Islamic Economics: Animal Husbandry For Development

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

FOR DEVELOPMENT

Ismail Yurdakok [email protected] Economics in dictionary: “science of production, distribution and consumption of goods.”(1) “Today’s (western)economy has got an obscure terminology. Contradictory approaches and different comments of western economists make the minds of human being confused and give an opinion that there is not any solution for economic problems. But if we may look the economic problems with an out of complex viewpoint, we may understand easily advantegeous aspects of different solutions. Even ordinary people may understand these so-called “tangled a lot of economic affairs”(2) In animal husbandry sector, we find the solutions for a lot of problems of modern economy like unemployment, poverty etc. Working of muslims in this sector is appropriate for their history, their characteristics and their concept of civilisation; with new methods and systems. This is not “imported method” from western countries as a development method. Ahmad Najjar famous first generation Islamist economist was saying in Jeddah thirty three years ago: “What is the way to rescue Islamic community from underdeveloped position? Is it possible to rescue with imported methods and systems of the other (western) countries?”(3) Najjar says: “small (or non-important) incomes of citizens may be an essential resource of finance that we saw this in (small) non-interest banking system in Egypt.” (They had opened 9 small non-interest banks between the years 196366 in small towns.) Animal husbandry sector also gives small incomes to the families who work in this sector with a few cattles. Ricardo was saying: “for accumulation of capital, the state should not take taxes from agricultural products some years.” We also say that “except zakat” the Islamic State should not take any taxes from agricultural products and livestock animals for giving support to village economy in Islamic countries. Animal husbandry also will help the high rate of capital accumulation speed that it is higher in developed countries than underdeveloped countries. Samuelson mentiones that: “farmers who feed cows, their taxes is very low in USA.”(4) Transforming a country’s economy from consumption economy towards productive economy is very important for preventing poverty. Animal husbandry sector is important for productive economy. Amartya Sen (he won Nobel Prize in 1998 for his contributions to welfare economics) says in “Growth Economics”: “The main reasons of poverty are: (1) underdeveloped economy of country (2) economy is towards consumption not productive

(3) productivity is very low (4) unemployment (5) bad income distribution”(5) Animal husbandry does not want much capital. That’s why it is appropriate for underdeveloped countries. In the years of last big economic crisis (1999-2002) in Turkey, some jobless men began to animal husbandry only with one or two cows and they achieved to gain enough money for their families. Hundreds of thousands shops in the cities were closed in this crisis, some of the owners of these shops returned to their villages, they bought at the beginning 15 sheep and began to work,they also earned their sustenance.Livestock animals are a deposit or insurance for the farmer. When he is in need of money (e.g a new baby is born or an immediate wedding ceremony for his children) he sells one or two of his animals and spends for his needs. ABOLISHING OF POVERTY IN TEN YEARS We see in the minutes of Kuwait 1th International Zakat Congress that with the application (giving) of zakat (annual religious tax), there will be no poor in Islamic countries in ten years.(6) Also Sabri Erdogdu studied on Turkish economy according to the income of zakat and reached a similar result (in 1980) that for Turkey, it is possible in 8,5 years for the abolishing of poverty when the (full) zakat is given to the poor.(7)And also we have to remember livestock animals are the (one of the) main sources of zakat. BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Balance of trade of underdeveloped countries are minus. The main reason (of this) is “not able to pay” debt of import products with the income of exports. Products of animal husbandry sector also will help to build a powerful export structure.Lack of food is not a problem only for underdeveloped countries but also we see poor quarters in the big cities of developed countries. But a family busy with (in) animal husbandry sector,can produce its meat, milk, butter, cheese without paying any money. This sector is genuine economic power of a country for economic, social, cultural and political independence. For powerful private sector and for new employment fields, Islamic State have to support this sector. We see “milk foundation”s in Islamic history that they used to distribute milk to children free(without taking any money).(8) But today Dr.Chapra says: “ The important of milk can not be denied for rich or poor children but how much money a poor family can spend for milk in (even) a capitalist society?”(9) “Food security” is also (still) a problem of all humanity. THE ECONOMY OF POVERTY Contemporary famous economist Omar Chapra tells the sentence of the owner of Nobel Prize (of 1979) Theodore Schultz: “The majority of the humankind are poors. If we would know the economy of poverty, we would know the important problems of economy”. Especially after 1980s, poverty became the important problem of western economists. Sa-ying: “whereas” Omar Chapra: “It is said that ‘the economists are the representatives of poors’but the western economists could not reach good results for poors. Daily calory per capita is lower in 1985, than 1965 in a lot of

underdeveloped countries (according to World Bank report). In this point ,Islamic economy is the only candidate for solving prob- lems of poors and as a balanced world economy.” Animal husbandry sector will solve the problem of insufficient alimentation and families busy with this sector will gain some (probably in small amounts) surplus money (savings) and with this money,they will become shareholders of big factories, companies, thus non-interest hot money (savings) will be ready for industry. Improvement in the animal husbandry sector means:the heaviest problem on the governments “unemployment” will become, less important because, this sector will provide “self-employment” for millions of people. THE

COUNTRYSIDE DEVELOPMENT IS NECESSITY

Omar Chapra says: “The majority of the population of underdeveloped countries are in open countries. Their reaching to welfare only will be possible with countryside agricultural (farming) development. This kind of development is not a preference but a necessity for them. But for a good agricultural development (and farming) is necessary the increasing of their incomes. That’s why, in countryside we have to support small and micro scale industries.”. Schumacher also says similar sentences: “The centers and sources of poverty in the world are -first of all- in the open country regions of poor countries. Their days pass in charities sent to them and (empty) development (promises). If we do not submit to them small scale technologies their problems (immigration to cities, unemployment) will go on.(10) Small scale technologies are possible in leather, shoe industry, in wool, meat, dairy, sheep intestine industries interested animal husbandry. Chapra also mentiones Italian Small Business (from Alan Friedman) and there are leather handiwork, shoe handiwork... in family-workshops in Italy.(11) Louis Baeck mentiones Ibn Haldun’s economic thoughts, in the article of “The Economic Thought of Classical Islamic Era”. Ibn Haldun says: “there are two problems in the immigration towards cities, first; the cities grow excessively and collapsing (in city’s economy and social life) begins, the second; escaping (leaving) from countryside causes decreasing in agricultural products. The result is famine and illness.”(12) That is famine is the problem of all eras.

Abdulaziz Al Duri writes that “Abbasid Governments in 3th and 4th hegira centuries (10th, 11th centuries in CE) , gave credits and other supports to animal husbandry sector.(13) But after four hundred years especially in Egypt, the life of the village had been destroyed, animals had died, the tax of shepherdness and because of other problems, a lot of villages had become ghost towns.(Al Duri narrates from Maqrızi) Every Islamic economist points similar problems of poor and/or underdeveloped countries:high inflation, high unemployment rate, big trade deficits and heavy debt. All of these show a non-balanced macro economy. They study (have studied) a kind of development that its target to decrease non-balanced positions in macroeconomy.

