Ip Proposal-2.docx

Effects of Chicken Manure Tea Extract on the Growth of Mahogany Plant (Swietenia Macrophylla)

A Research Proposal Submitted to the Department of Science University of Asia and the Pacific

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the course Science, Technology, & Society (SCI117)

1JMAHUM: Group 5

Agor, Angelica Nathanielle T. Sison, Sophia Kyla S. Tan, Allaine Dennese L.

October 26, 2018

I. Introduction Background of the Study

Aside from having excellent durability and girthiness, the Swietenia Macrophylla, commonly known as “Mahogany” is prized for its beauty and color in constructing furniture, boats, musical instruments, and other wooden items. Its reddish-brown color darkens over time and displays a reddish sheen when polished. Aside from this, it also resists wood rot, making it favorable to use for making musical instruments. These properties make it the most popular type of wood to use for crafting items. However, the Swietenia Macrophylla plant roughly takes 25 years to mature into a height of 50 feet. With the help of the chicken manure tea extract, perhaps the growth could be sped up. Chicken manure compost is rich in nitrogen and contains a decent amount of potassium and phosphorus which can be beneficial as a fertilizer for soil low in nitrogen.

Objectives (Major and Minor) of the Study This study aims to test the effectiveness of the chicken manure tea extract as a fertilizer for the Swietenia Macrophylla plant. It also aims to find out what in the chicken manure affects the growth of the mahogany plant.

Significance of the Study This study is relevant because the mahogany plant is one of the most popular types of wood for making wooden furniture such as cabinets. It is highly sought after because of its excellent workability and its resistance to wood rot. Aside from this, it has numerous health benefits. With this in mind, finding a way to speed up the growth of the Swietenia Macrophylla would benefit those who would want to start a business. Chicken manure is an organic alternative to chemical fertilizer that could potentially help the plant grow faster without the negative effects of inorganic fertilizers. This research hypothesize that if the mahogany plant is exposed to the chicken manure tea extract, then the growth of the plant would rapidly accelerate.

Statement of the Problem “Does the chicken manure tea extract contribute to the growth of the Swietenia Macrophylla?” This question bothers researchers today, with a number saying that chicken manure tea extract is a good organic fertilizer for plants. Over the years, prices of inorganic

fertilizers have increased due to escalated fuel prices which resulted to the use of the chicken manure tea extract as soil fertilizers. Chicken manures have been frequently used as organic fertilizers as it is said to contain nutrients good for the plant. This study will give the researchers the answer on whether chicken manure tea extract contributes to the growth of the Swietenia Macrophylla, or commonly known as the Mahogany Plant.

Scope and Limitation This research will only discuss and focus on the effectiveness of the chicken manure tea extract to the growth of the Mahogany Plant or Swietenia Macrophylla. It will also exclude the other species of trees and plants. The differences and effects of other poultry manures that are also being used as organic fertilizers will also not be discussed and included in this paper. Finally, this research will only be conducted within the campus of the University of Asia and the Pacific, including all the instruments that is available there, and the research will be conducted within a month for observation, excluding the preparation of the materials.

Definition of Terms 1.) Swietenia Macrophylla The Swietenia Macrophylla, or commonly known as the Mahogany Plant, is a very large tree that can reach a height of 30-40 meters and a girth of 3-4 meters. Its trunk is straight, cylindrical, having a buttressed base, a rough bark, and flakes off in small patches.

2.) Chicken Manure Chicken Manure is the feces of the chicken that is used as an organic fertilizer. It is very high in nitrogen and has good amounts of potassium and phosphorus, which is said to be beneficial for plants. 3.) Invasive Species Invasive Species are aliens to the ecosystem and is said to cause environment harm or harm to human health.

II. Review of Related Literature Swietenia Macrophylla, may also be referred to as Swietenia belizensis or Swietenia krokovii, has many common names such as “big-leaf mahogany” and “mahogany” as its household name. Since this plant is known to reach a maximum height of 50 feet in a rough estimation of 25 years, this means that they have a relatively fast growth compared to other trees (Mcmullen, 2018). This plant usually grows in dense forests where soil doesn’t fully dry up. Mahogany plants grow best on slightly-acidic soil, which is why this may not be the best type of plant to be planted in house and office gardens but rather, in highly isolated areas. The Swietenia Macrophylla must be planted and grown in highly isolated areas since they are known to be invasive species (Feeling Environmentalist, 2014). Aside from being known as an invasive species, the mahogany plant has been a prized timber product in a number of countries and its seed also has health benefits such as, controlling the blood sugar and a healthy heart. Other than helping in increasing the blood circulation in the body and controlling the blood sugar, mahogany seeds crushed into powder form can serve as an insect deterrent to ward off mosquitoes and bugs. Additionally, it can treat constipation and can aid in the lessening of menstrual cramps for the ladies. Lastly, being a prized timber product in many countries, it has been a sturdy building base for high-quality furniture and musical instruments.

