Iraq Wars

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IRAQ WARS Ira n

a n d

Ira q

a re

t r a d i t i o n a l r i v a l s. W h i l e

Ira n

is a

n o n -A r a b

S h iite

d o m i n a t e d I sl a m i c R e p u b l i c , I r a q i s a n e t h n i c a l l y A r a b i a n c o u n t r y w i t h i t s S h i i t e m a jo r ity lo n g d o m in a te d b y th e S u n n i r e g im e o f S a d d a m c u lm in a te d

S h iite

in

th e

lo n g

l e a d e r sh i p

I r a n -I r a q

o f Ir a n h e lp in g

r e b e l a g a i n st t h e S a d d a m d i sp u t e s b e t w e e n

a tta c k Ira n

in

th e

W a r fr o m th e

to

1 9 8 8 . T h e

l o n g su p p r e sse d S h i i t e

H u ssa i n r e g i m e a p a r t f r o m

c o u n tr ie s p r o m p te d

1 9 8 0 . Ira q

1 9 8 0

in v a d e d

H u ssa i n . T h e I r a n -I r a q

Ir a n o n

Ira q

su sp i c i o n

o f th e

m a jo r ity o f Ir a q

to

t h e l o n g st a n d i n g b o r d e r

P r e si d e n t S a d d a m

H u ssa i n

to

S e p t e m b e r 2 2 , 1 9 8 0 . T h e m e ss a n d

t u r m o i l t h e n e x i st e d i n I r a n a f t e r t h e I sl a m i c R e v o l u t i o n h e l p e d S a d d a m

H u ssa i n ’ s

d e c i si o n t o i n v a d e I r a n . T h e p o l i t i c a l si t u a t i o n i n t h e P e r si a n G u l f a f t e r t h e I r a n i a n

R e v o lu tio n

si d e

w ith

p ro m p te d

Ira q

th e

U n ite d

S ta te s o f A m e r ic a

a g a i n st r a d i c a l l y I sl a m i st I r a n

to

a n d o t h e r w e st e r n a l l i e s t o

c o u n t e r -b a l a n c e

th e

r i se

o f th e

p o st -R e v o l u t i o n I r a n . B u t , t h e I r a n i a n f o r c e s f o r c e d I r a q t o r e t r e a t i n J u n e 1 9 8 2

a n d I r a n t o o k t h e m a n t l e o f a g g r e ssi o n t h e r e a f t e r t i l l t h e w a r e n d e d o n A u g u st 2 0 ,

1 9 8 8 .

K u w a it, th e

p r o v id e d

ta c tic a l a n d

r e l a t i o n sh i p

1 9 9 0 .

d u r in g

so u r e d

n e ig h b o r in g

A ra b

c o u n tr y , w a s a

f i n a n c i a l su p p o r t t o

a fte r th e

Ir a q

w a r c u lm in a tin g

c l o se

a lly

d u r i n g t h e I r a q -I r a n

in

i n v a si o n

o f Ira q

a n d

w a r. B u t th e

o f K u w a it b y Ir a q

in

T h e K u w a it d e m a n d o f r e p a y m e n t o f 4 0 b illio n d o lla r s it p r o v id e d to Ir a q th e

I r a n -I r a q

W a r d e e p ly

st r a i n e d

th e

r e l a t i o n sh i p

b e tw e e n

Ira q

a n d

K u w a i t . I r a q a f t e r t h e I r a n -I r a q W a r w a s n o t i n p o si t i o n t o r e p a y t h e a m o u n t . I t

m a n e u v e re d

in

th e

C o u n tr ie s ( O P E C ) to

b o r r o w in g s fr o m

m e e tin g s o f th e i n c r e a se

th e

O r g a n i sa t i o n

w o r ld

o il p r ic e

o f th e to

P e tr o le u m

e n a b le

it to

E x p o r tin g

re p a y

K u w a i t . K u w a i t o n t h e o t h e r h a n d i n c r e a se d t h e q u a n t u m

th e

o f its

o i l p r o d u c t i o n c a u si n g se v e r e d a m a g e t o t h e I r a q e f f o r t s t o i n c r e a se t h e w o r l d o i l

p r i c e . F a l l o f w o r l d o i l p r i c e b y o n e d o l l a r a b a r r e l c a u se d a l o ss o f o n e b i l l i o n

d o l l a r s t o t h e a n n u a l r e v e n u e o f I r a q a n d i t w a s e st i m a t e d t h a t I r a q l o st 1 4 b i l l i o n

d o l l a r s a y e a r d u e t o K u w a i t ' s o i l p r i c e st r a t e g y . T h e I r a q G o v e r n m e n t c a l l e d t h i s

a ttitu d e

o f n o n -c o o p e r a t i o n

W a rfa re . Ira q

h i st o r i c a l l y

a c c u se d

b e lo n g e d

b y

K u w a it G o v e r n m e n t a s a

u p

to

K u w a i t o f st e a l i n g

to

Ira q

K u w a i t a s a se p a r a t e st a t e f r o m

1 9 1 3

its o il a n d

u n til th e

U n ite d

k in d

c la im e d

o f E c o n o m ic

K in g d o m

th a t K u w a it c a rv e d

o u t

Ir a q . It w a s in th is b a c k g r o u n d th a t Ir a q in v a d e d

K u w a i t o n A u g u st 2 , 1 9 9 0 .

W i t h i n t w o d a y s o f t h e i n v a si o n , t h e I r a q i R e p u b l i c a n G u a r d s v a n q u i sh e d

K u w a i t a n d K u w a i t r u l i n g e l i t e e sc a p e d t o n e i g h b o r i n g S a u d i A r a b i a a n d B a h r a i n .

