Introduction To World Civilization

WORLD CIVILIZATION INTRODUCTION TO WORLD CIVILIZATION

Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity

What had shaped human society? Origin of man? How did the changes in environment, technology affect man’s life Effect of changes?

Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity History of Humanity involves two levels of struggle Human & nature Humans against Human

Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity Struggle explained through history of origin of man- Theories of origin of man Creation Theory • Bible and Quran

Scientific Evolution • Theory explain that the origin of human kind traced back in Africa • Apes and human have a common ancestor- Hominids • Influence of natural selection

Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity Zinjanthropus (1.8m) – discovered in Olduvai Gorge Australopithecus (4.4m), Afar, Ethiopia Kenyapithecus (2.5)- Baringo Homo Habilis & Sapiens- (2m) Lake Turkana L. Chad- Michael Brunet- Saheln

Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity Human development involves: Interaction between culture & biology

Culture evolution Refers to continuous growth of culture from simple to complex & to homogenous to heterogeneous • Material culture • Linguistics

Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity Paleolithic Age: Characterized by hunting, gathering shelter- caves- cold seasons Social organization- lived in groups

Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity

Neolithic revolution most important aspect of human cultural development - refers to transition from nomadic hunting and gathering communities to agriculture & settlement

Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity

Neolithic revolution most important aspect of human cultural development - refers to transition from nomadic hunting and gathering communities to agriculture & settlement Marked by village settlement, domestication & new implements

• Adoption of farming techniques • Crop cultivation • Domestication of animals

Introduction: Impact of Neolithic revolution

Property ownership Slavery system Increase in food production Increase in population Adoption of farming techniques Crop cultivation Domestication of animals & plants Civilization

Introduction: Impact of Neolithic revolution

Domestication of animals & plants

Tame, to train or to adopt an animal or plant to live or be of use to human being Taming- short term, no evolution of intimate relationship no human intervention with natural breeding

Introduction: Early Civilizations Civilization: Acceptable forms of behavior- Eurocentric Latin word- ‘civis’ or townman or citizen Civilization refers to a complex society or a statelevel society Refers social organization based on existence of institutions

Characteristics of Civilization Settlement led to accumulation of property and individual land ownership Hence laws, states & armies were developed to protect possession & inequality

Intense agricultural techniques- crop rotation, use of human labor, irrigation Division of labor Rise of permanent settlements- cities Rise of a form f social organizations

Characteristics of Civilization Institutionalized control of food by ruling class, government or bureaucracy Establishment of complex social institutionsreligion, education Development of forms of economic exchanges Expansion of trade leading to money Market

Accumulation of materials Development of technologies Advanced development of writing

arts

especially

Characteristics of Civilization Architecture Patriachical society

Sources of Pre-history Primary: Archaeology – study, observation, recording & experimentation • Carbon 14- not older than 50000

Anthropology Oral sources Geology- development of earth crust successive floras & faunas Paleontology- study of fossils- bones, teeth

Written- secondary

with

Sources of Pre-history Dating: Based on Christian calendar- Zero year (Birth of Christ) BCE or BC- used until 4th c AD After 4th AD- new system of dating adopted- BP or BCE