INFORMATICS Information Technology Management

Lecture 2

19th December 2007 ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Information o at o Tec Technology o ogy Management a age e t

Unit 3: Applications and Systems Software

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Applications and Systems Software I Introduction d i

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SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

HARDWARE

OPERATING SYSTEM:

LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:

UTILITY PROGRAMS:

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

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System Types of Software (1) z Software z System

falls into two categories: Software

z System S

software f includes i l d allll programs that h help h l computer function properly z

Example: Operating System

z Application

Software

z Application

software consists of all the programs you can use to perform a task z

Example: p Internet Browser,, Word Processor

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System Types of Software (2) Computer Software

System Software

Application Software

GeneralP Purpose Programs

ApplicationS Specific ifi Programs

System Managementt M Programs

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System Development D l t Programs

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Application Software z

Application pp Software refers generally g y to all the programs p g that enable computer users to apply the computer to do the work they do.

z

Also called a Software Application or an Application

z

Several reasons to use application software z z z z

To assist with graphics and multimedia projects To serve as a productivity/business tool To facilitate communications comm nications To support household activities, for personal business, or for education ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Horizontal & Vertical Application z

Horizontal Applications pp are used across the

function divisions of a company. They are general-purpose programs that address the needs of many people, such as writing, working with numbers and keeping track of information. z

Vertical Applications are designed for a

particular line of business or for a division in a computer. Vertical Applications designed for professional f i l andd business b i use may cost much h more than Horizontal Applications. ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Systems Software zA

set off iinstructions i or programs which hi h create a computer environment within which the applications software can work.

z Application

software determines what processing is done using the computer. computer

z Systems

software determines how that processing will be done by the computer. ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Applications and Systems Software A li i Applications S Software f

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Application Software z Application-specific A li i ifi

programs z Programs designed to perform specific jobs

z General-purpose G l

programs z Usable for different purposes ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Types of Application Software (1) Chart Title Application Software

P i t Software Proprietary S ft

In-house developed

Off th h llf Software Off-the-shellf S ft

Contract

Customized Package

In-house developed

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Standard Package

Contract

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Types of Application Software (2) z

P Proprietary i Software: S f z

z

Designed to solve a unique and specific problem.

S Sources z

z

In-House D l d Developed Contract Software f

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Personal Application Software •Word Processing •Spreadsheet Analysis •Database Applications •Graphics Programs •Software Suites

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Word Processing z z z

z z z

Allows the user to manipulate text so as to produce documents accurately and efficiently. Provide the user with a blank screen page onto which text can be entered. Once the text is on the page, it can be altered with the greatest of ease, thereby allowing the correction of errors and perhaps more importantly, importantly allowing the author of the document to change his mind. When a document is finally complete, and as the author wants i then it, h it i can be b printed i d andd saved. d Allow multiple copies of the same document to be printed at the touch of a button. If a word still turns out to be incorrectly spelt, the document can called up again, the correction made without retyping the whole document and the page printed. printed ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Features of Word Processing Page Formatting z Word W dW Wrap z Block Functions z Mail Merge z Spell S ll Ch Checker k z Thesaurus z

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Features of Word Processing P Page Formatting F tti z

SSome processors will ill allow ll the h user to print fonts,, set a varietyy select different p of tab stops, indent margins on the left or both b th sides id and d select l t single, i l double d bl or treble spacing. p g

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Features of Word Processing – Word Wrap Word-Wrap z

One off th O the mostt importantly i t tl features f t off wordd processor is i that of word-wrap.

z

With most typewriters, t pe riters when hen the end of line is reached, reached the bell rings to alert the user to the need to press the carriage return to start a new line.

z

With the word-wrap facility, the user merely continues to type and the word processor will continue onto a new line when h required, i d without ith t splitting litti words d in i the th middle iddl off them.

z

Similarly , when the end of a page is reached, reached the software will simply scroll the old page up the screen and a new page will appear automatically at the bottom. ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Features of Word Processing Block Functions z

z z

Most word M d processors allow ll the h user to id identify if blocks of text which hi h can b be manipulated i l d together. h Blocks can be moved, copied or deleted. This facility is often used to allow transfer of blocks of text from one document (or file) to another, thereby allowingg the repeated use of standard paragraphs in several documents. ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Features of Word Processing Mail Merge z