Western economists can not think a hope of a rapid development and full employment without increasing inflation and without macroeconomic out of balance and without heavy economic instability. These economists also have a fundamentalist economic viewpoint. Omar Chapra gives two interesting examples: (1)Eugene Staley says: “Underdeveloped countries can only develope with the imitation U.States. (2)Gunnar Myrdal (the owner of Nobel Economy Prize of 1974) claims that: “ideals of modernisations are appropriate for western peoples but these ideals are foreigner for underdeveloped, poor countries( Asian Drama)”(14) But we today know that after a hard and rational working of 25 years China reached in 2003 Italy’s level in trading and its target to reach to the second degree after USA in future 25 years. And Malaysia became a good example in technology and industry, India in computer science. And the history tells to Myrdal and Staley the opposite examples. Only three centuries ago Islamic Countries were welfare states from Ottoman Empire to Avrangzib’s India, even a hundred years ago, at the beginning years of 20th century Istanbul was the cheapest city of the world. To solve the modern economy’s problems and to put an Islamic economic development is not much difficult with Islamic principles. Islamic lands saw a lot of welfare periods from the beginning years of Islamic history in the periods of Truthful Caliphes (Hulafau Rashıdiyn), in Abbasid Dynasty in the High Civilisation of Muslim Central Asia. We absolutely have to take lessons from our history and also from our wrongs. And we know that The Prophet Muhammad said:”Knowledge is the lost of the believer (muslim), he takes it where he finds.” We –as muslims-take the useful knowledge in economics or other sciences but not imitating, if adaptation is possible with our Islamic culture and Islamic principles we do not avoid to take new knowledge. In this point we will look at animal husbandry sector of western countries with according to above viewpoint; Animal husbandry sector in the period of National Expansion of USA was important. The cattlemen dominated the plains from the late 1860s to the middle 1880s. By going strategic control of the scarce supplies of water on the semiarid plains, groups of cattlemen controlled thousands of square miles of grazing land. Aided by the development of the transcontinental railroads and by the perfection of mechanical refrigeration, they were able to market their animals in the East and even in Europe. But we also know today that, famous American writer Upton Sinclair wrote his famous novel “The Jungle” (The Sloughterhouses of Chicago) and the people of U.States saw tragical conditions in meat industry. After publishing of this novel in 1906, in six months Food Act was changed by Congress. Big protests happened to the cartels and trusts that American meat industry was in their hands. The novel put hateful tricks of capitalists that they had wanted to prevent people’s understanding of the realities. Dirty canned-meats...and deadly heavy working conditions for workers that after a five years’ working in some parts of these factories a lot of workers were losing their working power and they were becoming beggars in the streets...that we have not seen like tragical examples in Islamic history. It is also a reality that western countries made a lot of progressive works in breeding of farm animals in the past and today also there are a lot of breeding

institutions and a lot of experts work/study on animal husbandry in western countries. In the west of England, Herefordshire is famous with Herefordshire Cow, in the middle-east England, South Cambridgeshire Cow is bred to produce high yields of milk and meat. South Hams in Devon Province dairy farming is widespread. In Totnes there is a center for dairy products for collect, to process and for distribution. In the Grantham plateaus of Lincolnshire sheep are bred. Around of Oxfordshire milk production is important that depends on the cow breeding. Southdown sheep is famous high quality of meat production and its thin wool. Hampshire sheep is also famous with its meat and wool. British farmers worked for breeding to produce highyields of meat on Hereford cow along the generations. Economy of USA began to grow rapidly after 1815 and “animal husbandry empires” and “great wheat empires” had been seen. A lot of new cities like Chicago were established. There was sheep breeding from high valleys of Texas to New Mexico’s Pecos Valley in 19th century in USA. But from the beginning years of 20th century cow breeding started in these regions (states) and today we see cow breeding in Arizona, Oklahoma, New Mexico and Texas. Texas is in the first degree in breeding of cow and sheep in all of the USA. Even in New England, for example Connecticut State is an industry state but meat production and breeding of dairy cattle is also important. There are 100,000,000 cows in USA and millions of sheep.There are 100 cows in every 40 square kilometer in the West regions. We read “(Southern States of USA)..the principle source of rural income is livestock, whose products are worth more than twice as much as the income of the two principle crops, tobacco and cotton...”(Grolier Encyclopaedia) Corn, oats, barley and a lot of grains are grown for fodder in the vast inland valleys of Canada and USA for breeding of millions of livestock animals. Meat consumption is 45 kilograms for a person in USA and 5,2 kilograms in Turkey that Turkey is not one of the poorest Islamic countries. There are millions of people in Islamic countries that they only can see meat in their houses only in the days of Aydu Adha (sacrifice festival). $ 2,000 PER COW It was declared in Cancun World Trade Organisation summit on Sept. 2003 that dairy farmers in European Unity get an average subsid of $ 2,000 per cow, 100 times more than foreign aid person given to Africa. Dairy farming is a good income from the canton of Sankt Gallen of Switzerland of North hemisphere to Santa Fe State of Argentina of South hemisphere. One of the biggest groups of the world “Unilever” that has got more than 500 companies, Unilever’s history begins with butter export. Anton and Johannes Brothers established a firm in Oss (city) in Netherland in 1854 and began to export butter especially to England. This family (Jurgens) was busy with dairy products from the beginning years of 1800s.”(Encyclopaedia Britannica) In Denmark, food industry provides 35 % of total industry incomes of GDP. 90 % of agricultural products come from animal products.Exports of animal farming industry reach 29 % of total Denmark exports. Meat, cheese and butter are exported especially to UK and Germany from Denmark Denmark’s area is 43,092 square kilometres and population is 5,1 million.GDP is $ (USA) 151,2 billions. Per capita $ 28,500 in Denmark. Uruguay as a south America country its area is 176,000 square kilometres and population is 3,400,000 but total number of sheep and cattle are 36,000,000. Contribution of exports of animal husbandry as sheep and cattle as alive and as meat, wool and leather is important for Uruguay’s economy. The biggest market for meat export of Uruguay is European Countries and Brazil. Uruguay has not got petroleum,naturel gas or coal but with animal husbandry this country provides a $

3,808 of per capita. Swift and Armour (packaged-meat) and National Dairy (Kraft) are in the first 20 companies of 200 greatest companies of USA. TEN-TIMES IN FIVE YEARS Saanen a good breed of goat was bred to produce high yields of milk in Saanen Valley in Switzerland. This is one of the most important breed of goat that we see in a lot of European Countries and USA. Its milk whiter and easier for digestion.As an example Turkey imported Saanen goats and a farmer bought 10 Saanen goats and paid 3,000 dollars. After five years there are 100 goats and their values is at least 30,000 dollars. We now will look at some FAO’s statistics (2001) about dairy products to compare some developed, underdeveloped and some Islamic countries: 1,000 metric tons MEAT PRODUCT IMPORT EXPORT TOTAL World 237,145 25,005 25,923 235,674 Africa 11,270 749 128 11,918 Djibuti 11 1 12 Egypt 1,435 299 1 1,734 Mali 213 213 Morocco 590 4 8 585 Senegal 170 5 175 Sudan 693 11 682 North,Cent America Canada 1,407 Mexico 90 USA 4,980

3,260 5,770 34,883

4,118

580

4,636

1,220

37,811

2,075

PRODUCTION South America 22,722 Argentina 3,682 Brazil 2,494 Chile 90 Uruguay 204 Venezuela 1

IMPORT

25,417

321 1,304

3,108

117

15,167 957

245 45

956 459 1,295

TOTAL

357

3,180 12,718

EXPORT

91 14 9

Asia 2,658 Bangladesh 128 China 1,701 India 248 Indonesia 11 Japan 6 Kuwait 1 Malaysia 13 Pakistan 3 Philippines 1 Saudi Arabia 27 Syria 339 Turkey 11 Untd.Arab.Em. 2