In the paper “Cucumber Plants Growth and Crop Yield of Chicken Manure Fertilized with Plant Spacing” (Sri Pratiwi Aritonang, et. al, 2018), the researchers hypothesized that the chicken manure can affect the growth rate of the cucumber plants. They concluded that the chicken manure has the capability to improve the soil’s physical properties for better cultivation, and therefore supports better root growth. The four different spaces applied in the research are

still optimum space for growing cucumber plants were no competition between plants for nutrients. Therefore the application of fertilizer in which chicken manure was used can result in better growth of the plant (Aritonang, et. al, 2018). Additionally, the article of Sri Pratiwi Aritonang about “Cucumber Plants (Cucumis sativus L.) Growth and Crop Yield of Chicken Manure Fertilized with Plant Spacing”, show that the cucumber plant growth increased with the dose of chicken manure. First, this can be seen by the increase growth of the cucumber plant when you increase the doses of the chicken manure. According to their results, the 4 weeks old plant grew the tallest. Secondly, the researchers recorded the effectiveness of chicken manure dose to the number of leaves in the cucumber plant. It can be concluded that the weight of the third treatment does differ from the controlled variable. Lastly, the researchers gathered data on the effect of chicken manure dose to the fresh fruit weight. On the other hand, the research “Chicken manure-enhanced soil fertility and productivity: Effects of application rates” (Dikinya, Oagile and Mufwanzala, Namasiku, 2010) discuss that this study was undertaken to observe and analyze the effects of the chicken manure on soil chemical properties, production of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and as well as the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. The usage of chicken manure as an organic fertilizer is essential in the soil productivity and crop production. The study showed that chicken manure is a potential source of nutrients and chemical conditioner beneficial for the plants. Furthermore, the results also revealed that there was an increase in the spinach yield when application rates of the chicken manure and soil chemicals(Luvic Calcisol, Ferralic Arenosol, Vertic Luvisol) were gradually increased, giving a positive effect on the production of spinach. But overall, chicken

manure as an organic fertilizer essentially improves the soil productivity and crop production. (Dikinya, Oagile and Mufwanzala, Namasiku, 2010) The hypothesis is proven by the paper “Effect of Chicken Manure Application on Cassava Biomass and Root Yields in Two Agro-Ecologies of Zambia” (Biratu, Elias, et. al, 2018), wherein they tested two different kinds of fertilizer on the cassava plant; mineral fertilizer and chicken manure extract. The researchers concluded that “the results confirmed that the use of both organic and mineral fertilizer increases cassava yield, but higher yields were observed in response to chicken manure compared to the NPK fertilizer treatment. The 4.2 ton/ha chicken manure treatment resulted in the highest cassava root and biomass yield at both locations.” (Biratu, Elias, et. al, 2018) Despite using different methods and plants, the fact that the researchers used chicken fertilizers proves that mostly everyone agrees that chicken fertilizer is an alternative to other kinds of fertilizers with chemicals. In this paper, this experiment will try to prove that chicken fertilizer tea extract can rapidly increase the growth of the mahogany plant.

III. Procedure and Methods A. Collection and Processing of Swietenia Macrophylla An amount of Swietenia Macrophylla will be acquired from the Quezon Memorial Circle. The plant was examined by the color, number and condition of leaves, and height.

B. Preparation of the Pot The researchers secured two pots of plants in a well-lit place in the University of Asia and Pacific. The pot was placed outdoors in an open and bright area, PSB Parking Lot Garden. You can place the plant directly under the sun since it’s a heat-loving plant and grows better under the heat and direct sunlight.

