliterate to succeed d iin an organization today

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Business Perspective p of IT z

Organizations g z We must understand the nature, the purpose, and the structure of the organizations that will use the IT.

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People p z We must understand how they use the IT, why they use the IT, and how it affects their jobs and daily activities.

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Technology z We must understand the capabilities, limitations, and functionality if the technology that underlies the IT. ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Unit 1: Computer System

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What is Information n or ation Technology? „ „

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IInformation f i technology h l iis the h di direct use off technology h l to process data. A more formal definition of IT would be: ‹ The acquisition, q processing, p g storage g and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual, and numeric information byy a micro-electronics based combination of computing and telecommunications. Thee technology T ec o ogy itself se can ca be divided d v ded into o Computer p and Communications Hardware and Software. ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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What is Information Technology? z

Information Technology is the hardware and software that are packaged as a device for capturing, storing, processing, and outputting digital content. content

z

Information technology – any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an g organization

z

Information technology is an important enabler of business success and innovation

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Whyy use Information Technology? W gy „

Computer C t andd communication i ti technology t h l available today offer an efficient way of management information ‹ ‹ ‹

Cheaper p Faster More acc accurate rate

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Information Technology z

Continues to advance at a rapid pace

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Has played a substantial role in most organizations i i

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Has altered the concept of time and distance

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May potentially impact society ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Information Technology Defined A more fformall ddefinition fi i i off IT would ld be b “the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual, and numeric information by a micro-electronic micro electronic based combination of computing and telecommunications” ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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What is an Information System? z

Management information systems (MIS) – the function that p plans for,, develops, p , implements, p , and maintains IT hardware, software, and the portfolio of applications pp that p people p use to support pp the g goals of an organization

z

MIS is a business function, similar to Accounting, Finance Operations, Finance, Operations and Human H man Resources Reso rces

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Components p of an Information System y z Purpose z People z Information

Technology gy

z Procedures z Data

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Information Technology People use z Information technology to work with z Information I f ti z

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What is Data? „ „ „ „

Organizations Or niz ti ns come m in with ith llarge r amount m nt off D Data t Data is process to provide useful information Relevant l information i f i assist i managers to plan, l controll and make decision D iis Data ‹ Collected ‹ Process (treated to get useful information) ‹ Store ( (Keep, p File)) ‹ Disseminate (Information distribute) ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Data Processing Data P D Processing i is i the h use off automation i (i.e. (i computer)) to process raw data (input) to create meaning information (output)

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Data vs vs. Information DATA

INFO

Raw Facts •Hours Worked

Useful, valuable Useful Facts:

•Pay Scale

•Total T t lP Paycheck h k

•Overtime def •Overtime Scale

Applying Knowledge Base ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Data,, Information and Knowledge g

Database Queries

Data

A. Berger M. Jones T. Martin J. Smith

Shoes Scarves Jewelry Groceries

50,000 46,800 29,200 75 500 75,500

MoU Qty Income Education

Information

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A. Berger is most likely to buy new product

T. Martin is profitable customer and is likely to switch carriers

Knowledge & Customer Insight

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General Description z

z z z

The machines Th hi themselves, h l that h iis the h physical h i l components of a computer system (such as processor, screen, keyboard k b d andd printer) i ) are referred f d to as the h computer hardware A computer process data A computer p operation p are p performed under the control of a program Almost os all a business b s ess computers co p e s (and (a d most os scientific sc e c computers) are digital computers ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Components of a Computer „

Software S f iis the h program that h run on the h computer e.g. Operating system, Word Processor

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Hardware is the pphysical y component p of the computer e g Hard disk e.g. disk, CPU

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Components p of a Computer p - Software w „ Software Soft are

is the intangible part of the system, y which comprises p the instructions to perform given tasks, i.e. the programs.