95,093

99,332

7,107

114 65,908

65,264

1,742

28

2,894

5,511

2,845

77

155

79

972

1,138

180

1,782

1,779 2,121

2,367

5,575

5,327 1,759

14

1,977

145

593

978

412 339

1,319

1,309

81

234

BUTTER WORLD 1,295 7,600 Africa 3 311 North,Cen.Amer. 23 791 Canada 16 89 USA 4 616 South America 21 182 Asia 20 3,619 Algeria 12 Egypt 142 Libya 3 Mauritania 3 Morocco 46 Nigeria 14 Senegal

1 155

1,000 metric tons 7,664

1,254 205

109

690

130 85

26

570

50

193

10 3,449

191 2

10

97

45 3

1

2

17

29 10 1

4 1

2 Sudan 16 Tanzania 5 Tunisia 4 Azerbaijan 13 Bangladesh 20 Iran 165 Malaysia 1 Saudi Arabia 26 Turkey 114 Untd.Arab Em. 3 Uzbekistan 10 MILK World 582,783 Africa 29,959 53 Chad 229 Egypt 2 Libya 311 Mali 530 Nigeria 3 Sudan 5,027 North,Cen Amer. 96,875 Canada 8,055 Mexico 10,004 Panama 18 Trinidad Tob. 7 USA 428 South America

16 5 3

1

5

8

18

2 152

13 10

9 3

23

112

2 11

8 3 1,000 Metric tons IMPORT EXPORT 19,202

PRODUCTION 589,523 27,538 Camerun

2

7

2,686 235

191

184

224

5

4,029

4,059

TOTAL 25,381

33

210

168

492

38

432

347

4,963

64

775

96,378

1,320 8,106

129

133

9,612

507

115

171 186 67

742

22

10

79

75,025

49

74,646 45,942

1,314

1,379

45,883 Argentina 778 Bolivia 28 Brazil 35 Uruguay 188

58

21,284

21,675

426

1,495

1,307

Europe 17,542 208,349 Germany 7,025 23,106 Netherlands 1,865 10,439 Russian Fed. 113 32,971 UK 411 14,675

12 211

241

Asia 895 182,946 Bangladesh 2,308 Iran 6,015 Malaysia 77 557 Saudi Arabia 43 1,405 Turkey 1 9,511 Unit.Arab Em. 9 377

Oceania 4,632 Australia 1,687 New Zealand 2,945

9,866

9,099

1

179,189 2,139

4,655 169

6,013

2

39 984

595 463

9,494

16

83

303

216,373

9,103

28,213

1,282

11,291

1,083

32,929

156

14,709

363

24,103 18,772 9,087

125

10,875 13,162

59 23

9,575

TEN SHEEP FOR EVERY PERSON Area of New Zealand is 268,676 square kilometres and population is 3,942,000. In 2002, there were about 10 sheep for every person in New Zealand (even) compared with 20 sheep for every person in 1982 when the national flock was largest 70,3 million.In 2002; 39,546,000 total sheep 4,495,000 total beef cattle 5,162,000 total dairy cattle 1,644,000 total deer exports of New Zealand was $ (USA) 32 billion in 2002. Dairy

and meat products are New Zealand’s biggest single export earners that export of milk powder:$ 5,8 billion export of meat: $ 4,4 billion. Dairy products is 22 % and meat and edible offal is 14 % of New Zeland’s exports. In the past (and today) animal farming supported the whole economy. Grazing and arable land use has decreased by 12 percent since 1994 to 12,0 million hectares in 2002 and ‘mechanical and electrical machinery production’ reached 18 % of all production of NZ and 7 % of all export of N Zealand. New Zealand’s Per capita is $ 13,850 IS PER CAPITA UNIMPORTANT ? Schumacher says: ‘Grand Domestic Product’ has not got any meaning for me. I understand ‘for govern the currency of money for some technical reasons’, GDP may be very useful, but it has not any meaning for me for estimate of success. All of the Islamist economists and some western economists say ‘per capita is not very important for welfare of nation.’ This estimate is true for the lack of just income distribution in western countries. But, in Islamic countries, with zakat (annual religious tax) and other instruments, to reach a just income distribution is possible and that’s why a high per capita is important for Islamic countries. Higher per capita means higher help to poors in Islamic countries, because zakat is given (calculated)from all of the capital. SOME GOOD EXAMPLES IN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES Harj an oasis in Najd region in Saudi Arabia. This oasis is around some deep puddles. It had been decided to build a state farm at the last years of 1930s. The oasis became a productive agricultural land that cereal, date, vegetable and fruit are grown. The other economic activity is animal farming that cattle, poultry and horse are bred. Traditional dairy farming reached to great quantity especially the biggest meat-milk combine of the Middle East was opened in 1981 in the region. A city that would live and work a population of 100,000 was planned in 1980s. San’a a high region in Yemen, lands of San’a are at a height of between 2,000-3,000 metres. Cattle breeding and leather manufacture is widespread. Sokoto (in Nigeria) is a famous market for leather goods and livestock animals. Products of leather handiwork are exported in great amount. And there are a lot of tanneries, a modern slaughterhouse and an icehouse in the city. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AGAINST BIRTH CONTROL

Imam Mawdudi says “to use all of the sustenance of God in full rant-able capacity and always looking for new sources and to work on hidden sources are the solutions of Islam for increasing of world population. Hurshid Ahmad says:”Guesses and estimates of Malthusian theory are unfounded suspicions and illusions. There is not any economic reason for birth control. On the contrary increasing of population is useful for economy. Natural sources are too much.” Animal husbandry sector is also a natural source under our hands and not hidden, not under the earth like mines, ready for food needings of millions. According to Malik b.Nabi’s thought: there are three vital elements for changing the position of underdeveloped countries: “man, soil and time, not another, these three are enough for economic development (no need much capital).” Malik b. Nabi adds “head value is man for development”. Muhammad Shabbir Khan also says similar sentences: “Establish a new Islamic model is very simple (not complicated). (Islamic economy first of all) offers (its rules) and then (makes) practice of Islamic instructions about economic life on this model.” Faridi also supports this proposal, Muhammad Fanjari and Fared Neggar mention like these thoughts.(15) At the beginning years of 1980s Hurshid Ahmad was saying: “the brains of muslims now are studying on independent development strategies that derive from the thoughts and ideals of Islamic community.” All of the Islamic economic books that were written from 1965s point the abolition of famine and poverty. Sıddıqı points Imam Tahavi’s ‘list of needings’ that we see ‘the food’ at the first rank.” To raise famine and anxiety (of famine) and, to get products of basic needings for everybody and to guarantee these for future times (is necessary for an economy).” According to M.Abdulmannan that he is one of the pioneer Islamic economists: “The (Islamic) model that will be established, this model should represent the policy of (good) dividing. In another expression: at the first step, this (good) dividing policy shall be put (in public opinion) and then a production policy for satisfaction of basic needings of human kind, not for needings of the market.”(16) When the “basic needings of human kind” is said, we also remember food needings and supporting of animal husbandry sector (and absolutely agricultural sector). In animal farming, the result of economic actions are seen very rapidly, in a short time than the other industries. The production of milk and dairy products begin at once, after six months production of wool and after nine months the produce of meat begin. Insistence on animal husbandry sector is (will be) a challenge to