C. Collection and Processing of the Chicken Manure Tea Extract Before gathering the chicken manure, the researchers should be wearing gloves to avoid getting sick from all the pathogens present in the manure. First, get a burlap bag and place an amount of chicken manure inside. Fill 1/3 of the bag and add a rock for it to stay immersed underwater. You should seal the bag or tie a knot to be able to secure it. After, get a bucket full of water then drop your bag full of chicken manure in it. Be sure to be able to cover the bucket since it has a horrible stench. Your bucket should be located under the sun for it to soak for a few days. You should stir your manure with a stick so it can soak in more nutrients. In about a week, the chicken manure should be ready.

D. Experimental Procedure Before differentiating the six pots, the researcher should remove the manure inside the bag and fill the bucket with fresh water. You have to make sure that 1/2 of the bucket is filled with fresh water and the other 1/2 is filled with chicken manure to stop the plants from absorbing too much nitrogen and burning afterwards. After doing this, you may start differentiating the six pots. The first three containers (1, 2, 3) or the controlled group will be planted with no additions and be watered with tap water which will show the normal rate of growth of the Swietenia Macrophylla plant. The other three containers (4, 5, 6) or the experimental group will be watered with a fair amount of chicken manure tea extract on the soil. Containers 1, 2 and 3 will be given one cup of water or 250 ml a day for each plant while Containers 4, 5 and 6 will be watered with a cup of chicken manure tea extract or 250 mL a day for each plant. This will show the effectiveness of the chicken manure tea extract as a fertilizer for the mahogany plant.

E. Methods for Data Collection To confirm the effectiveness of the chicken manure extract, a qualitative data collection method to determine the growth of the Swietenia Macrophylla plant will be used for this study. The researchers will take note of any changes (height, color and number of the leaves) the plant every day. This experiment will last for 30 days. The six samples will show if the chicken manure affects the growth of the plant. If Container 4, 5 and 6 grows more than Container 1, 2 and 3(control) after 30 days, then it is possible to say that the chicken manure tea extract really does act as a good fertilizer.

Materials ● Six (6) pots of Swietenia Macrophylla ● One (1) clump or ½ kg of chicken manure ● Six (6) pots/containers for the plants - 2 inches wider than the stalk ● Gloves ● Burlap bag ● Bucket ● Two kinds of water - bottled and freshwater ● Camera

IV. Data Findings Week 1 Variables

# of leaves

Height (cm)

Plant 1

41 leaves

38.93 cm

Plant 2

50 leaves

38.93 cm

Plant 3

26 leaves

40.48 cm

Plant 4

48 leaves

36.83 cm

Plant 5

48 leaves

38.93 cm

Plant 6

62 leaves

38.93 cm

Controlled Variable:

Independent Variable/ with chicken manure

The first week the Swietenia macrophylla arrived, Plants 1, 4, and 5 had a number of leaves within the range of 40 to 49. Plant 3 had the least number of leaves which was 26 leaves while Plant 6 had the most number of 62 leaves. For the height, the researchers measured it in centimeters. Plants 1, 2, 5, and 6 had the same height of 38.93 cm while Plant 4 was the shortest by 2.1 cm and Plant 3 being the tallest by 1.55 cm

Week 2 Variables

# of leaves

Height (cm)

Plant 1

42 leaves

39.0 cm

Plant 2

50 leaves

38.93 cm

Plant 3

26 leaves

40.48 cm

Plant 4

50 leaves

37.5 cm

Plant 5

49 leaves

39.0 cm

Plant 6

63 leaves

39.0 cm

Controlled Variable:

Independent Variable/ with chicken manure

The second week of Swietenia macrophylla brought about minimal growth to the controlled variables. For the controlled variables, Plant 1 had an additional 1(one) leaf while Plants 2 and 3 still had the same number of leaves. In terms of height, Plant 1 became taller by .07 cm while Plants 2 and 3 remained the same height. For the plants with chicken manure, it had an increased growth. The number of leaves for Plants 4 increased by 2(two) while Plants 5 and 6 had an additional 1(one) leaf. In the height of the plants, Plant 4 grew taller by 1.0 cm while Plants 5 and 6 grew taller by .07 cm.