„ Hardware

is the physical part of the system; y the computer, p peripheral p p devices, etc. ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Components p of a Computer p - Hardware „

The basic components of a computer computer’ss hardware consist of:

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Different types of Computers „

Computers are classified according to size, size although the difference between these categories can be quite vague. vague ‹ ‹ ‹ ‹ ‹ ‹ ‹ ‹

Supercomputers Mainframes Minicomputers Microcomputers p Workstations Personal Computers File Servers Portables ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Supercomputers „

Ultra fast computers designed to process huge amount of Ultra-fast scientific data and then display the underlying pattern that have been discovered. „ They are particularly useful for occasions when many calculations need to be performed, for example in weather forecasting. forecasting „ Manufacturers of supercomputers include Cray and Fujitsu.

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Mainframes „

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Huge, multi multi-user user systems designed to handle gigantic processing job in large corporations or government agencies, such as handling an airline’s reservation. Some mainframes support over 10,000 concurrent users. People login mainframe using terminals M i f Mainframe are usually ll stored d iin special, i l secure room that h h have a controlled climate.

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Minicomputers „ „

Multi-user system that can handle the computing needs of a small corporations or organization. S Support t up to t 1,000 1 000 concurrentt users.

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Microcomputers Microcomputers p also called Personal Computers p ((PC)) are the most recent type of computer to be developed. „ They are the smallest type of computer. „ They Th come in i a variety i off sizes, i from f the h desktop d k model, d l to the h now outdated d d laptop, the A4 sized notebook, and even the sub notebook size. „ The p processor is contained on one silicon chip, p, instead of a combination of chips. This processor in a PC is called a microprocessor. „

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Workstations A workstation was a computer p used byy one person, p , particularly p y for graphics g p and design applications (such as computer aided design) and was used primarily in engineering. „ It has a fast and powerful central processor processor, a high resolution monitor, monitor a large memory, and would, almost certainly, run on UNIX. „ This enabled complex designs to be easily manipulated. Such characteristics, however, are no longer unique to workstations as high performance personal computers can offer very similar services. „

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File Servers „

A file server is a PC or minicomputer which provides additional services for users of networked PCs.

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Portables Portables are small enough g to be carried from place p to p place and can be powered from batteries or from the mains. „ Increased efficiency of design means that they can support as much memory as stand-alone PCs. „ Portables are described as laptops, notebooks and handheld computers. These pocket computers may or may not be compatible with PCs, and range from machines that are little more than electronic organizers to relatively powerful processors with compatibility and full communications features. „

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Computer System z z z z

The P Th Power off Computer C Computer Software Communications System Components z z z z

Input device Processor Output device Storage Device

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The Power w of Computer p The factors that determine the power of a computer (how much it can do, and how fast) are as follows. The speed of handling program instructions, instructions which for a mainframe is measured in millions of instructions per second (MIPS) The MHz (Megahertz) rates of the internal clock (the rate at which timing pulses are emitted from the control unit). „ The efficiency of the instruction set. Some computers combine a fairly small set of instructions in clever ways to increase efficiency. ffi i The size of the processor’s memory. The number b off tracks k on the computer’s buses. b „

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‹

‹ ‹

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Computer Software and Interfaces z

Operating Systems z Applications Software

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Computer Software „

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Hardware only becomes useful when it is instructed to perform activities. Software comprises the set of instructions which tell the hardware what to do. The purpose of software is to cause the computer to provide the user with the data processing facilities required. These instructions are usually combined in a sequence. q A set of such instructions is called a program. Software program p g are divided into: ‹ System Software ‹ Application pp icatio Software So twa e ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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System and Application Software „

SSystem stem Software S ft re ‹ System Software includes all programs that help computer function f i properly l Example: Operating System ‹

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Application Software ‹ Application Software consists of all the programs you can use to perform a task Example: Internet Browser, Word Processor ‹

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Communications Today, T d ttelecommunications l i ti is i intimately i ti t l bound b d with information technology „ Essentially, for maximum performance, computers must be linked to each other to exchange information. „ This Thi can b be ddone b by cabling bli (if the h computers are located close to each other). Or more commonly, by using the telephone network to ttransmit a s it data. „

