Italian For Beginners 1

Italian for Beginners Introduction Welcome to the Italian course! Italian is a Romance language and is spoken by 75 million people, mostly in Italy. It's one of the official languages in Switzerland and it is also known and spoken in Albania and Malta. We want to help you learn this great foreign language and we hope this little course can help. Of course we also have a big grammar reference and a list of vocabulary available for you to study. This course in part one is intended for absolute beginners who need a little assistance with starting to learn some basics. So this is not a complete course, when we've showed you the most important basics we'll let go you and then you can explore our grammar reference all by yourself. Before you continue you must do two things, first of all, make sure you are familiar with all the basic grammar terms, do you know what a noun is? What a verb is? What an adverb is? The second thing you should do is to learn how to pronounce things in Italian. We'll ask you to study a number of words in each lesson and you can practice the grammar and vocabulary with some exercises. After you've done the exercises you can check whether your answer is correct using the following solutions. Buon divertimento! Part One - The Basics Lesson 1: To Be 21 letters compose the Italian alphabet. It's missing j, k, w, x and y. If you know the IPA, it will help you a lot since the words are pronounced as they're written. We'll start by teaching you how to introduce yourself in Italian, take a look at the following Italian sentence and its English translation. All Italian text will be written in blue and the English translation in green. Io sono Davide I am David Here we see your very first Italian sentence where you introduce yourself as Davide; you should of course replace the name with your own name. Although the sentence consists of only three words we are going to carefully examine each word. The first word "Io" is the Italian equivalent of the English word "I", also referred to as 1st person singular; it's a subject pronoun. The second word "sono" is a verb; it's a conjugation of the irregular Italian verb "essere", which is one of the Italian equivalents of "to be". Note that, in Italian, the subject pronoun is optional, and it's usually omitted. So you could also say: "Sono Davide", because the verb "sono" already indicates that it is "I" who's saying it. So remember, only use a subject pronoun such as "Io" when you really want to imply that it's absolutely that person who's doing something. Now we've seen how to introduce yourself using "sono" but we can also introduce other people, take a look at the following examples; we've put the subject pronouns between brackets because they are usually omitted: (Io) sono Davide. (Tu) sei Davide. (Lui) è Davide. (Lei) è Giovanna. È Davide. (Noi) siamo Davide e Giovanna.

I am Davide. You are Davide. He is Davide. She is Giovanna. It is Davide. We are Davide and Giovanna.

(Voi) siete Davide e Giovanna. You are Davide and Giovanna. (Loro) sono Davide e Giovanna. They are Davide and Giovanna. Those are a lot of new words! But it's all very easy. Now you've seen all subject pronouns in Italian, which are usually omitted, and you know how to refer to people. And besides that you've also learned your first Italian verb, an irregular verb: "Essere", in English "To be". In Italian and most other languages, but not in English, there also exists a certain polite form of "you". In Italian they say "Lei" instead of "tu" in formal speech, "tu" is only used among friends, people of the same age and for children. Verbs after "Lei" are conjugated like a 3rd person singular. Take a look at the following sample sentences, and note that the subject pronoun is usually omitted, but for this example we haven't omitted it: Lei è nonna You are grandmother Lei è Davide You are Davide And this same construction also applies to the plural form of "you"; instead of "voi" they use "Loro" that is conjugated as a 3rd person plural. There is also a small new word that appeared in this lesson, the Italian word "e", which means "and". Note that there is no translation for the pronoun "it" in the example. Actually there is one, but is almost never used and you usually omit it. It's also a good exercise to try to pronounce every Italian sentence you see on this page, and when you're uncertain of how to pronounce a certain character or group of characters then go to the pronunciation page. Vocabulary padre madre nonna nonno

father mother grandmother grandfather

Exercises In these exercises we ask you to write the subject pronoun between brackets so you learn those too. In the next lessons you can omit the subject pronoun. Exercise A: Translate to English: 1) (Lui) è Davide. 2) È padre. 3) (Loro) sono Davide e Luigi. 4) (Lei) è madre. 5) (Tu) sei nonna. 6) (Tu) sei nonno. 7) (Noi) siamo George e William. Exercise B: Translate to Italian: 1) We are James and Jane. 2) You are father. - polite singular form 3) I am mother. 4) She is grandmother. 5) They are Davide and Luigi. 6) You are George and William.