interest-free western economy, especially if we can build small farms (and also big farms). Animal farms will be (like) small factories produce a lot of needings of human kind. To work in animal farming ‘is not to do what Keynes did’. Keynes made sit symbols like ‘money and credit’ in the base of his economic theory. Islam puts goods (objects) like ‘property, service and working’ in place of ‘money and credit’. RED CROSS TENTS “It was a boat ride that Hakeem Latif will never forget. Latif, a 36-year-old Iraqi, had lived as a refugee in Iran for eight years..There he paid $ 6,000 to “people smugglers” for a short but risky trip to Australia. Latif and his family were among 140 people crammed into an old, 100-foot-long Indonesian fishing boat, which was battered by the rough Indian Ocean during the two-day journey.” It was terrible,” says Latif: “I risked the lives of my wife and children. But we decided we would live together or die together. But for God’s will,the boat was certain death.”...Many other Middle Eastern refugees are trying to join them..Many other Middle Eastern refugees are thought to be in Kuala Lumpur or Jakarta, ready to make the last peg of a journey that typically begins in Turkey,Pakistan or Iran...Chinese smugglers, called “snakeheads,” are also busy. They sell refugees fake passports, or fraudulent visas,..people who travel to Australia from Pakistan and Sri Lanka typically arrive in dilapidated vessels with little safety equipment. Last January an Indonesian fisherman was sentenced to four years in prison for taking 140 Middle Easterners to Christmas Island 2,600 kilometers off Australia’s western coast”(17) To read like these news or to see Red Cross tents in some poor Islamic countries are not good scenes for a community of dynamic religion as Islam. Whereas muslims, ten centuries ago, were breeding new kinds of camels and they had got new techniques in the breeding of livestock and horses. High plateaus of North Africa were “sheep countries”. Spanish Merino sheep was bred by Berber muslims in Spain that they had been settled there. Cattle breeding was seen especially in the valleys of on the shores of Atlantic Ocean of Morocco.(18) Hurshid Ahmad mentiones the “targets of development policy” and says: “We advocate that preference should be given for these three fields: To provide production of basic needings and foods in great amount To provide defence needings of Islamic world To provide basic (heavy) industry productions (19) Omar Chapra also says: “the duties of Islamic State are –first

of all- destroying of poverty, to reach full employment and to reach highest growth speed.”(20) Roger Graudy criticizes western capitalist economy: “The West provided! the income distribution that caused to die of 50 millions people every year from famine and bad nutrition in the third world.”(21) The realities confirm Graudy’s sentences that after a 300 years of capitalist history, the problem of famine still could not be solved and we still see slogans under FAO’s title “helping to build a world without hunger” and “working together to fight hunger and poverty”. We also see tragical calls like “23 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are facing food emergencies,according to new report released by FAO today. (July,23,2003)”, “Famine threatens 4 million people in southern Africa (Feb.,22,2002)”, “Food insecurity and vulnerability information appeal..” PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH) IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY SECTOR After these, we may look at the problem from the viewpoint of Islam. The word “an’am” (cattle), we see 32 times in Quran. We understand that animals were created for benefit of human being, and the continuation of man’s life. These statements of Quran show this: “Have they not seen how We (Allah) have created for them of Our handiwork the cattle,so that they (mankind) are their owners, And We have subdued them (animals) to them (human), so that some of them they have for riding, and some for food, Benefits and drinks (milk). Do they not then give thanks?” (The Chapter of Ya Sin,verses:71-2-3) In these and similar verses, Quran shows us the profits and benefits of the animals and the ways of benefits. Also in the life of the Prophet Muhammad that this life is the only the best practice of Quranic principles, we see a lot of examples, in Prophet’s daily life about our subject. The life of the Prophet: his marking by himself the livestock animals, his taring (smearing with tar) the animals and working as a shepherd, his life is in the centre of the of animal farming. He was in working permanent continuous as a model for his companions. Anas b. Malik narrates: “Abdullah (the son of Abu Talha al Ansari) was born (Abu Talha was Anas’s stepfather). I took Abdullah (baby) to the Prophet Muhammad to show him. The Prophet had worn a woollen cloth and was smearing with tar to a camel. (22) EVERY PROPHET WORKED IN THE ANIMAL HUSBANDRY “(God said :) “What is that in your right hand, O Moses ?”.Moses said: “It is

my stick (rod), upon it I lean,and with it I beat down (shake) leaves for my flock (my sheep) and I have other uses it”(Quran, The Chapter of Ta Ha, v,17-8) The Prophet Muhammad had worked in the sector of livestock when he was young. One day he mentioned a name of flower,the companions said: “O the Prophet of Allah, as if you were a shepherd in wilderness (open plains) ?”.(23) Indeed,the Prophet had worked as a shepherd. Another time,the Prophet said to his friends: “There is not any prophet but he absolutely worked as a shepherd.” The companions asked: “O the Prophet, also you were ?” “Yes” said the Prophet: “I drove sheep in the quarter of Kararet of Mecca” (24) In another time: “I used to drive our sheep in the quarter of Jiyad.” We learn that,the Prophet, sometimes at Jiyad (the lower part of Mecca) sometimes at Kararet (a site around Mecca) used to drive sheep. The Prophet was twenty years old in that time(25) The Christians also say “the good shepherd” for Jesus Christ. And the Prophet Moses, we see this verse in Quran: “And when he (Moses) came to the water of Midian he found there a whole tribe of men, watering. And he found apart from them two women keeping back (their flocks). (Moses) said: “What is your trouble ?” The two said: “We can not give our flocks to drink till the shepherds return from the water; and our father is a very old man.” (Qasas;v,23). And Moses had worked as a shepherd in the farm of the Prophet Shuayb. WHO IS THE BEST MAN ? One day a woman Ummu Malik Al Bahzeyyate asked the Prophet Muhammad: “Who is the best man?” The Prophet answered: “(He is) the man (lives, works) in cattle, he gives their rights (their sustenance and he does not cruelty to the animals) and obeys to his God (performs the prayers).(26) There were shepherd companions that Abu Saed Al Hudri had said to Abu Sa’saa: “I see, you like to live in the countryside and in open plains. When you are among in your sheep and you are in countryside in the pasture and you want to call azan (when the prayer time begins), you (have to) call azan in a loud voice, because..”(27) In a similar sentence, the Prophet said that: “A position of a shepherd who calls azan on the part of a mountain and performs his prayer, Allah pleases (is agreeable to) this shepherd and Allah says: “All of you! Look at my servant, he is calling azan, he performs his (daily) prayer and he fears from me. I forgave him and I inserted him to the Paradise.” (28) The Prophet also had said: “The best property of a man may be his sheep. A muslim runs away from disorder (and selects (goes) to) the top (hills) of the mountains or to bottoms of the valleys.”(29) Indeed, there is not any engine noise in this sector and there is