The more sophisticated p word p processors also allow a function known as mail merge.

z

This is where a standard letter or other document can be produced, d d leaving gaps for f details d off the recipient's ' name and address.

z

These details, Th d il for f a number b off recipients, i i can be b entered d onto another file and the two merged together at the time of printing.

z

This process would result in a copy of the document, complete with name and address, for each of the recipients h ld on the held h second d fil file.

z

Such a facility is nowadays often used in mailshots and circulars. i l ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Features of Word Processing Spell Checker z

Another feature which is of great use to users is that of the spelling checker.

z

This facility allows the user to check the spelling of any, or all, ll the h words d iin a ddocument prior i to printing. i i

z

This software checks the spelling against an internal dictionary and a personal one which would contain entries such as people's names.

z

One slight disadvantage is that much of this software is produced in America and results in the spelling checker questioning words which are spelt differently in Britain or America.

z

There are, however, spelling checkers available which use the British spellings. p g ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Features of Word Processing Thesaurus Th z Finally, Finally

and as an extension to the spelling checker, there are now word processors which have the facility to a thesaurus to provide alternative words for the user.

z This

again is quite useful tool and avoids having to use a manual method. ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Spreadsheet z z z

Allows you to organize All i ddata Performs calculations Called a Worksheet or Spreadsheet

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How is a Spreadsheet Organized? z

Columns identified by letters

z

Rows identified by numbers

z

A cell is the intersection of a column and row

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What can a Cell Contain?

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Function zA

predefined formula that performs common calculations

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Recalculation z z

The capability of recalculating the rest of the worksheet when data in a worksheet changes Wh t if analysis What-if l i

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Charting z Allows

you to display spreadsheet data in graphical form

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Database z

Database is a collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that h ddata

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Database Software Helps you to enter, enter find, find organize, organize update and report information stored in a database z Example: Microsoft Access, Oracle, DB3 z Also called a database management system (DBMS) z

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What are the Parts of a Database? z

A ttable bl contains t i records d z A record is a row in a table that contains information about a given person, person product, product or event z A field is a column in a table that contains a specific piece of information within a record

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How is a database organized? z Records R d

andd fields fi ld in i a table bl are described d ib d byy the table structure

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Extract information from a Database z Sort

records in a particular order z Query database

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Desktop Publishing Software z

Enables you to design and produce sophisticated documents that contain text, graphics, and brilliant colors z Users can combine word-processed p text with such elements as artwork, photos, and a variety of style fonts. z Allow users to combine a variety of graphical fonts onto a page, use pre-stored t d artt images i (such ( h as clip li artt ) on pages, and draw lines and boxed to highlight text or art.

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Electronic Mail z z

z

z

It refers tto the technology te hn l used sed to t send messages mess es orr documents from one electronic workstation to another. F instance, For i employees l within i hi a large l organization i i may have electronic mailboxes that are managed by a mainframe, i f minicomputer, i i or local l l area network. k When these employees access a workstation, they can send a message to place in someone else's mailbox. These types of E-mail systems are typically standard components p in integrated g office p packages. g ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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E-mail E mail address z Combination C bi i

off user name and d ddomain i name that identifies user so he or she can receive e-mail

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How can you get ee-mail? mail? z

Obtain e e-mail mail address from school or ISP z Some Web sites, such as hotmail.com, provide e-mail g services free of charge z Basic components include:

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How w does d an e-mail message g travel? v Create C t & sendd message Your software contacts ISP mail server 3. Mail server determines best route 4 Mail server transfers 4. message to POP3 server 5. When e-mail software checks for e-mail messages, message transfers from POP3 server to recipient's computer 1. 1 2.