7) You are grandfather. Solutions Solution of Exercise A: 1) He is Davide. 2) It is the father. 3) They are Davide and Luigi. 4) She is mother. 5) You are grandmother. 6) You are grandfather. 7) We are George and William. Solution of Exercise B: 1) (Noi) siamo James e Jane. 2) (Lei) è padre. 3) (Io) sono madre. 4) (Lei) è nonna. 5) (Loro) sono Davide e Luigi. 6) (Voi) siete George e William. 7) (Tu) sei nonno. Lesson 2: Articles and Gender Apparently you've successfully finished lesson one, so now we can continue with the second lesson. In this lesson you'll learn how to describe certain objects. First of all we are going to teach you the concept of noun gender. A concept not known in English but that appears in almost every other language. In most other languages a noun has a certain gender. So you're telling me a noun can be a boy or a girl? Indeed...that's what we're saying. A noun has a certain gender, in Italian (and many other Latin languages) there are two genders: masculine and feminine. Every noun has one of these two genders. How to determine what gender has isn't usually hard. And can be explained using a number of guidelines: • • • •

Nouns ending in -O or -E are usually masculine. Nouns ending in -A or -I are usually feminine Nouns ending in any consonant are always masculine Nouns ending in -TÀ or -TÔ are always feminine

NOTE: There are of course several exceptions. When in doubt check a dictionary. The best way to learn the gender of noun is checking the article it is used with. Actually in the previous lesson you learned how to say "He is father" but that sounds a little bit tarzan-like, wouldn't it sound better if you could say "He is a father" or "He is the father"? That's what you'll learn now. Take a look at these Italian sentences: (Lui) è il padre. (Lui) è lo zio. (Lei) è la madre. (Lui) è un padre. (Lui) è uno zio.

He is the father. He is the uncle. She is the mother. He is a father. He is an uncle.

(Lei) è una madre. She is a mother. Here we see a whole mix of words, we see "il", "lo", and "la" as a translation of "the" and "un", "uno" and "una" as a translation of "a" and "an". When the noun to which the article applies is a masculine noun then "the" can be translated as "il" or "lo". What is the article I have to use? There are some guidelines that help you to determine what the article to use is: • • •

"IL" is used for all masculine nouns starting in a consonant, except the case where you use "lo". "LO" is used for all masculine nouns starting in a vowel, X, Y, Z, GN, PN, PS or S followed by a consonant. When the noun starts in a vowel, it will become "l'". "LA" is used for all feminine nouns starting in a consonant. It will become "l'" with nouns starting in a vowel.

When the noun to which the article applies is a masculine noun then "a/an" can be translated as "un", or "uno", if the article applies to a feminine noun then the article that has to be used is "una". • • •

"UN" is used for all masculine nouns, except the cases where you have to use "UNO" "UNO" is used for all masculine nouns starting in X, Y, Z, GN, PN, PS, S followed by consonant or I followed by vowel "UNA" is used with all feminine nouns.

Now it's time to learn plural nouns. Until now you've only seen singular nouns such as "house" and "chair", but now we'll teach you how to form a plural noun ("houses", "chairs") in Italian. Forming a plural noun in Italian is not the easiest thing. Here are some guidelines: • • • •

The nouns ending in -O or -E usually change their ending in -I The feminine nouns ending in -A usually change their ending in -E The masculine nouns ending in -A usually change their ending in -I The nouns ending in -I or a stressed vowel or a consonant don't change at all

Some examples: "Libro - Libri, Fiume - Fiumi, Scimmia - Scimmie" NOTE: There are of course many, many, many exceptions and irregularities. When in doubt check a dictionary. On the vocabulary, we'll show you what the irregular plural forms are. In this table, you will see all the articles and their plural form ARTICLES DETERMINATIVE Masculine Singular il lo (l')

Feminine la (l')

INDETERMINATIVE Masculine un

uno

Feminine una

Plural i gli le Like in English, the plural indeterminative articles don't exist. Well, this noun gender concept might have confused you a bit. For English speaking people it can be a weird concept. But if English is not your native language then it's most likely that you are already familiar with noun gender. From now on we will also mention the article of a noun in our vocabulary lists. In this lesson we'll also introduce another irregular Italian verb, the verb "avere" which means "to

have". Take a look at the full conjugation and translation of this verb: (Io) ho I have (Tu) hai You have (Lui) ha He has (Lei) ha She has OR you have *polite singular form Ha It has (Noi) abbiamo We have (Voi) avete You have (Loro) hanno They have OR you have *polite plural form Now you've learned a new verb, memorize it. Vocabulary Learn the following words, the words of the previous lesson are mentioned again, but this time we also show what definite article to use. il padre la madre la nonna il nonno lo zio la sedia la casa il tavolo il gatto il cane l'osso l'animale l'edificio

the father the mother the grandmother the grandfather the uncle the chair the house the table the cat the dog the bone the animal the building