a quiet job environment, no air pollution, no stress, no harmful conditions for workers especially nervous persons may select this sector for working. One day the Prophet said to a woman companion Ummu Hanee that: “Buy a sheep. Because there is blessing (fruitfulness,fertility) in sheep.”(30) WOMAN SHEPHERDS Muawiya b. Hakam Al Sulame had got a flock of sheep. A female slave used to drive this cattle, between (the places of) Uhud and Jawwaniyya. One day Muawiya went to look at the flock and was informed that a wolf had taken a sheep (killing) and had taken away. Muawiya slapped to the female slave. He returned to Madina and mentioned this event to the Prophet. The Prophet became very angry,for his slapping to her. Muawiya saw this and then said: “O Envoy of Allah (the Prophet)! do I emancipate (set free) her?”...The Prophet said: “Emancipate her”...”(31) There was another woman shepherd of Umar (b.Hattab). Also she was a female slave. She saw a sheep that it would die in a brief (short) time. She had not got a knife but she saw a sharp small stone. She slaughtered this sheep with this stone (like flint). Umar came and saw but said: “Do not eat it, I am going to the Prophet and I shall ask it” and the Prophet said: “You may eat it”.(32) The companions of the Prophet used to drive their camels in turn,day by day. Uqba b. Amer narrates: “my turn had come. I had driven the herd of camels and at the end of the day I had taken the herd to the shed. After that, I reached to the city-centre and the Prophet was saying to the community somethings.”(33) The sector of livestock will go on to the doosday. The Prophet informed that, Abu Hurayra tells: “I heard, the Prophet was saying. “(a time will come and future generations) will leave Madina in this advantageous position. And there will not stay anyone in Madina except wild animals and wild birds (that they look for their sustenance in Madina). (After this period) Two shepherds from the tribe of Muzayna want to go to Madina and will call (shout at) to their sheep (gathering them) and set out on way to Madina. These shepherds will reach Madina and find it empty (there is not any humankind and in a wild position) and when they reached to the quarter of Saneyyat-ul Wada, they will fall dawn upon their faces and will die.(34)

RICH SHEPHERDS The Prophet said –when Archangel Gabriel had asked him ‘the time of the doomsday’- “In this matter (the man of ) is questioned does not have more knowledge from the man he asks”, but the Prophet informed the signs of the doomsday that: “Your watching (seeing) for the shepherds, they competes to build the buildings.”(35) And another sentence of the Prophet in this subject:(in the last day of the world) “The man when he was milking his milch-camel, the milked milk (comes out from the nipple) can not reach to the pot, but in a short time the doomsday will occur.”(36) The livestock sector was one of the most important elements of economic life in the time of the Prophet. Around Madina, there were a lot of pastures. Salama b. Aqwa narrates: “one day, I set out on way ( to go to forest of Gaba) before the prayer of daybreak. At that days the milch-camels of the Prophet (the camels of the Islamic State, Treasury’s camels) were grazing at the pasture of Zuqarad.On my way I met...”(37) HYGIENIC PRECAUTIONS Abu Humayd Al Saeda tells: “I brought a bowl of milk to the Prophet from the pasture of Naqee. But there is not any lid on the bowl. The Prophet said: “Did you shut a piece of cloth on it (or you might put) a piece of wood on this bowl.”(38) The pasture of Naqee was a place in the valley of Aqeyq that was far from 12 miles from the capital-city (Madina). The Prophet had assigned a 12 miles place around Madina for pasture.(39) The Prophet had ordered to put a piece of cloth or a piece of wood on the bowl of milk, that his purpose was to protect the food and drinks from sand, dust and the other harmful microbes. This is very important for the production of diary products and meat. QUARANTINA The Prophet had given importance to health of the animals. He says: “The owner of the ill-camels should not bring his ill-camels to near the owners of the goodhealty camels.”(40) The diseases of animals that are spreaded rapidly, we see in the history, and in modern times, millions of animals of livestock died from these disease. After seven centuries from the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) the world noticed this reality. The word ‘quarantine’ originally referred to the “forty days” (from Italian quaranta) after arrival in port, during which crew of a ship suspected of having an infectious illness aboard was denied contact with the shore. This measure was introduced in the 14th century when

part of Venice tried to protect itself from bubonic plauge.(41)

USING OF WATERS OF THE PASTURES About the using of the waters in the pastures, the Prophet said: “Anyone can not be impeded (can not be prohibited) to use the water, this water is excess (a lot) for using of its owner (possessor). The owner of the water used for his need and there are (some water back) if this water is prohibited (it means that) the grass is impeded, prohibited.(42) (A man has got a well in the pasture,and there is not any well around, if the other villagers’s sheep can not be watered from this well, these animals can not walk, can not go ahead and can not eat grass in the other pastures. For this reason, if the owner of this well prohibits the use of water of this well for the other animals, he also (it means) prohibits the eating of the grass. That’s why, he should permit to the other flocks to use the water of the well (but after the owner of the well used necessary waters for his flock.) (43) TO FERTILIZE THE ANIMALS The Prophet ordered not to take money (fee) when the owners of the animals give the male animals (animal kept for breeding) on deposit (temporary). A man asked the Prophet that: “O Envoy of Allah,what is the necessary charity (except zakat (religious legal alms of annually) for camels ?” The Prophet said: (1) “When the camels come to water and camels are milked and (some of) their milk are given to the poor and to the men of passing there. (This tradition was before Islam in the Arab community,and Islam also ordered to go on this good behaviour). (2)To give the buckets of water or buckets of milk to the men of need (3)To give the male camels (for breeding) on deposit.”(44) MILK AND DIARY PRODUCTS “And in the cattle (too) you have a lesson. We (Allah) give you drink of that which is in their bellies, between bowels and blood, pure milk,palatable for those who drink.”(The Chapter of Nahl (Bee);v,66) A BLESSED FRUITFUL PROFITABLE WORK The Prophet Muhammad also points that the livestock (sector) is a blessed, fruitful, profitable work. One day the Prophet gave one denar (gold coin) to Urva (a companion) to buy a sheep. Urva bought two sheep. And then, in the market place, he

sold one of them for one denar and returned to the Prophet with a sheep and one denar. The Prophet prayed to Allah for Urva for fruitful, profitable in his trade. As a result of this(prayer) Urva used to earn a lot of profit if he buys (and sels) (even) stone! (rock).(45) Sometimes the Prophet used to give flock (cattle) to the people as a gift. Anas tells: “The Envoy of Allah (the Prophet) used to give that was wanted from him. A man came to the Prophet and the Prophet gave him a lot of sheep that these sheep would fill the valley of between two mountains. This man returned to his tribe and said: “O my tribe, (you have to) be (all of you) muslims. Because Muhammad bestows a lot that he does not fear from poverty.”(46) SHOW ME THE MARKET PLACE After immigration to Madina, the Prophet had done brothers of every immigrants from Mecca to Ansars(helpers) from Madina. As a result of this, the immigrants that had come from Mecca became accustomed to business life of Madina and the immigrants had got their jobs. The Prophet had done Abdurrahman b.Avf (an immigrant) with Sa’d b. Rabee (he was native of Madina) as a brothers. Sa’d said to Abdurrahman that: “my possestion (property,wealth) is, in your service.” (you may use them what and how you want). But Abdurrahman said: “may Allah give profitable in your wealth, but show me the market place of Madina. Abdurrahnman had begun the business of diary products and in a short term he became one of the richest companions of the Prophet.(47) A lot of companions used to work in the sector of dairy products, because the livestock sector had an important role in the life of the companions. The Prophet had said: “There is not any thing fills the place of milk as a food and (also) as a drink.(48) And in another statement: “If a man gives as on deposit (lends) a diary sheep (milchsheep) or a mich-camel for a fixed period to a (poor) family (for charity), the good deed (God’s reward) of this gift is absolutely very big.”(49) PROPHET’S SHARE An example that the Prophet likes milk: “Meqdad (a companion) says: “I came to Madina with two of my friends. From hungry and tired we became as if we can not see and as if we can not hear. We present ourselves to the companions of the Prophet, but no one invited us (to their homes for offering a food.Probably Meqdad and his friends had met with poor companions and these companions had not got any food to offer them). At the end,we came to the Prophet. He said to us: “Let’s go to the house”. But also in the house of the Prophet,there is not any food. There were three she-goats. The Prophet said: “Milk them their milks and let’s share out the