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Digital Image Processing z

z

Digital image processing is the use of computer algorithms to perform image processing on digital images. images It allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied li d to the h iinput ddata, and d can avoid id problems bl such as the build-up of noise and signal distortion d i processing. during i

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Voice Recognition z

The computer's computer s capability of distinguishing spoken words

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Bookkeeping Software z Helps

companies record and report their financial

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Decision Support System z Help H l

ddecision-makers ii k workk through h h the h decision process so that they can make decision more intelligent and rationally.

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Project Management Software z Allows

you to plan, plan schedule, schedule track, track and analyze the events, resources, and costs of a project

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Fax Software z

Help you project a professional image to your clients and customers. When image clarity is vital, yyou can generate g photop quality faxes. You can even send or forward faxes via email to people who don't have fax hardware or software ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Video and Audio Editing Software „ Video

editing software allows you to modify a segment of a video, called a clip „ Audio editing software allows you to modify dif audio di clips li

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Web Authoring Software For designing web pages, pages z Example: Microsoft FrontPage z

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What kind of software do I need to work with drawings photos drawings, photos, and other pictures? z

CAD software (computer (computer-aided aided design software) z Presentation software z Slides z Combining text and graphics

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Reference Software z Reference R f

software ft provides id a collection of information and a way to access that information z Encyclopedias zMicrosoft Encarta zBritannica z Dictionaries Di ti i ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Applications and Systems Software System Software

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System Software (1) z Programs

that control the operations of the computer z Serves as the interface between the user, th application the li ti software, ft andd the th p hardware computer's

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System Software (2)

Figure 5.10 Computers operate on a number of layers, starting from the user interface and moving inward to the hardware. hardware ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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System Software (3) Programs that manage and support a p system y and its information computer processing activities z Two categories z System Management Programs z System Development Programs z

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System Software (4) z

System Management Programs z Manage the hardware, hardware software, software network, network and data resources of the computer system during its execution z Examples are the operating system, network management programs, database a age e t programs, p og a s, and a d system syste utilities ut t es management

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System Software (5) z

SSystem Development l Programs z Programs g that help p users develop p information system programs and procedures and p p prepare p users p programs g for computer translation z Examples are programming language translators and editors, programming tools, and Computer Computer-Aided Aided Software Engineering (CASE) packages ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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System Software (6)

ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College) Figure 5.11 Popular operating systems

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The Operating System (1) z z

The software Th ft that th t controls t l the th computer’s t ’ use of its hardware. A t as an interface Acts i t f between b t application li ti software and hardware.

Applications Operating System

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The Operating System (2)

Figure 5.9 Fi 5 9 The Th operating ti system t mediates di t b between t applications li ti and d the th computer, and controls peripheral devices. ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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The Operating System (3) z

z z z

The operating system can be defined as a set of programs which supervise and control the whole computer p configuration. g This includes control of the input and output of data from the computer p and control of the p peripherals. p It also handles error routines and communication with the operator. p One aim of the operating system is to ensure the efficient use of the CPU and other devices.

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The Operating System (4) User Interface

Resource Management

Task Management

File Management

Utilities and Other Functions

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Functions of o an Operating System Syste (1) ( )

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Functions of o an Operating System Syste (2) ( ) z

Loading Into Memory z

z

Queuing of processing Tasks z

z

When a program needs to be executed, it must first be transferred from storage device to main memory as required. Similarly, when data is to be processed, it must be read into memory first. The scheduling of processing tasks, or jobs, so as to attempt to keep the central processing unit constantly active.

Control of Peripheral Devices z

The selection of input and output devices and the control of their operations. ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Functions of o an Operating System Syste (3) zSystems S t zUser

Management M t

Interface

zMemory Allocation zMultitasking,

Multiprogramming,

and d Multiprocessing M lti i zTimes

and Statistics

zIncreasing

Services from O/Ss ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Characteristics of OS

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Types of Operating Systems

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DOS (Disk Operating System) z Refers

to several single user operating systems developed in the early 1980s for personal computers

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Microsoft Windows (1) Most popular operating system used today z Newest version: Microsoft Windows XP z Previous versions: z

Window 2003 z Windows 2000 z Windows 98 z Windows 95 z Windows 3.1 z

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Microsoft Windows (2) “Windows” based setup z Applications, Applications messages messages, dialogs popup as windows that can be : z

