Italian Lessons 1

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  • Words: 1,587
  • Pages: 11
ITALIAN NOUNS MASCULINE

FEMININE

banco (school desk)

cartella (book bag)

libro (book)

lavagna (chalkboard)

nonno (grandfather) nonna (grandmother) ragazzo (boy)

ragazza (girl)

specchio (mirror)

scuola (school)

zaino (backpack)

materia (subject)

zio (uncle)

zia (aunt)

Most Italian nouns end in a vowel—those that end in a consonant are of foreign origin—and all nouns have a gender, even those that refer to a qualities, ideas, and things. Usually, Italian singular masculine nouns end in -o, while feminine nouns end in -a. There are exceptions, of course (see table below). ITALIAN NOUNS ENDING IN -E MASCULINE

FEMININE

giornale (newspaper) frase (sentence) mare (sea)

nave (ship)

nome (name)

notte (night)

pane (bread)

classe (class)

ponte (bridge)

canzone (song)

All nouns ending in -amma are masculine, while all nouns ending in -zione are feminine. Almost all nouns ending in -ore, -ere, -ame, -ale, -ile, and a consonant + -one are masculine: il pittore, il cameriere, lo sciame, l'animale, il porcile, il bastone. Double consonant examples: Italian

English

babbo

dad

fetta

slice

evviva

hurrah

bistecca

beefsteak

mamma

mama

albicocca

apricot

bello

beautiful

filetto

filet

Italian

English

anno

year

assai

a lot

basso

short

ragazzo

boy

ferro

iron

pennello

paint brush

espresso

espresso coffee

tavolozza

palette

spaghetti

spaghetti

cavalletto

easel

Most Italian words end in a vowel. Diphthongs (i dittonghi) are two vowels fused to emit a single sound. A diphthong is formed when an unstressed i or u combines with another vowel (a, e, o) or when the two vowels combine with each other, in which case either the i or u may remain unstressed. In diphthongs, unstressed i and u become semivowels approximating in sound the English consonants y and w, respectively. Diphthong examples: Italian

English

ieri

yesterday

buono

good

fiore

flower

chiuso

closed

invidia

envy

più

more

Tripthongs also exist. These are sequences of three vowels with a single sound, usually a diphthong followed by an unstressed i. Italian English tuoi

yours

miei

mine

buoi

oxen

pigliai

I took

Italian has numerous words that contain sequences of vowels. The following words are not triphthongs (which are infrequent), but sequences of a vowel and a diphthong. Italian

English

noia

boredom

febbraio February baia

bay

fioraio

florist

Each of the words below has a sequence of two diphthongs: Italian English ghiaia

gravel

muoio

I die

acquaio

sink

gioiello

jewel

Adjectives A. Complete the following with the correct form of the indicated adjective. 1. La pizza è ________________. (caldo) 2. La madre di Lorenza è ________________. (generoso) 3. I fiori sono ________________. (rosso) 4. La torta è ________________. (buono) 5. Il gatto è ________________. (nero) 6. Carla è ________________. (magro) 7. I bambini sono ________________. (cattivo) 8. Voi siete ________________. (timido) 9. L'appartamento è ________________. (moderno) 10. Le case non sono ________________. (nuovo) Answers Adjectives A. Complete the following with the correct form of the indicated adjective.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

La pizza è calda. (The pizza is hot.) La madre di Lorenza è generosa. (Lorenza's mother is generous.) I fiori sono rossi. (The flowers are red.) La torta è buona. (The cake is delicious.) Il gatto è nero. (The cat is black.) Carla è magra. (Carla is thin.)

7. I bambini sono cattivi. (The infants are bad.) 8. Voi siete timidi. (You are timid.) 9. L'appartamento è moderno. (The apartment is modern.) 10. Le case non sono nuove. (The houses are new.)

Italian Syllabication Italian words are divided into syllables as follows: A single consonant goes with the following vowel. Italian

English

ca–sa

house

po–si–ti–vo positive Double consonants are divided. Italian English bab–bo

dad

ros–so

red

bel–lo

beautiful

at–to

act

Two consonants, the first of which is l, m, n, or r, are divided. Italian

English

al–ber–go

hotel

con–ten–to contented am–pio

ample

for–tu–na

fortune

Otherwise, a combination of two consonants belongs to the following syllable. Italian English ba–sta

enough

fi–glio

son

pa–dre

father

ba–gno

bath

Italian English so–pra

above

sa–cro

sacred

The first of three consonants, except s, goes with the preceding syllable. Italian

English

sem–pre

always

fel–tro

felt

mem–bro member men–tre

while

BUT Italian

English

fi–ne–stra

window

pe–sche

peaches

mi–ne–stra

soup

mo–stro

monster

Diphthongs and triphthongs are never divided. Italian

English

nuo–vo

new

mie–le

honey

per–fi–dia

spite

uo–mo

man

mai

never

lin–gua

language

suoi

his

pi–gliai

I took

Diphthongs may occur in stressed or unstressed syllables. However, when a diphthong is broken by stress (the vowel i or u directly bears the stress), then the two vowels break into separate syllables.