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Exercises Exercise A: Translate to English: 1) Un gatto è un animale. 2) La casa è un edifício. 3) Il cane ha un osso. 4) Ho un gatto. 5) Il padre ha una casa. 6) Il padre e la madre hanno un cane. 7) Hai una casa. Exercise B: Translate to Italian: 1) The uncle has a cat. 2) A cat is an animal. 3) The table has a chair.

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4) The grandmother and the grandfather have a dog. 5) The mother has a dog and the father has a cat. 6) We have a table. 7) They have the house. Solutions Solution of Exercise A: 1) A cat is an animal. 2) The house is a building. 3) The dog has a bone. 4) I have a cat. 5) The father has a house. 6) The father and the mother have a dog. 7) You have a house. Solution of Exercise B: 1) Lo zio ha un gatto. 2) Un gatto è un animale. 3) Il tavolo ha una sedia. 4) La nonna e il nonno hanno un cane. 5) La madre ha un cane e il padre ha un gatto. 6) Abbiamo un tavolo. 7) Hanno la casa. Lesson 3: Demonstrative and Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns We'll continue with indicating possession. We're going to teach you the so- called "possessive pronouns" or "possessive adjectives". I suppose you already know what an adjective is. But if you don't, then reread the intro to the grammar chapter about adjectives. An adjective tells something about a noun, it describes a property of a noun. In Italian, adjectives conjugate in number and gender. Remember, however, that t the adjectives you're going to learn are irregular. Here are several new sentences: Questa è la mia sedia This is my chair Questo è il mio cane This is my dog Quella è la tua sedia That is your chair Quello è il tuo cane That is your dog Queste sono le sue sedie These are his/her chairs Questi sono i suoi cani These are his/her dogs Quelle sono le nostre sedie Those are our chairs Quelli sono i nostri cani Those are our dogs Questa è la vostra sedia This is your chair Questo è il vostro cane This is your dog Quella è la loro sedia That is their chair Quello è il loro cane That is their dog In these sentences you could see the demonstratives independent forms, separated by the verb "to be". They are: "questo/i" ("this/these") and "quello/i" ("that/those") with masculine nouns, and

"questa/e" ("this/these") and "quella/e" ("that/those") with feminine nouns. Like in English, articles can't precede these pronouns. You've also seen the possessive adjectives. They have to agree in gender and number with the noun, too. Unlike in English, determinative article usually precedes this adjective, except when the noun is a family member (father, mother, grandfather, and so on). Remember that "Suo" or "Loro" with capital letter are the polite forms. When you refer to his/her, it's not the gender of the person that matters, but the gender of the thing possessed. Let's see some other sentences: Questa sedia è la mia This chair is mine Questo cane è il tuo This dog is yours Queste sedie sono le sue These chairs are his/hers Questi cani sono i nostri These dogs are ours Quella sedia è la vostra That chair is yours Quel cane è il loro That dog is theirs Quelle sedie sono le Sue Those chairs are yours *polite singular form Quei cani sono i Loro Those dogs are yours *polite plural form You've learned a couple of things now: the demonstratives used adjectively and possessive pronouns. The last ones are identical to their adjectives and are always preceded by the demonstrative article. The demonstrative adjective forms of quello" are different from the pronouns, instead and it follows a conjugation similar to the one of the article. Here are some table that will help you learning what we've just explained: DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES That/Those Masculine

This/These

Feminine

Masculine Feminine

Singular quel quello (quell') quella (quell') Plural

quei

quelli

quelle

questo

questa

questi

queste

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES and PRONOUNS Singular

Plural

Masculine

Feminine

Masculine

Feminine

1st singular

(il) mio

(la) mia

(i) miei

(le) mie

2nd singular

(il) tuo

(la) tua

(i) tuoi

(le) tue

3rd singular

(il) suo

(la) sua

(i) suoi

(le) sue

1st plural

(il) nostro

(la) nostra

(i) nostri

(le) nostre

2nd plural

(il) vostro

(la) vostra

(i) vostri

(le) vostre

3rd plural

(il) loro

(la) loro

(i) loro

(le) loro

polite singular

(il) Suo

(la) Sua

(i) Suoi

(le) Sue

polite plural (il) Loro (la) Loro (i) Loro (le) Loro Now we'll teach you one last thing in this lesson. You have to know that in Italian the word order is very flexible and it often occurs that the subject of the sentence appears at the end of the sentence. An example of two sentences that are exactly the same, except for the word order:

"Tua madre ha le "Your mother has the keys" chiavi" "Ha le chiavi tua madre" "Your mother has the keys" You see the flexible word other, get used to it because it sometimes occurs that the subject appears at the end of a sentence or in after the verb, not necessarily at the end of a sentence. I think this has been enough material for this third lesson. Vocabulary il libro il cavallo il fiume l'occhio la scimmia il topo la chiave la maglietta la torre la fotografia la macchina fotografica qui lì molto molti molta molte Test this vocabulary

the book the horse the river the eye *plural: occhi the monkey the mouse the key the t-shirt the tower the photo the camera *plural: macchine fotografiche here there much *used with singular masculine nouns many *used with plural masculine nouns much *used with singular feminine nouns many *used with plural feminine nouns in a matching game

Exercises Exercise A: Translate to English: 1) Queste sono le mie fotografie 2) Una scimmia ha occhi 3) Queste sono le loro chiavi 4) Questo è un topo 5) Ho molti cavalli 6) Hai la nostra macchina fotografica 7) Lei ha la vostra chiave 8) Queste sono le tue torri 9) Lei ha questi libri 10) Abbiamo queste macchine fotografiche Exercise B: Translate to Italian: 1) We have many t-shirts. 2) These are my eyes. 3) That is his key.

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4) This is your book and these are your dogs. (spoken to a stranger) 5) I have those photos. 6) Her books have photos. 7) They have the house. 8) This house is yours. (spoken to a dear friend) 9) You are their grandmother. (use formal speech) 10) He has this camera. 11) The houses have many keys. Solutions Solution of Exercise A: 1) These are my photos. 2) A monkey has eyes. 3) These are their keys. 4) This is a mouse. 5) I have many horses. 6) You have our camera. 7) She has your key. 8) These are your towers. 9) She has these books. 10) We have these cameras. Solution of exercise B: 1) Abbiamo molte magliette. 2) Questi sono i miei occhi. 3) Quella è la sua chiave. 4) Questo è il Suo libro e questi sono i Suoi cani. 5) Ho quelle fotografie. 6) I suoi libri hanno fotografie. 7) Hanno la casa. 8) Questa casa è la tua. 9) (Lei) è loro nonna. 10) Ha questa macchina fotografica. 11) Le case hanno molte chiavi. Lesson 4: Regular Verbs and Negation You've already worked your way through three chapters, make sure you understood everything that appeared in those chapters, make sure you understand the grammar and vocabulary and do make the exercises to practice. Also make sure you try to pronounce every Italian sentence so you can practice your pronunciation. Let's start now by learning how to build the present tense of a regular Italian verb. In Italian a regular verb in the present tense always has the same endings. There are three groups of verbs in Italian: those whose infinitive ends in ARE, those in ERE, those in IRE. First conjugation - ARE "Parlare" ("to speak" in English) and all other infinitive verbs that end in ARE, belong to the first group and all are regular except some.

Parl o I speak Parl i You speak Parl a He/she/it speaks - You speak *polite form Parl iamo We speak Parl ate You speak Parl ano They speak - You speak *polite form It's pretty easy to understand. Each person has it's own ending. The endings you just saw are valid for all regular verbs that end in ARE. The verbs ending in IARE are slightly irregular and get these endings. Let's see for example "mangiare", "to eat". Mangi o I eat Mangi you eat Mangi a he/she/it eats - you eat *polite form Mangi amo we eat Mangi ate you eat Mangi ano they eat - you eat *polite form Also verbs ending in CARE or GARE have a different conjugation. Here's the verb "giocare", "to play (a game)". Gioc o I play Gioc hi you play Gioc a he/she/it plays - you play *polite form Gioc hiamo we play Gioc ate you play Gioc ano they play - you play *polite form In this first group of verbs there are only 4 verbs that are completely irregular and are very important. They're "andare", "dare", "fare", and "stare". We'll find them all in part two of this course. Second conjugation - ERE In this group there are a lot of irregular verbs, for example "essere" and "avere" you've already learned. "Vivere", "to live", is irregular but behaves regularly at present tense. Have a look at the endings: Viv o I live Viv i You live Viv e He/she/it lives - You live *polite form Viv iamo We live Viv ete You live Viv ono They live - You live *polite form This group includes the infinitive verbs ending in ARRE, ORRE and URRE, which have a Latin root. Third conjugation - IRE Also in this group there are quite irregular verbs. "Aprire", "to open" is irregular, too, but not at the