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System Components „

A computer system is made up of 4 components: ‹ ‹ ‹ ‹

Input Device Processor Output Device Storage Device

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Information System y Components p

Input

Output Feedback

Boundary Input: the activity of gathering and capturing raw data

Processing: Output: production converting or of useful transforming information: data into useful ITMdocuments and Lecture 1 outputs Advanced Diploma reports (Thames College)

Feedback: output that is used to make changes to input or 37 processing

Input Devices

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System Components – Processor

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System y Components p – Output p Device v

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System y Components p – Storage g Device v

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Unit 2a: Computer Hardware

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Input Devices - Summary z z z z

Keyboard K b d Mouse Touch Panel Scanners z z z z

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Optical Bar Recognition (OBR) Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) MICR

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Output Devices - Summary z z

z

z

Terminals Printers z Dot Matrix z Ink-Jet z Laser The Processor z The Control Unit z The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) z Memory z Storage memory (or ROM – read only memory) z Workingg memoryy (or ( RAM – random access memory) y) z Data representation in memory z Buses Serial and Parallel Processing ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Storage - Summary Magnetic Computer Tapes z Magnetic Computer Disks z Floppy Fl disks di k z Hard disks z Optical Disks z CD-ROM CD ROM z Recordable CD (CD-R) z

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USB RAM ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Inside A Computer System

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Inside a Computer System „

AC Computer S System consists i off 3 major j components. ‹ ‹ ‹

Processor Input Device Output Device

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Exposed System Unit

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Ports „

Connects external devices to system unit

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Whyy needd Input W p and d Output p Device? v „ Computers

are electronic devices operating in machine code which is not easily be understood by humans, it is necessary to convert those machine codes used by computers into a form that can be recognized by humans and vice-versa.

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Input Devices

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What is an Input Device? „

Any hardware component used to enter data, data programs, commands, and user responses into a computer

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Input Device – Keyboard „

The most familiar of the input devices is the keyboard. „ Generally this resembles the QWERTY type keyboard common on most typewriters. „ Unlike the typewriter keyboard, the computer is extended to contain up to 102 keys, which include a number pad, a series of special function keys and some keys to control the cursor on the screen.

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Portable Keyboard „

Full-sized Full sized keyboard you conveniently can attach and remove from a handheld computer.

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Ergonomic Keyboard „

Designed to minimize strain on hands and wrists „ Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, g of items in workplace p and safetyy into design

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Input Device - Mouse „

The mouse is a small,, plastic p device which is connected to the computer p byy a small cable. „ It can be moved across a table top and the cursor will move across the screen in the same way. way „ The cursor is a light square or line which appears on the screen to identify where the cursor is in the same position on the screen as the desired item, the item can be selected by pressing a button on the mouse. „ This saves the user having to type in the desired selection.

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How w does d a Mechanical Mouse Work? W „

Rubber or metal ball is on its underside

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Movement of mouse translates into signals p computer understands

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How w does d an Optical p Mouse Work? W „

Senses light g to detect mouse’s movement

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More precise than mechanical mouse

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Connect usingg a cable or wireless

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Common mouse operations Point „ Click „ Right-click „ Double-click Do ble click „ Drag „ Right-drag „ Rotate R wheel h l „ Press wheel „

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Trackball „ „

Stationary pointing device with a ball on its top To move pointer, rotate ball with thumb, fingers, or p l off h palm hand d

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Touchpad „

Small, flat Small flat, rectangular pointing device sensitive to pressure and motion

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Pointing Stick „

Pointing device shaped like pencil eraser positioned between keys on keyboard

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Joystick and Wheel „ „ „

Joystick is vertical lever mounted on a base Wheel is steering-wheel type input device P d l simulates Pedal i l car brakes b k andd accelerator l

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Light Pen Handheld input device that contains light source or can detect light „ Press P light li h pen against i screen surface f andd then h press button on pen „

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Touch Screen „ „

Touch areas of screen with finger Often used with kiosks

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Stylus Looks like a ballpoint pen pen, but uses pressure to write text and draw lines „ Used U d with i h graphics hi tablets bl and dh handheld dh ld computers „

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Input Device – Touch Panel „ „ „ „

The device which assists selection of items on a screen is the touch panel. This is a touch sensitive plastic sheet which is placed on the screen and again attached to the computer computer. User can select items by touching the part of the touch pad at the location where the described item is on the screen. This will cause the touch pad to send an electrical signal to the computer and select the desired item.