Ira q

P r e si d e n t , S a d d a m

H u ssa i n

d e c la r e d

K u w a it a s th e

1 9 th p r o v in c e

o f Ira q

a n d K u w a i t r e m a i n e d i n I r a q ’ s p o sse ssi o n f o r se v e n m o n t h s t i l l “ O p e r a t i o n D e se r t

S to r m ” o f th e

U n ite d

S ta te s o f A m e r ic a

sn a t c h e d

F e b r u a r y 1 9 9 1 a n d r e st o r e d t o i t s f o r m e r r u l e r s.

b a c k

K u w a it fr o m

Ira q

in

T h e U n ite d S ta te so f A m e r ic a ,th e U n ite d K in g d o m ,a n d C a n a d a m e t Ir a q ’s

m i l i t a r y a c t i o n o n K u w a i t w i t h e c o n o m i c sa n c t i o n s a g a i n st I r a q o n t h e c a l l o f t h e

U N

S e c u r ity C o u n c il a n d

jo in e d

th e

w ith

p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r w a r . F o r c e s o f t h e se

c o u n tr ie s

r e g io n a l tr o o p s o f B a h r a in , K u w a it, O m a n ,Q a ta r , S a u d i A r a b ia , a n d

t h e U n i t e d A r a b E m i r a t e s i n p o w e r f u l sh o w

o f st r e n g t h a g a i n st I r a q f o r a d e c i si v e

v ic to r y fo r th e c o a litio n fo r c e sw ith in a m o n th in F e b r u a r y 1 9 9 1 .

th e

U K

Ira q W a r o f 2 0 0 3 w a sfo rc e d o n Ira q b y th e g o v e rn m e n tso f th e U .S . a n d o n

th e

u n fo u n d e d

c la im

th a t Ir a q

is p r o d u c in g

a n d

is in

p o sse ssi o n

t o t h e se c u r i t y o f t h e w o r l d . T h e y a l so c l a i m e d I r a q P r e si d e n t S a d d a m

H u sse i n o f

o f W e a p o n s o f M a ss D e st r u c t i o n ( W M D ) a n d t h e r e f o r e p o se d a n i m m i n e n t t h r e a t

h a r b o r i n g a n d su p p o r t i n g t h e A l -Q a e d a I sl a m i c m i l i t a n t o u t f i t t h a t w a s r e sp o n si b l e

fo r th e

W o r ld

T ra d e

C e n tre

a tta c k

o f S e p t e m b e r 1 1 , 2 0 0 1 . T h e se

c o u n tr ie s

e m p l o y e d a l l t h e i r d i p l o m a t i c sk i l l s a n d p o l i t i c a l m u sc l e s t o f o r g e a n a l l i a n c e o f

f r i e n d l y c o u n t r i e s t o i n v a d e I r a q . M o st p o ssi b l y , I r a q ' s o i l r e se r v e s a n d p e r so n a l

d i st a st e s b e t w e e n t h e t h e n P r e si d e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a , G e o r g e

B u sh a n d t h e t h e n I r a q P r e si d e n t , S a d d a m

d e c i si o n t o i n v a d e I r a q . A n y w a y , S a d d a m

H u ssa i n w e r e st r o n g r e a so n s i n t h e

H u ssa i n a n d I r a q w e r e c l e a r e d o f a l l

b l a m e s a n d a c c u sa t i o n s b y t h e l a t e r i n v e st i g a t i o n s a n d p r o b e s. T h e i n v a si o n

o f S a d d a m

o f

Ir a q le d

to

a n o c c u p a tio n a n d

th e

e v e n tu a l

c a p tu re

H u sse i n , w h o w a s l a t e r e x e c u t e d b y t h e I r a q i G o v e r n m e n t . V i o l e n c e

a g a i n st c o a l i t i o n

f o r c e s so o n

le d

to u n c o n tr o lle d

I r a q i i n su r g e n c y

a n d

lo w -

i n t e n si t y c i v i l w a r b e t w e e n S u n n i a n d S h i i t e se c t s t h r o u g h o u t I r a q . T h e i n v a si o n

a n d t h e i n su r g e n c y e n su e d p r o v i d e d a f o o t h o l d t o A l -Q a e d a i n I r a q a n d r a p i d l y g re w

i n st r e n g t h t h e r e . T h e u n c a l l e d w a r l e d t o t h e d e a t h o f m o r e t h a n a m i l l i o n

c iv ilia n s a n d p o p u la tio n .

o p in io n

u p r o o tin g

C o a litio n

o f m o re

th a n

th a t w a s fo rm e d

w e n t a g a i n st t h e

to

i n v a si o n

fiv e

in v a d e

o f Ir a q

m illio n

Ira q

a n d

p e o p le

o r 1 6 %

o f th e

sl o w l y d i si n t e g r a t e d

Ira q i fo rc e s b e g a n

Ira q

a s p u b lic to

ta k e

r e sp o n si b i l i t y f o r i t s se c u r i t y . P r e si d e n t B a r a c k O b a m a o n a ssu m i n g p o w e r a s t h e

P r e si d e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a a n n o u n c e d w i t h d r a w a l o f t h e U n i t e d

S t a t e s f o r c e s i n 1 8 -m o n t h s, l e a v i n g b a c k a b o u t 3 0 ,0 0 0 t o 5 0 ,0 0 0 t r o o p s t o a d v i c e

a n d

t r a i n I r a q i se c u r i t y f o r c e s. B r i t a i n

2 0 0 9 . Y e t, Ira q

W a r is n o t a

c l o se d

v io le n c e a r e c o n tin u in g u n a b a te d .

w ith d r e w

its o p e r a tio n s in

c h a p te r a n d

i n su r g e n c y

Ira q

a n d

A p r il 3 0 ,

r e ta lia to r y

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