Italian

English

mi–o

mine

tu–o

yours

spi–a

spy

ma–ni–a

mania

rin–vi–o

postponement

te–ra–pi–a

therapy

al–le–gri–a

joy

far–ma–ci–a

pharmacy

Italian Pronunciation Stress / Accento Tonico Usually, Italian words are stressed on the next–to–the–last syllable. amico

friend

foglia

leaf

Milano

Milan

nipote

nephew

padre

father

parlare

to speak

signorina

Miss

studiare

to study

telefonare to telephone uomo

man

When the final –e is dropped from a word, as happens with some masculine titles when they are directly followed by a proper name, the position of the stress remains unchanged. dottore

doctor

dottor Nardi

Doctor Nardi

professore

professor

professor Pace professor Pace When words are stressed on the last vowel, they always have a written accent over that vowel.

cioè

namely

città

city

perchè

because

però

however

tassì

taxi

università university venerdì

Friday

virtù

virtue

It is useful to remember that open e and o occur only in stressed syllables. automobile automobile medico

physician

nobile

noble

telefono

telephone

Note: The written accent is used with a few monosyllables in order to distinguish them from others that have the same spelling but a different meaning. dà

gives

da

from

è

is

e

and



there

la

the; it; her



nor

ne

some

sé himself, herself se

if



yes

si

oneself

Italian Capitalization Capitalization Many words that are capitalized in English are not capitalized in Italian. These

include: the days of the week, the months of the year, proper adjectives, a few proper nouns, and titles such as Mr., Mrs., and Miss. Arriva domenica. He is arriving on Sunday. Il signor Neri è italiano. Mr. Neri is Italian. Gli americani sono industriosi. Americans are industrious. Apostrophe The apostrophe (l'apostrofo) is generally used to indicate the dropping of the final vowel before the word that follows it. l’amico instead of lo amico (the friend) l’automobile instead of la automobile (the automobile) un’università instead of una università (a university) d’Italia instead of di Italia (of Italy) dov’è instead of dove è (where is)

Italian Punctuation Marks Punctuation Marks / Segni d’Interpunzione ,

la virgola

.

il punto

;

il punto e virgola

:

due punti

... i puntini di sospensione !

il punto esclamativo

?

il punto interrogativo



il trattino



la lineetta

«»

le virgolette

()

le parentesi tonde

[]

le parentesi quadre

*

l'asterisco

á

l’accento acuto

à

l’accento grave



l’apostrofo

/

la sbarretta

1.

Ti penso sempre - I always think of you.

2.

Mi manchi - I miss you.

3.

Come sei bella - How beautiful you are.

4.

Voglio vederti stasera - I want to see you tonight.

5.

Tu sei una stella...la mia stella - You are a star...my star.

6.

Cara mia, ti voglio bene - My darling, I love you.

Italian Days of the Week, Months, Seasons Seasons The names of seasons (i stagioni) are not capitalized in Italian. la primavera—Spring l’estate—Summer l’autunno—Autumn l’inverno—Winter Months The names of the months (i mesi) are not capitalized in Italian. gennaio—January febbraio—February marzo—March aprile—April maggio—May giugno—June luglio—July agosto—August settembre—September ottobre—October novembre—November dicembre—December Che mese è? (In che mese siamo?) What month is it? (What month are we in?) È settembre. (Siamo in settembre.) It’s September. Days of the Week The days of the week (i giorni della settimana) are not capitalized in Italian. The week begins with Monday. lunedì—Monday martedì—Tuesday mercoledì—Wednesday

giovedì—Thursday venerdì—Friday sabato—Saturday domenica—Sunday Che giorno è... (What day is...) oggi (today) domani (tomorrow) Che giorno è oggi? (What day is it today?) Oggi è giovedì. (Today is Thursday.) Domani è venerdì. (Tomorrow is Friday.)

amare 'amare' is the model of the regular verbs that end in '-are'. infinito: amare gerundio: amando participio presente: amante participio passato: amato

traduzione inglese

indicativo presente io amo tu ami lui, lei, Lei, egli ama noi amiamo voi amate loro, Loro, essi amano

imperfetto amavo amavi amava amavamo amavate amavano

passato remoto amai amasti amò amammo amaste amarono

futuro semplice amerò amerai amerà ameremo amerete ameranno

tempi composti io tu lui, lei, Lei, egli noi voi loro, Loro, essi

passato prossimo trapassato prossimo trapassato remoto ho amato avevo amato ebbi amato hai amato avevi amato avesti amato ha amato aveva amato ebbe amato abbiamo amato avevamo amato avemmo amato avete amato avevate amato aveste amato hanno amato avevano amato ebbero amato

futuro anteriore avrò amato avrai amato avrà amato avremo amato avrete amato avranno amato

congiuntivo presente io ami tu ami lui, lei, Lei, egli ami noi amiamo voi amiate loro, Loro, essi amino

imperfetto amassi amassi amasse amassimo amaste amassero

passato abbia amato abbia amato abbia amato abbiamo amato abbiate amato abbiano amato

condizionale presente io amerei tu ameresti lui, lei, Lei, egli amerebbe noi ameremmo voi amereste loro, Loro, essi amerebbero

passato avrei amato avresti amato avrebbe amato avremmo amato avreste amato avrebbero amato

imperativo presente (tu) ama (lui, lei, Lei, egli) ami

trapassato avessi amato avessi amato avesse amato avessimo amato aveste amato avessero amato

(noi) amiamo (voi) amate (loro, Loro, essi) amino *Blue letters in conjugations are irregular forms. (example) *Red letters in conjugations are defective forms, meaning that they do not follow the conjugation model.

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