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Input Device – Scanner „

A scanner can be used to capture p an image g of a document or a picture and store this in the computer.

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It is an electronic device used in making color separations. separations

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Originals are placed on drums, which are rotated, rotated reproduce the original via digital and electronic signals transferred to the finished film size through fiber optics. optics

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Scanners utilize electronic circuits to correct color, l compress the h tones and enhance the detail. ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Recognition „

Stored images can be used for a number of purposes. „ Scanned documents can be retrieved easily and reprinted, instead of having to search through the registry. ‹ ‹ ‹ ‹

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) Optical Bar Recognition (OBR)

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Optical p Character Recognition g (OCR) ( ) „

When the scanner is used in conjunction with an Optical Character Recognition (OCR), we will be able to not only capture an image of a text, but also to decipher and recognize the i di id l characters, individual h t numbers b or symbols. b l

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Optical Bar Recognition (OBR) „ „ „ „ „

Another technique which is common today is bar coding. Bar code is a series of vertical stripes about one inch high. The stripes are of varying thickness and distances apart. Th combination The bi ti off stripes ti (bar (b code) d ) actually t ll represents t a numerical code. This numerical code is the keyy field to a record containingg data fields about the item.

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Bar Code „ „

Identification code that consists of a set of vertical lines and spaces of different widths Universal Product Code (UPC)

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Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) „ „ „ „

Optical Mark Recognition is a method of computerized input from (usually) paper forms. It is generally distinguished from OCR by the fact that a recognition iti engine i is i nott required. i d The marks are constructed in such a way that there is little chance of not readingg the marks correctly. y This requires the image to have high contrast and an easilyrecognizable or irrelevant shape.

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Magnetic g Ink Character Recognition g (MICR) ( ) „ „

Can read text printed with magnetized link Banking industry almost exclusively uses MICR for check processing

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Handwriting Recognition „

Translates handwritten letters and symbols into characters that the computer can understand d d

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Wireless Input „

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Handheld computer or device used to collect data wirelessly at the location where transaction or event takes p place Data transferred later to desktop computer though dockingg station

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Input p Devices for Physically y y Challenged g Users

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Output Devices - Display

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Output Device „

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Improvement in technology has resulted in the development of a variety of output devices which serve a variety of purposes. The quality of the output has improved at a continually reducing cost.

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Display Device „

Television-like Television like

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Information on a display device sometimes is called Soft Copy

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CRT Monitor „ „ „ „

Large sealed, sealed glass screen Screen coated with tiny dots of phosphor material Pixel, or picture element, is single point in electronic image Three dots (red, blue, and green) combine to make up each pixel

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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) „ „ „

Type of flat flat-panel panel display Uses liquid crystals between two sheets of material to present information on screen Electric current passes through crystals, which creates images on the screen

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Some features of LCD screens „ „ „

Lightweight and compact Consumes less than one-third of the power than does a CRT monitor Ideal for notebook and handheld computers

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Two Technologies g Used for LCD Monitors „

Active-matrix Active matrix display ‹

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Can display high-quality color viewable from all angles

Passive-matrix display ‹ ‹

Color often not as bright Images best viewed when working directly in front of display

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Gas Plasma Monitor „ „

Flat panel display uses layer of gas plasma between two Flat-panel sheets of material Larger screen sizes and higher display quality than LCD, but much more expensive

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Display Resolution „ „

Describes the sharpness and clarity of image The higher the resolution, the sharper the image and the more that can display on the monitor