present tense. This group is very similar to the conjugations of the ERE group. Apr o I open Apr i You open Apr e He/she/it opens - You open *polite form Apr iamo We open Apr ite You open Apr ono They open - You open *polite form A common irregularity in this group is the adding of "ISC". Here's the verb "finire", "to finish": Fin isc o I finish Fin isc i you finish Fin isc e he/she/it finishes - you finish *polite form Fin - iamo we finish Fin - ite you finish Fin isc ono they finish - you finish *polite form> It's rather confusing: you should memorize the ending of each person for each of the three groups and all the irregular verbs. Try to exercise as much as you can. Pay attention! Italian present tense also include English present perfect and future expressed by "will" or "to be +...ing" but we're going to look at this more carefully in part two. Here are some examples: Vivo qui da un anno I've lived here for a year Vado a casa I'll go home Stasera vedo un film I'm watching a film tonight Now we're going to talk about negation, because you might want to say: "That is NOT a house", and "that is NO dog". In ITALIAN "no" is translated as "non". It appears directly before the main verb and you don't have to use any helper verb as "don't". I think that's enough material for now, make sure you understand it. It's quite hard. So don't hesitate to reread this lesson a couple of times. Vocabulary From now on there will also be regular verbs (or at least verbs that are regular in the present tense) in the list. parlare mangiare giocare vivere amare correre vedere il bambino l'uomo la donna la mela

to speak to eat to play (a game) to live to love to run to see/watch the child/the boy the man *plural: uomini the woman the apple

l'albero italiano inglese

the tree italian english

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Exercises Exercise A: Translate to English: 1) Vedo le fotografie. 2) L'uomo corre. 3) Il bambino mangia una mela. 4) Le donne non vedono l'albero. 5) Non vedo alberi. 6) Non ha cavalli. 7) Il bambino mangia molto. 8) Mangiano molte mele. 9) Questi non sono animali. 10) La donna non vede. 11) Parli italiano. 12) Parliamo inglese. Exercise B: Translate to Italian: 1) I see a tree. 2) You do not see this. 3) We speak Italian. 4) I have no children. 5) She sees an apple. 6) This isn't her grandfather. 7) You speak Italian. 8) They see my house. 9) He sees that tree. 10) I am not Italian. 11) We do not have those keys. Solutions Solution of Exercise A: 1) I see the photos. 2) The man runs. 3) The child eats an apple. 4) The women don't see the tree. 5) I don't see any trees. 6) He doesn't have horses OR She doesn't have horses OR you don't have horses. 7) The child/the boy eats much. 8) We eat many apples. 9) These are no animals. 10) The woman doesn't see. 11) You speak Italian. 12) We speak English.

Solution of exercise B: 1) Vedo un albero. 2) Non vedi questo OR Non vedete questo OR Non vede questo OR Non vedono questo. 3) Parliamo italiano. 4) Non ho bambini. 5) Vede una mela. 6) Questo non è suo nonno. 7) Parli italiano OR Parlate italiano OR Parla italiano OR Parlano italiano. 8) Vedono la mia casa. 9) Vede quell'albero. 10) Non sono Italiano OR Non sono Italiana (if the speaker is female). 11) Non abbiamo quelle chiavi. LESSON 5: Adjectives, Adverbs and Questions After the difficult lesson you've just done we'll make things a little easier. In this lesson we'll teach you how to use adjectives in Italian. They usually appear next to the noun, although it can also be separated from the noun using the verb "essere" (in English: "to be"). Note that in such a construction the "independent" adjective is never a direct object! You've already seen the demonstrative and possessive adjectives behave. Here are some examples: Quell'uomo è bello. That man is handsome. Quegli uomini sono belli. Those men are handsome. Questa donna è molto bella. This woman is very beautiful. Queste donne sono molto belle. These women are very beautiful. This is an easy construction. Remember that the Italian adjective is conjugated in every construction. You have to make sure that the adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun. There are four kinds of adjectives in Italian that change their endings in different ways. Here's the first one: BELLO Masculine singular BELLI Masculine plural BELLA Feminine singular BELLE Feminine plural As you could see there are 4 endings. Also "alto" and "lento" behave like "bello". Let's see the second kind of adjectives: GRANDE Masculine singular GRANDE Masculine plural GRANDI Feminine singular GRANDI Feminine plural In this case there are only two endings: in this category there are also "veloce", "giovane", "gentile". There are some exceptions but we won't go through those now. Of course an adjective usually appears next to the noun (in Italian usually after the noun) instead of being separated by "essere". "La casa grande" "The big house" "Il bambino giovane" "The young child"