Week 3

Variables

# of leaves

Height (cm)

Plant 1

43 leaves

40.0 cm

Plant 2

52 leaves

40.0 cm

Plant 3

28 leaves

40.5 cm

Plant 4

52 leaves

38.5 cm

Plant 5

51 leaves

41.0 cm

Plant 6

65 leaves

40.0 cm

Controlled Variable:

Independent Variable/ with chicken manure

The third week brought about more progress in the growth of the plants, most especially those with the chicken manure. For the controlled variables, the number of leaves for Plant 1 had an additional of 1(one) leaf while Plants 2 and 3 had an additional of 2(two) leaves. The height of the controlled variables also increased. For Plant 1, it grew taller by 1 cm while Plant 2 grew taller by 1.07 cm, and Plant 3 grew taller by .02 cm. For the independent variables, Plants 4, 5, and 6 had an additional of 2(two) leaves. In terms of height, Plant 4 grew taller by 1 cm, Plant 5 by 2 cm, and Plant 6 by 1 cm.

Week 4 Variables

# of leaves

Height (cm)

Plant 1

44 leaves

41.5 cm

Plant 2

53 leaves

41.5 cm

Plant 3

29 leaves

40.5 cm

Plant 4

55 leaves

40.0 cm

Plant 5

53 leaves

43.0 cm

Plant 6

68 leaves

32.0 cm

Controlled Variable:

Independent Variable/ with chicken manure

The fourth and last week of observation brought about drastic changes in the growth of the Swietenia macrophylla, especially the plants with chicken manure. In terms of the number of leaves, Plants 1, 2, and 3 had an additional 1(one) leaf while Plant 5 had 2(two) additional leaves and Plants 4 and 6 had an additional of 3(three) leaves. For the height of the plants, Plants 1 and 2 grew taller by 1.5 cm and Plant 3 remained the same. Lastly, Plant 4 grew taller by 1.5 cm and Plants 5 and 6 grew taller by 2 cm.

V. Data Analysis The experiment has produced results that can be significantly compared to the two variables. The controlled variable had less progress on the growth of Swietenia macrophylla more than the independent variable (plant with chicken manure as fertilizer). The independent variable or the plant with the chicken manure as fertilizer had better progress in the growth of Swietenia macrophylla in terms of its height, color, and number of leaves. During the fourth week, a drastic change in the growth of the Swietenia macrophylla can be observed in the independent variables, or the Mahogany plant with chicken manure as fertilizer.

Through this experiment, the researchers concluded that chicken manure as a fertilizer has positive effects on the growth of Swietenia macrophylla. Based from the researcher’s observations, both the controlled and independent variables had shown signs of growth but more growth was observed in the independent variables, Swietenia macrophylla with chicken manure as fertilizer. A reason for the better growth of the independent variables compared to the controlled variable is due to the chicken manure, which has the capability to improve soil chemical properties and also is a potential source of nutrients beneficial for the plant.

VI. Conclusions This paper has focused on determining if the Chicken Manure Tea extract acts a good fertilizer or not. This topic is relevant in today’s society because mahogany plant is one of the most popular used plant for furniture and it also has health benefits that can benefit numerous people. Through this experiment, the researchers were able to determine that the chicken manure tea extract is an effective fertilizer for Mahogany plant. As a result, we were able to prove the effectiveness of the Chicken Manure Tea extract through the number of leaves and the final height of all 6 plants.

VII. Recommendations The experiment requires full accuracy of the mahogany plant’s growth making its entire lifespan a crucial factor in achieving results. The researchers recommend using younger mahogany sprouts in order to observe the full effects of the chicken manure tea extract while following the same instructions in order to observe the effects. Another recommendation is to use different colored tape for labelling the plants with and without manure to avoid confusion since the tape used was just the color red.

VIII. Appendix

Figure 1: Transferring of plants to PSB Parking (Week 1)

Figure 2: Controlled and Independent Variable With Chicken Manure (Week 2)

Figure 3: Leaf color in Independent Variable With Chicken Manure vs. Controlled Variable

Sources: www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380013842_Dikinya and Mufwanzala.pdf. www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Swietenia_macrophylla.PDF. www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/mahogany/information-on-mahogany-trees.htm. www. florafaunaweb.nparks.gov.sg/Special-Pages/plant-detail.aspx?id=3150. www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting/manures/chicken-manure-fertilizer.htm. https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/species/mahogany http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BKrisnawati1104.pdf http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae944e/ae944e09.htm http://marcosimoncelli.blogspot.com/2016/07/health-benefits-of-mahogany.html https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/whatis.shtml http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/130/1/012045/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/8/4/45/htm