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Output Devices - Printers

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Printers „ There Th ‹

are two t main i categories t i off printer: i t Impact Printer Dot Matrix Printer Non-impact Printer Laser Printer Ink jet Printer Ink-jet ‹

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‹

‹

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Impact Printer „ „ „

Forms characters by striking a mechanism against ink ribbon that physically contacts paper Ideal for printing multipart forms Can withstand dusty environments, vibrations, and extreme temperatures

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Dot-matrix Dot matrix Printer „ „

Impact printer that produces printed images when tiny wire pins on print head mechanism strike inked ribbon Most use continuous-form paper

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Inside Dot Dot-matrix matrix Printer

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How w does d Dot-matrix Printer W Work? „ „

When ribbon presses against paper, paper it creates dots that form characters and graphics A higher number of pins (9 to 24) means printer prints more dots per character, which results in higher print quality

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Line Printer „ „ „ „

High speed impact printer that prints entire line at a time High-speed Speed measured by number of lines per minute (1pm) it can print Band printer prints fully-formed characters using a hammer mechanism. Sh ttl Shuttle-matrix t i printer i t is i high-speed hi h d printer i t that th t works k more like a dot-matrix printer

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Non-impact Non impact Printer „

Forms characters and graphics on piece of paper without actually striking paper

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Ink-jet Ink jet Printer „ „

Non impact printer forms characters and graphics by Non-impact spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto piece of paper Most popular type of color printer for home use

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Resolution of a Printer „ „

Sharpness and clarity of characters Measured by number of dots per inch (dpi) printer can output

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How does an Ink Ink-jet jet Printer Work?

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Laser Printer „ „ „

High speed, high-quality High-speed high quality non non-impact impact printer Prints text and graphics in very high-quality resolution, ranging from 600 to 1,200 dpi Typically costs more than ink-jet printer, but is much faster

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Inside Laser Printer

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How does a Laser Printer Work? 1. 2.

3.

4 4.

5.

Drum rotates as paper is fed through Mirror deflects laser beam across surface of drum Laser beam creates charge that causes toner to stick to drum As drum rotates, rotates toner transfers from drum to paper R ll use heat Rollers h andd pressure to fuse toner paper p to p ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Thermal Printer „ „

Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against heat-sensitive paper Ideal for small devices, such as adding machines

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Photo Printer „

Color printer that produces photo lab quality pictures and prints everyday documents

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Label Printer „ „

Small printer that prints on adhesive type material that can be placed on a variety of items Most also print bar codes and e-stamps

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Portable Printer „

Small, lightweight ink-jet or thermal printer that Small allows mobile user to print from notebook or handheld computer while traveling

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Plotter „

Sophisticated printer used to produce high-quality high quality drawings

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Large-format printer similar to plotter and is used to print quality color prints

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Other Output Devices

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Audio Output Device „

Computer component that produces music, music speech, speech and other sounds

„

Speakers and headsets are common devices

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Voice Output „

Computer talks to you through speakers on component

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Data Projector „

Device that takes image from a computer screen and projects it onto a larger screen

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Facsimile (FAX) Machine „

Device that transmits and receives i documents over telephone lines

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Fax Modem „

Modem that allow you to send and receive electronic documents as faxes

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Terminal „

Device that performs both input and output ‹ ‹ ‹

Dumb Terminals Intelligent Terminals Special-purpose Terminals

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Dumb Terminal „ „

Has a keyboard and monitor, but no processor or memory Connects to host computer that performs processing and then sends output back

Dumb Terminal e a ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Intelligent Terminal „ „ „

Has monitor monitor, keyboard keyboard, memory and processor Similar to a PC in that it can perform tasks independent of host computer comp ter Programmable

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Point-of-Sale Point of Sale (POS) Terminal „

Records purchases at point where p purchase is made

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Output from POS terminals serves r as iinput p t tto host computer

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Automated Teller Machine (ATM) „

Self-service banking machine that connects to host computer through telephone network

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Computer Processor

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Central Processing Unit (CPU) „ „

Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer Also call the Processor

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Components of the CPU

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Control Unit „

Directs and coordinates operations in computer

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Control unit repeats four basic operations: ‹

‹

‹

‹

Fetch – obtain program instruction or data item from memory D d – translate Decode l instruction into commands Execute – carryy out commands Store – write result to memory ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Machine Cycle „ „

Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle Al called Also ll d in instruction tr ti n cycle l ¾ ¾

Instruction time (i-time) – time taken to fetch and decode Execution time ((e-time)) – time taken to execute and store

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Example of a Machine Cycle „

Student enters math problem (100 x 52) into computer’s memory e oy

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Result in memory displays on monitor’s screen ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Available CPU Packages

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CPU’ss Speed Measuring CPU

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Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) „

CPU component that performs execution part of the machine cycle

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Pipelining „

CPU begins executing second instruction before completing first instruction. Results in faster processing

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Register „

Temporary storage area that holds data and instructions

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System Clock „

Synchronizes all computer operations

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Each tick is clock cycle

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Microprocessor „

Single processor chip found in personal computers

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Parallel Processing

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Computer Memory

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Memory: Th CPU’s The CPU’ Electronic El i SScratchpad h d „ „ „

Memory is the temporary storage area for operating system, application programs, and data It consists of one or more chips on motherboard Each byte stored in unique address

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How is Memory Measured? „

Memory is measured by number of bytes available

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Random Access Memory (RAM) „

Memory chips that can be read from and written to by processor

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Most RAM is volatile

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The more RAM a computer has, the faster it operates

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Cache „

Helps speed computer processes by storing frequently used instructions and data

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Also called Memory Cache, Cache Store,, or RAM Cache

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L1 cache built in processor

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L2 and L3 cache not built in processor

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L2 advanced transfer cache most common ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Read-only Read only Memory (ROM) „

Memory chips that contain data data, instructions instructions, or information that is recorded permanently

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Types of ROM „

Firmware ‹

„

PROM ((Programmable g Read-Onlyy Memory) y) ‹

„

ROM chips manufactured with permanently written data instructions, data, instructions or information

Blank ROM on which you can place items permanently y

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) ‹

Type of PROM containing microcode programmer can erase ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Flash Memory „

Nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and reprogrammed

„

Used with handheld computers and digital cameras, cellular phones, and automobiles

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CMOS „

CMOS stand for Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor memory

„

Stores information about the computer ‹ ‹ ‹ ‹

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Type T p off disk di k drives di Keyboard Monitor Current time and date

Uses battery to retain information when computer is turned off ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Memory Access Time „

Speed at which processor can access data from memory directly

„

Measured in nanoseconds (ns), which is one billionth of a second

„

It takes 1/10 of a second to blink your eye; a computer can pperform up p to 10 million operations p in same amount of time

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Interface

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Bits its and Bytes ytes and Number Nu ber Systems Syste s

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Bus

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Expansion Bus „

Allows processor to communicate with peripherals

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Storage

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What is Storage? „

Media and devices used to store and retrieve data, instructions, and information

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How does storage g differ from memory? y „

Stores items for future use, use rather than temporarily

„

Storage is nonvolatile, rather than volatile

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How does Volatility Compare?

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Storage g Device and Storage g Medium

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Reading and Writing

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Memory VS Storage (Summary)

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Floppy Disk „

Portable inexpensive storage medium Portable,

„

Today’s standard disk is 3.5” wide

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What are the parts of a floppy disk? „

Thin circular, Thin, circular flexible file enclosed between two liners

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How does a floppy disk work?