milk. We milked the milk and put the Prophet’s share. They stayed in Madina about 15 days. And they used to come every night to the house of the Prophet and milked the goats and drink and sleep in a room of the Prophet. Every night the Prophet used to come to his house very late (the Prophet was busy the problems of muslims)...At that night I drank my share of milk and I went to the bed. But...I drank (also) the Prophet’s milk.”(And then interesting events occured..)”(50) Goat provides milk, flesh, leather and hair. A good milk goat produces two liters of milk a day for seven or eight months of the year. The Saanen and the Nubian, a cross of several breeds, gives richer milk than the others. The goat matures in a year and will produce milk for five years, if bred each year. Anas narrates another event: “The Prophet visited us in our house. He wanted water. We immediately milked a sheep. And then I mixed some water of this well to the milk (probably the milk had got too fat). I offered to the Prophet. The Prophet drank the milk.(51) We noticed that some water were mixed to the milk. Probably, in the Madina region the milk had got too fat. Also Abdullah b.Abbas mentiones that the Prophet drank milk and wanted some water and rinsed out (washed out) his mouth and said: “this (milk) is fatty.”(52) From time to time, the Prophet and his companions used to offer milk to each other. Safwan b. Umayya had sent milk to the Prophet (53), and another time the Prophet had sent milk to Abbad b. Besheyr and Usayd b. Hudayr.(54) Aeysha (the Prophet’s wife) had mentioned troubles in the early times in Madina to her cousin Urwa, saying. “In two months,we used to see new moons (crescents) three times (the time passes) but the fire was not burnt in the house of the Prophet (we can not prepare meals, there was poverty)”. Urwa’s question: “O aunt, what did you eat ?” (in this long period). Aeysha answered: “date and water, and the Prophet’s some neighbours from Ansar (natives of Madina) they used to send milk from their sheep, we used to drink this milk.”(55) Milk is the most important food that has got all of the necessary elements of aliment for organisma of human being, proteins,minerals. Even the milk is mixed to the bread for protect its fresh and to increase its value of diet. The companions used to make butter and cheese and aket (a kind of dry-yoghurt) in the time of the Prophet. One day, the Prophet went to the house of Anas. Anas and his mother had got some sheep. The mother of Anas offered the Prophet butter and date. But the Prophet was fasting at that day and said: “put the butter and date to their pots, I am fasting.”(56) A woman companion Ummu Malek, she used to give butter to the Prophet as a gift, from time to time.(57) There was a kind of meal, its name was ‘hays’ the date without seeds and bu-

tter with dry sour curd, they used to be mixed that the Prophet used to eat from time to time.(58) Another day, in Tabuk, some cheese was brought to the Prophet and the Prophet cut the cheese, saying: “In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful.”(59) Aket was dry-yoghurt that the companions of the Prophet used to give aket to the poor as a charity of sadaqa-e fetr (is given to the poor at late days of holy (fasting) month of Ramazan). Abu Saed Al Khudre says: “we used to give sadaqa-e fetr in the time of the Prophet from three foods:Aket, date and barley.”(60) Yoghurt:semifluid or jellylike diary product made from milk fermented by the introduction of a lactic-acid bacterium. The product is an important staple food in the near and far east and in the Balkans. It is often made from skim milk, but it can also be prepared from whole and evaporated milk. Its food value is consistent with the kind of milk used in its preparation. LEATHER MANUFACTURING “It is Allah Who made your habitations homes of rest for you, and made for you out of the skins of animals (tents for) dwellings which you find light when you travel and when you stop; and out of their wool, fur and hair, rich stuff (to serve you) for a time.” (Quran,The Chapter of Nahl,v,80) The skins of livestock animals were used in different works in the time of the Prophet. Tents from skins (leathers), shoes, waterbags from leather, pillows from leather. Skins were used to make leather by treatment with tannic acid, etc. The skins used to be tanned even in the house of the Prophet. Umar says: “I entered to the room of the Prophet. The Prophet had leaned over to his side, on a rush mat. I sit down, he pulled up his waist-wrapper. There was any cover on him (blanket etc.). The traces of the rush mat on his chest were very clear. I looked at the room. A palm of barley at this side, and the other side of the room a palm of leaves of qaraz was being used for tanning the skins, and a(new-made) sheep-leather rug had been hung on the wall...”(61) The Prophet had got a pillow made from leather that its inside was full of date fibers. Aeysha says: “The Prophet’s mattres that he used to sleep on it, also this bed was made from leather and its inside also was full of date fibers.”(62) The famous companion Ali sent ore of gold that was not purified from its soil in a leather-bag. This ore of gold had been taken as zakat (annual religious tax). (63) There was another leather-bag its name Uqqa, butter and honey used to be put in it.(64) There was a leather-bag for water for the Prophet that he used to perform ritual-ablution from the water of this leather-bag.(65) The prophet gave a banquet dinner to his companions when he was married with Safeyya. The Prophet ordered to Belal and the leather-table-clothes were spreaded and aket, butter and dates were eaten.(66) to Abdullah b. Umar:

The Prophet had used shoes from leadher-made.Ubayd b. Jurayj said “I see, you put leather-made sandal on (slipper)”. Abdullah b. Umar

said:.. I put leather-made sandal on because I saw the Prophet put like these sandals on, and the Prophet performed the ritual ablution when his legs were in these sandals.”(67) There were prayer rugs from leather in the time of the Prophet.Mugera b.Shuba narrates: “The Prophet performed his prayer on a fur of tanned-skin.”(68)

The members of the family of the Prophet were also used to work in the work of tan.Jaber tells: “The Prophet came to his wife Zaynab. She was rubbing a skin (of an animal) with her hands.(69) WOOL PRODUCTION “(Allah created) the cattle, some of them (carry) load and some of them, beds are made from their wool.”(Quran, the Chapter of An’am, v,142) “(Allah made from cattles’s) wool, fur and hair, your houses’s needs and your trade (to serve you) for a time.”(Quran, Nahl, v ,80) Women and men used to wear woollen dresses, clothes in the time of the Prophet from time to time. Aeysha (the wife of the Prophet) tells. “After performing the daybreak prayer, the women used to return from mosque covering their mırts”(a kind of cover made from woollen and mohair).(70) The Prophet also used to wear woollen dresses like his companions, Aeysha also tells: “One day, the Prophet took on his shoulder a woollen cloak, this cloak had been made from black hair (of woollen) and there were some embroidery on this cloak..”(71). There were toys for children from woollen . A woman companion Rubayy tells: “We used to take out the children (to the fields etc.) with us (that children were fasting) in the holy fasting-month of Ramazan. And we used to make woollen toys for those children.”(72) There were woollen curtains and Aeysha says that she had put a woollen-curtain on the window..”(73) In the days of the farewell-pilgrimage, the Prophet had stayed in a woollen-tent. Another woollen-tent was used in the mosque that in the second-ten days of Ramazan, the Prophet had stayed in a tent of made of felt (wool) in the mosque.(74) The woollen-clothes keep warm and they are useful for the health of the body