Re-sized R i d z Moved around the screen z Minimized and maximized z Receive input and commands from the user z

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Microsoft Windows (3) z

Main areas of the screen z

Start Menu z

z

Displays a menu of available options including programs and help options

Quick Launch toolbar Usually beside the Start Menu z Icons that are used to launch programs always stay at the bottom of the screen z

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Microsoft Windows (4) z

Main areas of the screen z

Task bar Shows a “button” button for each executing program or “window” available for interaction z Clicking g on it brings g the window to the front of the screen z

z

System Tray Right hand bottom corner of screen z Shows icons for each program running in the b k background d z Also shows time z

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Microsoft Windows (5) z

Main areas of the screen z

Desktop Consists of “shortcuts” on a plain coloured or patterned background z Each E h shortcut h t t is i a link li k to t a file fil or a program z Clicking on the shortcut will launch the program or open the associated file z Right-clicking on the shortcut will allow you to change some properties such as the target and the icon (picture) z

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Microsoft Windows (6) z

File System Much like a physical filing system of files within folders z Top level: Drive (i.e. C:\) z Within drives are a series of folders z A folder can contain other folders folders, and or files z The “path” to a file includes the drive and folders. (i C:\My (i.e. C \M D Documents\MyFile.txt) t \M Fil t t) z

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Microsoft Windows (7) z

File System Windows needs some way to keep track of where files are physically located on the hard disk z File Allocation Table is the table Windows uses to locate files on disk z Files can be fragmented g – not stored sequentially q y on the disk - so the FAT keeps track of all these p pieces z

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Microsoft Windows (8) z

Fil System File S The FAT system for older versions of Windows 95 is called VFAT, z For new versions of Windows 95 and Windows 98 is called FAT32. (32 bit) z For Windows NT and Windows 2000 Server is called NTFS (64 bit) z

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Microsoft Windows (9) z

Fil System File S t z

z

z

z

Most filenames in Windows have two parts, a name and andd extension, t i separated t d by b a period. i d (i.e. (i MyFile.txt) M Fil t t) The file extension is used to classify what type of file it is and what program is used to open it. it Extensions are traditionally only three characters, but in newer versions of Windows can be more Filenames used to only be able to have 8 characters and no blanks spaces (MSDOS), but since Windows 95, filenames can be any length and contain a variety of characters ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Microsoft Windows (10) z

File System z

Common File extensions z

.txt z

z

.dll dll z z

z

A text file Dynamic Link Library Used by Windows to assist in running of programs

.ini z z

Initialization file Also used by Windows in the running of programs

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Microsoft Windows (11) z

File System z

Common File extensions continued… z

.exe z

z

.jpg, j .bmp, b .gif, if .ico i z

z

Picture files (JPEG, bitmap, GIF, icon)

.tmp tmp z

z

An executable file that launches a program

Temporary files used by Windows and other programs

.hlp hlp z

Help files

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Microsoft Windows (12) z

Windows Registry A database used by the Windows system to store configuration information. information z The Registry consists of the following major sections: z

HKEY_Classes_Root - file associations and OLE information z HKEY_Current_User - all preferences set for current user z HKEY_User - all the current user information for each user of the system z

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Microsoft Windows (13) z

Windows Registry continued… continued z

z

z z z

HKEY_Local_Machine - settings for hardware, operating system, and installed applications HKEY_Current_Configuration - settings for the display and printers

Most Windows applications write data to the Registry, Registry at least during installation. You can edit the Registry g y directlyy byy usingg the Registry g y Editor (regedit.exe) Errors in the Registry can disable your computer th f therefore, editing diti the th registry i t is i nott recommended d d unless you know what you are doing ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Microsoft Windows (14) z

Wi d Windows Control C t l Panel P l Available to launch from Start Menu z Variety of options for setting up your computer,including z

display settings z printer setup z adding ddi programs z adding hardware z power saving features z and many more z

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Microsoft Windows (15) z

Programs that come with Windows z

Windows Explorer z

z

I Internet Explorer E l z

z

A tool that lets you browse the drives, folders, and files on your computer A web browser that lets you surf the net

Notepad and Wordpad z

Two text editors for creating simple text documents

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Microsoft Windows (16) z

Programs that come with Windows z

Paint z

z

Calculator z

z

A calculator for your computer

CD Player z

z

Drawing program for creating bitmaps

Allows you to play CDs on your computer

And everyone everyone’ss favorite favorite… z

Card Games! ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Where is the Operating p g System y Located?