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Tracks and Sectors „

Track is narrow recording bank that forms full circle on disk surface

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Sector can store up to 512 bytes of data

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How to Take Care a Floppy? „

Proper care helps maximize disk disk’ss life

„

Floppy disk can last at least seven years

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What is a Write-protect Write protect Notch? „

Small opening with a cover that you slide

„

Protects floppy disks from being erased accidentally

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High-capacity High capacity Disk Drive „

Uses disks with capacities of 100 MB and greater

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Primarily used to backup files and transfer files

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Hard Disk „

High-capacity High capacity storage

„

Consists of several inflexible, circular platters that store items electronically l t i ll

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Components p enclosed in airtight, g , sealed case for pprotection

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How does a Hard Disk Work z

Circuit Ci it b board d controls t l movementt of head activator and small motor

z

Small motor spins platters

z

When software requests disk access, read/write heads determine location of data

z

Head actuator positions read/write head arms over correct location on platters to read or write data

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What is a Cylinder? z

Location of a single track through all platters

z

Single movement of read/write d/ head d arms can read same track on all platters l

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Disk Head High-capacity storage z Consists of several inflexible, inflexible circular platters that store items electronically z Components C enclosed l d iin airtight, i i h sealed l d case for protection z

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Computer p Storage g Sequential Access Storage Device

Direct Access Storage Device Read/Write Head

Read/Write Head

C A

B A C E D

E D B

Disk Cache „

Portion of memory processor uses to store frequently accessed items

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Disk Partition z

Formatted hard disk divided into separate areas called partitions

z

Each partition functions as if it were a separate h d ddiskk drive hard d

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Removable Hard Disk z z

Disk drive in which a plastic or metal case surrounds the hard disk so you can remove it from the drive U d ffor b Used backup k or tto transfer t f files fil

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ZIP Drive z

A high-capacity high capacity floppy disk drive developed by Iomega Corporation. z Zip p disks are slightly g y larger g than conventional floppy ppy disks,, and about twice as thick. z They can hold 100 or 250 MB of data. z Because they're relatively inexpensive and durable, they have become a popular media for backing up hard disks and for transporting large files.

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Compact Disc (CD) z z z

Storage medium Most PCs include some type of compact disc drive Available in variety of formats

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Compact p Disc Usage g z

CD drives can read compact discs, discs including audio discs

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How does a Laser Read Data on a Compact C Disc? Di ? z

Laser diode shines light g beam toward compact disc

z

If light strikes pit, pit it scatters. scatters If light strikes land, it is reflected back toward laser diode.

z

Reflected light deflected to lightsensing diode, which sends digital signal of 1. Absence of reflected light read as digital signal of 0

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How Data Stored on a C Compact Di Disc?? z z

Typically stores items in single track Track divided into evenly sized sectors that store items i

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How should you Care for a Compact Disc? 1 1.

Do not expose to excessive heat or sunlight

2.

Do nott eat, D t smoke, k or drink di k near a disc

3.

Do not stack

4.

Do not touch underside

5.

Store in jewel box when not in use

6.

Hold disc by its edges ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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What is a CD-ROM? CD ROM? z z z z z

Compact disc that uses same laser technology as audio CDs for recording music Cannot erase or modify contents Typical CD-ROM holds about 650 MB Commonly used to distribute software and games

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CD-R CD R (Compact Disc Disc-Recordable) Recordable) z

Compact disc onto which you can record text, text graphics, graphics and audio z Write on CD-R using g CD burner (recorder) ( ) or CD-R drive and special software z CD-R drive can read and write both audio CDs and standard CD-ROMs z Cannot erase disc’s contents

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CD-RW CD RW (Compact Disc Disc-Rewritable) Rewritable) z

Erasable disc you can write on Multiple Times

z

Must have a CD-RW disc, disc CD-RW software software, and CD-RW drive

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How to Create Audio CD? z

Step 1: Artist composes song and creates CD

z

Step 2a: Song stored on audio CD and purchased by user OR

z

Step 2b: Song compressed and stored on Internet

z

Step 3a: User inserts audio CD into CD CD-ROM ROM drive, plays song, and copies it to hard disk OR

z

Step 3b: User downloads song as audio file to hard disk

z

Stepp 4: User copies p file to CD-RW disc

z

Step 5: User listens to song on personal computer or removes CD and listens to song on portable CD player ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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DVD-ROM DVD ROM (Digital Video Disc Disc-ROM) ROM) z

High capacity compact disc capable of storing from 4.7 4 7 GB to 17 GB

z

Must have DVD-ROM drive or DVD player to read DVDROM

z

Primarilyy used for movies

z

Next-generation g software will be delivered on

z

DVD ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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How does a DVD DVD-ROM ROM store data? Two layers of pits are used, used where lower layer is semitransparent z Laser can read through it to upper layer z DVD+RW is a rewritable DVD z

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Can I use a single drive to work with any CD or DVD media? di ?