of mankind. There are one billion domesticated sheep in the world and they produce 2,500,000,000 kilograms of raw (unwashed) wool each year. This is equivalent to about 1,400,000,000 kilograms of clean wool. Seven countries produce about 75% of the world’s wool supply. They are Australia, Russia, New Zeland, Argentina,the Republic of South Africa, USA and Uruguay. We see there is not any Islamic countries in first grades although woollen-production and trade is one of the traditional and historical jobs of muslims. PRODUCTS OF MEAT “Say: I do not find in that which is revealed to me anything (of meat) prohibited to an eater that he eats thereof, except it be carrion, or (and) blood poured forth, or (and) meat of pig that is dirty, or (and) an animal which was slaughtered to the name of other than Allah (this situation a vice). But whoso is compelled (thereto) neither craving nor transgressing, (for him) surely your God is Forgiving, Merciful.” (Quran, An’am, v,145) “How should you not eat of (meats) over which the name of Allah has been mentioned, when Allah has explained to you that which is forbidden to you, unless you are compelled by necessity...” (Quran, An’am, v,119) We know that, the Prophet and his companions had got a lot of hungry-days in Mecca period and in Madina period. But when food was found, the Prophet and his companions used to eat all together. Abu Hurayra narrates: “A dish of meat was brought to the Prophet and a part from its side of arm was put in front of the Prophet. He used to like to eat especially this part of meat. He bit into this part with his front teeth.”(75) Anas tells: “The Prophet performed the afternoon prayer (and we were behind him all of us). After the prayer, the community came out from mosque. A man from the tribe of the sons of Salama came and said: “O Prophet!we want to slaughter a camel and we want your coming. The Prophet “Yes” said. He walked and we all together walked him. The camel was slaughtered, cut into parts and some parts were cooked and we ate before the sunset.(76) The Prophet encouraged the muslims to offer to the people meals, saying: “O you the muslim-womens! a neighbour woman should not belittle her neighbour woman’s offer that she sent a dish made from trotters (the soup of trotter or the dish of

trotter=sheep’s feet) (77) The Prophet did not want to slaughter the milch livestock animals. One night he and Abubakir and Umar visited a house of a man from Ansar. This man went to the garden and brought a branch of date that there were a lot of fresh and ripe dates and said: “(please eat these”. And he took a knife with his hand (to slaughter a sheep). The Prophet said:“Avoid to slaughter a milch-sheep”.(78) We learn an information that, meat was being sold in the capital-city Madina. Abu Musa al Ash’aree informs: “There was a person, his name was Abu Shuayb (from Ansar). Abu Shuayb’s worker used to sell meat. One day, Abu Shuayb saw the Prophet and realized (from the Prophet’s face) the Prophet was hungry. He said to worker: “Cook for us a meal for five persons. The fifth of these persons will be the Prophet. He cooked the meal and Abu Shuayb invited the Prophet.(79) Jaber b. Abdullah narrates an event about slaughtering of a cow. The Prophet was returning to Madina, when he arrived to a settlement,its name was Serar, he ordered to slaughter a cow. It was slaughtered and the people of the group ate it.(80) In the farewell pilgrimage of the Prophet, he had slaughtered two white-black rams.(81) DRIED-MEAT CANNED MEAT Savban narrates: “The Prophet slaughtered his sacrifice (ram). And then he said to me: “O Savban! make dry this meat.” I dried the meat and in the long voyage towards Madina, I gave from this meat to the Prophet from time to time.(82) In the time of the Prophet, to dry the meat, at first the meat used to be boiled for a short time and then it used to be put between two stones and left between two stones until it became dried-meat. Thus the meat used to be prevent to spoil and it would be a suitable food for journeys. THEIR “NUMBER ONE PROBLEM” The problem of famine lasts in different parts of the world. There are a lot of countries in the world that their “number one problem” is poverty. And in some countries it is getting worse. For example of the 76 million peoplein the Philippines, more than 38 percent, live below poverty level, defined as income under $ 220 (83). But we also know that there are a lot of countries that their citizens’s annual income is under $ 100. We hear sometimes in the news that: “Yet simply getting aid into the country obviously does not solve the problem” said, Mr...the World Food Program spokesman. The work of livestock is a solution for the problem of immigration, inside the countries and in the world. The problems of refugees are social, economic and cultural even

political problems especially for the rich countries. A both is full of refugees or a ship is full of refugees that they look for a job or better conditions for their lives, sink in the Pasific or in the Caribbean-Sea or five or ten men or women with some childs are found their corpses in the secret parts of a truck...There are a lot of disasters, we watch in the news. The work of livestock is also a solution for the problems of growing-cities. The encourage of livestock will prevent also the immigration from villages to cities. Some rich countries like New Zealand, Australia, Netherlands reached their richness with the successful plans and working in the sector of livestock. In the underdeveloped countries, the number of unemployeds changes every year, even this number changes from this season to the other season. But the activity of livestock supplies employment in every month of the year and the men and women in their old age they can work in this sector and even teenage generation also can work in this sector without any heavy condition for them. Some other industries in this sector are like many sheep byproducts also have value. Lanolin, the fatty substance removed from wool during processing, is used in salves, lotions, hair dressings, shaving creams, and other cosmetics. It also has some industrial uses. Hormones and other pharmaceutical compounds are obtained from the glands of sheep. Fat from sheep and other animals is used in making synthetic rubber. Sheep-fat derivates are used in the processing of antibiotics and as foam-control agents. Cleaned sheep intestines serve as sausage casings and are also processed for use as tennis-racket strings. Absorbable surgical sutures are also sheep byproducts. From meat production to leather and shoe industry, diary products, woollen industry; this sector produces also value added taxes for Islamic government’s budget. This sector also one of the main sources of zakat (or zakat budget) that it is important for social justice.. ASSIGNED PASTURES The Prophet Muhammad assigned as a pasture the (around Madina) for horses and camels and the caliph Umar also the lands Sharaf (between Mecca and Madina). In the period of Umar, a man from Basra wanted state, to grow clover (probably for his animals). Caliph Umar wrote a decree to al Ash’aree that if this land had not got any owner: “Give him this points

land of Naqe’ of Rabaza and a land from governor Abu Musa land”. This event

an encouragement of Islamic state for animal husbandry sector. There is another knowledge that; caliph Umar permitted for state’s pastures for cattles of poors. He ordered the officials that: “Who has got a few camel or a few sheep,you should take (permit) his cattle to the state’s pasture. But the cattles of Osman (b.Affan) and Abdurrahman (b.Avf) ‘do not let them into the pasture’. Because if the cattles of Osman or Abdurrahman die, both of them have got date gardens and agricultural affairs. But the poors,if their cattles die, they run to me with crying; “O Amer-al Mu’meneyn! (O Caliph!) Solve our problem” (84) The average standart of living depends on “income getting power” and to make increase this power. Animal husbandry sector gives this power to people who work in this sector. And this income is a “disposable income” that this is important for general market of the country and high circulation of money in the country. We can say:animal husbandry sector for “national income and economic welfare” and as an engine for “economic development”.