"La donna vecchia" "The old woman" "Le mele rosse" "The red apples" Now we can move on to the matter of adverbs. An adverb can be compared to an adjective but instead it says something about a verb instead of a noun. It's easy to form an adverb in Italian, just use the feminine form of the adjective and add MENTE. "Lui corre rapidamente" "He runs fast" "Parlo lentamente" "I speak slowly" "Parla Italiano fluentemente" "He/She/It speaks Italian fluently" Now you also know how to form adverbs, it's really easy. Of course there are also irregular adverbs, a good example would be "well" in Italian: "bene". We can continue with asking question in Italian, to tell things is nice, but once in a while you might need to ask something to someone. We'll teach you. In an Italian question the verb often precedes the subject of the sentence and you don't have to use any helper verb such as "do". Some questions: Chi è quell'uomo vecchio? Che cosa vedi? Quale è il tuo vero nome? Quali sono i tuoi zii? Questi o quelli? Quanto sei alto?

Who's that old man? What do you see? What is your real name? Which are your uncles? These or those? How tall are you? How old are you? Lit: How many years do you Quanti anni hai? have? Dove vivi? Where do you live? Quando mangiamo? When do we eat? Come ti chiami? What's your name? Lit: How do you call yourself? Perché non parli? Why don't you speak? You've seen some interrogative pronouns now (the words used to ask question: such as: "what?" etc...). One strange thing is that you see two words for "what", there are two variant, you can say either "Che cosa" or "Quale/i". The first one when asking about facts and such, the second one lies closer to our word "which", it describes an option, a choice, one of more possibilities. These pronouns act as relative pronouns, too: Vedo che cosa mangi I see what you eat This concludes the fifth lesson. Vocabulary chiamare camminare nuotare veloce lento vecchio giovane

to call to walk to swim fast slow old young

alto grande buono cattivo simpatico gentile nuovo la bicicletta l'anno chi? che cosa? quale/i? quanto/a? quanti/e? perché? quando? dove? come? molto

high big good bad nice kind new the bike the year who? what? which? / what? how much how many why? when? where? how? very

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Exercises Exercise A: Translate to English: 1) Questo uomo è un uomo gentile 2) Chi è quel bambino gentile ? 3) Quando mangiamo? 4) Che cosa è questo? 5) La casa grande è la nostra 6) Ella corre velocemente 7) La mia vecchia nonna è molto gentile 8) La mia bicicletta è nuova 9) Questi sono animali molto simpatici 10) Che cosa vedi? Exercise B: Translate to Italian: 1) I see a new chair. 2) The old woman sees an apple. 3) Who are you? 4) She is not old. 5) They walk fast. 6) Our grandmother is an old woman. 7) These children are young. 8) The young child sees a high table. 9) What does the bad dog see?

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10) Why doesn't the kind cat see? Solutions Solution of Exercise A: 1) This man is a kind man. 2) Who is that kind child? 3) When do we eat? 4) What is that? 5) The big house is ours. 6) She runs fast. 7) My old grandmother is very kind. 8) My bike is new. 9) These are very nice animals. 10) What do you see? Solution of Exercise B: 1) Vedo una sedia nuova. 2) La donna vecchia vede una mela. 3) Chi sei ? OR Chi siete? OR Chi è? OR Chi sono? 4) Non è vecchia. 5) Camminano velocemente. 6) Nostra nonna è una donna vecchia. 7) Questi bambini sono giovani. 8) Il bambino giovane vede un tavolo alto. 9) Che cosa vede il cane cattivo? 10) Perché il gatto gentile non vede?