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Booting z

Booting is a process of starting or restarting a computer z

z

Cold Boot - Process of turning on a computer after it has been powered off completely Warm Boot - Process of restarting a p that is alreadyy powered p on computer ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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What messages display on the screen when you boot up?

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How does a computer boot up? (1) Step 1: Power supply sends signal to components in i system unit Step 2: St 2 The Th processor accesses BIOS to start computer ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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How does a computer boot up? (2) Step 3: BIOS checks components such as mouse, keyboard k b d connectors, and expansion cards

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How does a computer boot up? (3) Step 4: Results of POST are compared to data d iin the h CMOS chip

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How does a computer boot up? (4) Step 5: BIOS looks for system files in drive A (fl (floppy disk di k drive) d i ) andd then drive C (hard disk)

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How does a computer boot up? (5) Step 6: Boot program loads kernel of operating i system into i RAM from boot drive Operating system in memory takes control of computer

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How does a computer boot up? (6) Step 7: Operating system loads configuration information and displays desktop on screen Op ti system Operating t executes t programs p in i Startup St t p folder f ld

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Utilities Utilities are programs which perform tasks that are often required by end-users, or other p g programs. z Many of them, especially for microcomputers, part of the operating p g system. y come as p z With larger systems, some of the utilities are separate. z Most of these are file handling utilities such as copying and moving files which allow the user to perform housekeeping activities. z

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What is a Utility Program? System software that performs a specific task z Examples include: z

File viewer z File compression z Diagnostic utility z Uninstaller U i ll z Disk scanner z Backup utility z Screen saver z

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Applications and Systems Software

Computer Languages void main() { char password[200] = "opensaysme"; char input[200]; while(strcmp(password, input)) { clrscr(); cout << "\nPlease Enter The Password:"; cin >> input; } cout << "\nWelcome, Oh Great One!\n"; exit(1); } ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Computer Languages (1) z

Computer languages can be categorized into: z First-generation

Language: Machine

languages z Second-generation Language: Assembly Languages (Low level) z Third-generation g Languages g g ((High g level Languages) z Fourth Fourth-generation generation Languages (Very high level Languages). ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Computer Languages (2)

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Computer Languages (3) Machine Languages Use binary coded instructions 1001 1001 1100 1101

High Level Languages Markup Languages Use brief statements Use embedded control codes Compute X = Y + Z

First heading

Assembler Languages Fourth Generation Object-Oriented Use symbolic coded Languages g g Languages g g Use natural statements Define objects that instructions LOD Y ADD Z

SUM THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS

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contain data and actions

Document.write (“Hi There”)

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Machine Language The only language that the computer directly understands. z Functions as the object j language of higher-level language programs (all highlevel languages must be translated into machine language for computer to execute) Object (Executable) Code z Often exists as octal or hexadecimal codes; extremely 10011011000111010110111 tedious to code in 0s and 1s. z

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Machine Language z

Advantage Most efficient in terms of storage area use and d execution ti speed. d z Allows programmer to utilize the computer's potential for processing data. z

z

Disadvantage z

Extremely difficult to program, remember and use. use

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Assembly Language For oz example, eAssembly a p e, Languages also movcalled eax, 3Symbolic ; store 3 into EAX register (3 is immediate operand) mov bx, ax ; store the value of AX into the BX register

Languages or low level add languages. eax, 4 ; eax = eax + 4 add al, al ahr ;mm al = raluses + ahsymbolic z Programmer Pr mb li names, or mnemonics, to sub bx,, 10 ; bx = bx - 10 specify p if m machine hin codes. d sub ebx, edi ; ebx = ebx - edi z Mnemonics are English-like abbreviations bb i i is an fforimplicit the h Since the one operand, the machine code for INC and DEC is smaller than for the equivalent ADD machine-language opcodes.