END NOTES 1-Oxford Dict. 2-Encyclopaedia of Seerah, v,2, p,288 3-Najjar Ahmad, Non-Interest Banks, part,2 4-Samuelson P.A, Economics, p,870 5-Sen Amartya, Growth Economics, p,496-512 6-minutes of the “1th International Zakat Congress of Kuwait”, p,247-79 7-Erdogdu Sabri, Savings and Economic Growth in Islamic Economy, p,54 8-Mubarak Muhammad, Economic System in Islam, p,210 9-Chapra Umar, Islam and Economic Development, p,37 10-Schumacher E.F, Good Work, p,102 11-Chapra, Islam and Economic Dev., p,102 (in Turkish edition) 12-non-published article of Louis Baeck in “Booklets of Economy” of Mustapha Ozel, p,77 13-Al Duri, Muqaddimah Fi Tareykh Al Eqtesad-al Arabi, (Introduction to History of Arab Economics) p,111 14-Chapra, p,48 15-Sıddıqi Najatullah, Economics of Islam, part:5 16-Abdulmannan M, The Making of Islamic Economics Society, part,2 17-Newsweek, March 13, 2000 18-Lombard Maurice, Islam:In the Previous Victory Years, p,158-9 19-Hurshid Ahmad, Economic Development In An Islamic Framework, p,33 20-Chapra, Islamic Welfare and Its role in Economy, “1th International Congress of Islamic Economy”-1976 21-Graudy Roger, Islam and Western Crisis, p,14-15 22-Bukhari, Kitab-al Lebas, Bab,Hamisa;Muslim, Kitab-al Adab,Bab,5, Hadith ,22 23-Muslim, K, Eyman, B,81, Hd,302 24-Bukhari, K,Ejarah, B,Kayfa Bad’al Khalq, Babu Ya’kufuna..

25-Sharhu Tajreyd-al Sareyh al Bukhari, v,7, p,29 26-Termizi, K.Fetan, B,15, Hd,2177 27-Bukhari, K,Azaan, B,Raf’us Sawt 28-Nayl-al Awtar, v,2, p,39 (from Abu Davud and Ahmad) 29-Bukhari, K.Eyman, B,Min al Din Al Ferar; Nesai;Abu Davud 30-Ibn Majah (from Sharhu Tajreyd al Bukhari hd,1361) 31-Muslim, K.Masajed wa Mawaadey-us Salat, B,7, Hd,33; Nasai,K.Sahv,B,Al Kalam.. 32-Bukhari, K.Zabaeh wa-s Sayd, B,Ma Anhara-d Dam 33-Muslim, K.Tahara, B,6, Hd,17 34-Bukhari, K,Hajj, B,Man Rageba Min al Madina; Muslim, K,Hajj, B,91, Hd,499 35-Bukhari, K,Estezan, B,Ma Jae Fe-l Bina; Muslim, K.Eyman, B,1, Hd,1; Nasai; Ibn Majah 36-Muslim, K,Fetan wa Ashrat-us Saat, B,27, Hd,140 37-Bukhari, K,Maghazee, B,Gazwat-u Zat-ı Qerad; Muslim,K,Jehad wa-s Seyar, B,45,Hd,131 38-Muslim, K,Ashreba, B,11, Hd,93 39-Nayl-al Awtar, v,5, p,35 40-Muslim, K,Salaam, B,33, Hd,105 41-Grolier Encyclopaedia 42-Muslim, K,Musaaqaat, B,8, Hd,36; Abu Davud,K,Ejarah 43-Nayl-al Awtar, v,5, p,345 44-Muslim, K,Zakat, B,6, Hd,27; Nay-al Awtar, v,5, p,166 45-Bukhari, K,Bad’el Khalq, B,Sual-al Mushrekeyn 46-Muslim, K,Fadael, B,14, Hd,57 47-Bukhari, K,Buyu, B,1, K,Nekah, B,Kawl-al Rajul 48-Termizi, K,Daawaat, B,Ma Ya’kulu Eza Akala; Nayl-al Awtar, v,8, p,190 49-Bukhari, K,Heba wa Fadleha; Muslim, K,Zakat, B,22, Hd,73; Termizi, K,Berr wa-s Sela, B,31, Hd,1957 50-Muslim, K,Ashreba, B,32, Hd,174; Termizi, K,Estezan, B,Kayf-as Salaam, Hd,1719 51-Bukhari, K,Heba wa Fadleha, B,Man Estasqa; Ibn Majah, K,Taharah, B,Madmadah; Abu Davud, K,Ashrebah 52-Bukhari, K,Ashreba, B,Shurbu-ul Laban be-l Mae; Muslim, K,Hayz, B,24 53-Termizi, K,Esteyzan 54-Termizi, K,Tafser-al Quran, Hd,2977 55-Bukhari, K,Heba wa Fadleha, Hd,2 56-Bukhari, K,Sawm 57-Muslim, K,Fadael, B,3, Hd,8 58-Muslim, K,Sawm, B,32, Hd,170 59-Abu Davud, K,At’emah, B,Akl-ul Jubun 60-Bukhari, K,Kusuf, B,Sadaqa-e Fetr; Muslim, K,Zakat, B,4, Hd,20; Termizi,K,Zakat; Ibn Majah, K,Zakat 61-Bukhari, K,Nekah, B,Maw’ezat-ur Rajul; Muslim, K,Talaq; Termizi, K,Tafser-al Quran 62-Bukhari, K,Raqaaq; Muslim, K,Lebas, B,6, Hd,37-38; Abu Davud, K,Lebas; Termizi, K, Lebas, Hd,1761 63-Muslim, K,Ashreba, B,20, Hd,142 64-Bukhari, K,Heyl, B,Ma Yakrahu 65-Bukhari, K,Kusuf, B,Estaaana; Ibn Majeh, K,Eqamat-us Salat 66-Bukhari, K,Maghazee, B,Gazwat-u Haybar; Muslim, K,Nekah, Hd,87 67-Bukhari, K,Lebas, B,Neal-as Sebteyya; Muslim, K,Hajj, Hd,25; Abu Davud, K,Tarajjul 68-Nayl-al awtar, v,2, p,142 69-Muslim, K,Nekah, B,2, Hd,9 70-Bukhari, K,Azaan, B, Khuruj-al Nesa’; Muslim, K,Masajed, B,40, Hd,23;

Termizi,Abwabal Salat, Hd,153 71-Muslim, K,Lebas, B,6, Hd,36; 72-Muslim, K,Seyam, B,21, Hd,137 73-Nayl-al Awtar, v,2, p,183-115 (from Bukhari and Ahmad) 74-Muslim, K,Seyam, B,40, Hd,215; Ibn Majah, K,Seyam 75-Muslim, K,Eyman, B,84, Hd,327; Termizi, K,At’emah, B,34, Hd,1837 76-Muslim, K,Masajed, B,34, Hd,197 77-Bukhari, K,Heba wa Fadleha, Hd,1; Muslim, K,Zakat, B,29, Hd,90 78-Muslim, K,Ashrebah, B,20, Hd,140 79-Muslim, K,Ashrebah, B,19, Hd,138 80-Muslim, K,Musaaqaat, B,21, Hd,115 81-Muslim, K,Qasaamah, B,9, Hd,30 82-Muslim, K,Adahey, B,5, Hd,35; Nayl-al Awtar, v,5, p,144 83-Newsweek, May 28, 2001 84-Al Mesree Rafeq Yunus, Usul-al Eqtesad-al Islam(Methodology of Islamic Economics, from Abu Ubayd; Kitab-ul Amwal,) p,81, 277, 376)