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Tape Magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing large amounts of data and information at a low l costt z Primarily y used for backup p z

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Sequential Access vs. vs Direct Access „

Sequential Access Reading and writing data consecutively Major method used for tape ‹ ‹

„

Direct Access Can locate a particular data item or file immediately Method used for floppy disks, disks hard disks, disks and compact discs ‹ ‹

„

Also called Random Access ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Enterprise Storage System „

Strategy that focuses on availability, availability protection, protection organization, and backup of storage in a p y company

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Miniature Mobile Storage Media „

Handheld devices use to augment internal storage

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Microfilm and Microfiche z

Store microscopic images of documents on a roll or a sheet of film z Images g recorded usingg a Computer p Output p Microfilm (COM) Recorder

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Life Expectancies of Various Media

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Unit 2b: Technology Trends

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Overall z z z z z z z

Cost p performance advantage g of computers p over manual labor The dominance of the GUI concept p Dramatic increases to storage The use of intelligent agents to make computers appear ‘smarter’ Computers will become to be increasingly smaller in size and more portable Tiny computers: A consequence of nanotechnology An increasing importance in artificial intelligence and expert systems ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Hardware z

Lower Cost and Greater Capability – Advances in materials science, manufacturing, and concepts of computing promise to maintain the historic growth pattern in hardware power. Hardware prices have dropped while their capacity has increased. The improved capabilities of the computer include higher speed and larger storage capacity. z Better Reliability – As hardware becomes cheaper, it is easier to justify hardware redundancy, which means having standby or duplicate d plicate hardware hard are to act as a fallback in cases of hardware hard are failure. z Portability – Computers are becoming smaller and more portable. This can be seen in the notebook and palmtop computers. ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Networked Computing Mobile and wireless applications will play an important role in the coming future z Home computing will be integrated with various pp electronic services to create smart appliances z E-commerce will grow at an exponential rate z The Internet will continue to penetrate every level of societies around the world z Business to Business commerce will be increasingly done electronically z

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Implications of Increased Computerization z

The trends in computer p hardware will continue to result in greater g usage g of computers and information processing. Many or all aspects of business organizations will be impacted with increasing usage of computers.

z

The increased importance of computers will brings in a number of issues and risks that needs to be aware z Security – There will be greater concern for security, especially in view of the fact that all documents could be accessed by a hacker using via Internet or telephone lines lines. z Connectivity – Various types of hardware and software purchased by different sections of an organization could result in problems in connecting i the h computer hardware, h d integrating i i the h applications li i software and sharing the data.

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Convergence of Technologies z

Historically, y, data processing, p g, telecommunications and office services have evolved separately. z Office services or systems include many equipment found in the office and which we take for granted today today. z Data processing involves computers and software. z The telephone p was not related to either technology. gy

z

In the last few decades, we have seen a gradual merger of these technologies. h l i z It would not be possible to have the international computer networks we know without usingg the telephone p network for data transmission. z Similarly, the telephone systems are now managed using computers.

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Intelligent Building z

Many end-user computing tools help to automate the office andd therefore h f these h concepts applied. li d

z

Types of Telecommunication Services z The services to be considered include computer data, telephones and faxes, videoconferencing and so on. The media di usedd is i usually ll the th telephone t l h network t k but b t there th are different options which must be considered to meet the traffic requirements.

z

Transportation z The lifts, lifts escalators and other transportation means must be carefully integrated. An intelligent building will ensure that lifts are sent to the floors which need them most. ITM Lecture 1 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Questions & Discussion

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