and SUB instructions. instructions ITM Lecture 2 inc ecx ; ecx++ Advanced Diploma (Thames College) dec dl ; dl--

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Assembly Language z

Advantage z

z

Can be used to develop programs highly efficient in terms of storage space use and processing time. time

Disadvantage z

z z

Cumbersome C mb r m tto use, as one assembly-language mbl l instruction i tr ti is translated into one machine-language instruction. Difficult to program effectively. effectively Machine-dependent, i.e. programs written on one computer generally cannot work on another.

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High Level Languages High level languages are a group of languages which closely resemble the structure of English and are the easiest in which to program. z One high level language command can represent several machine code instructions. z High level languages are more complex to translate into machine code and the language processors which perform this task are called ll d Compliers. C li z

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Fourth Generation Languages z z

z z z z

Veryy High g Level Languages g g are also known as Fourth Generation Languages (4GL). This name is given to a group of languages that allow users to specify what the output should be without describing all the details of how the data should be manipulated to produce that result. Combine procedure and non-procedure languages Enables the user to specify conditions and corresponding actions (the procedural component); While at the same time encouraging the user to indicate the desired outcome (the nonprocedural component); Then applying its domain-specific knowledge to fill in the procedural details. ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Categories of 4GL z Report R

Generation G i z Retrieval and Update (Query) z Graphics Generation z Application Generators

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Report Generation z z

This enables a user or a programmer to produce reports quickly. Facilities are provided to allow data to be extracted from files or databases easily, and then classified or summarized in a report format format.

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Retrieval and Update A typical 4GL will also be capable of performing online queries. z This enables a user to make a quick inquiry and y, to perform p an update p as well. if necessary, z

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Graphics Generation z

A user will use this function to extract data from the database and present it in graphical format, e.g. line charts, bar charts pie charts, charts, charts etc. etc

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Application Generators z

4GL with this capability enables the user or programmer to develop a set of programs that comprise i an entire i application li i system.

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Language Translators z

All computer languages must be converted to machine language which can be executed by a computer.

z

The software Th f used d to convert source programs to object bj programs is called a Program Translator or Language Processor.

z

The complier translates a high level program into machine code. I a high In hi h llevell llanguage, ffairly i l complex l concepts can b be expressed with the use of single commands.

z

Consequently, each high level statement can be translated into several (sometimes several hundred) machine code statements. ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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What is a Compiler? z

Program that converts entire source program into machine language before executing it

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Compiler z z z

Scan source code and translates into object code Generate error message and does not compile and does not compile Allow users to save programs in object code

A compiler converts higher-level language code (source code) into machine Figure 5.12 language (object code), which the computer can process. ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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What is an Interpreter? z

Program that translates and executes one program code statement at a time z Convert into object code and executes z Does not produce an object program

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Applications and Systems Software Issues to concern

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Proprietary vs. Open Source Proprietary O/S: limited to using applications compatible with it z Open O O/S O/S: compatible ibl with i h virtually i ll allll applications. z Completely open O/S does not exist z Some O/Ss (e.g., Unix) are said to be nonproprietary, but it is still impossible to run many applications on different versions of such O/Ss. z

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Software Issues and Trends z z z

z

z z z

Software bugs and the costs associated with them Open Source Software can save you money but be aware of hidden costs Software Licencing z Usage-based License z Capacity-based License z Subscription Licensing Lack of tracking software licenses can cost you: z Software Publishers Association (SPA) can fine your organization $100 000 or more if you are caught $100,000 h with i h illegal ill l software f Software upgrades should be carefully evaluated Software support pp should be carefullyy evaluated Shareware and Freeware can save you money: z Shareware is software where you are expected to pay the author a modest amount z Freeware is free software ITM Lecture 2 Advanced Diploma (Thames College)

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Considerations in Purchasing Software Figure 5.13

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Questions & Discussion

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