Introduction Of Splanchnology
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Part II Splanchnology Chapter 1
The general Description Li yueying
Department of anatomy Medical school of xi’an jiaotong university
I.
The definition and subdivisions of the splanchnology : alimentary system respiratory system urinary system genital system •
The study of viscera.
•
Most of them are situated in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities and are associated with the pleura or peritoneum.
•
It also opened to outside of body directly or indirectly.
II . The main functions of viscera: • The alimentary system: to ingest foods, secrete enzymes that modify the sizes of food molecules, absorb the products of this digestive action and to eliminate the unused residues.
• The respiratory system: to carry out the gas exchanges --- supply oxygen for the living cells and remove carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism.
• The urinary system: to keep the body in homeostasis by removing and restoring selected amount of water and solutes. It also excretes selected amount of various wastes.
• The genital system: to produce germ cells and to secrete some hormones.
III . The general structures of viscera: 1. The tubular organs: The wall of them is formed by 4 layers. from inside to outside, they are: • Mucosa (mucous membrane) --- epithelium --- lamina propria of mucosa --- muscular layer of mucosa --- mucous folds --- lymphoid nodule --- glands of mucosa
• Submucosa
--- glands of submucosa --- lymphatic tissue of submucosa
• Muscular coats
--- inner circular layer --- outer longitudinal layer
• Serosa or adventitia
2. The parenchymatous organs: --- a soft, grayish-red or brownish mass. --- fibrous capsule or serous membrane --- fibrous septum and lobules --- hilum or porta and root of the viscus
IV. The reference lines and abdominal regions 1. References lines of the thorax: • Anterior median line • Sternal line • Midclavicular line • Parasternal line • Anterior axillary line • Midaxillary line • Posterior axillary line • Scapular line • Para vertebral line • Posterior median line
2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions: • 2 transverse lines : subcostal line transtubercular line
• 2 longitudinal lines: midinguinal lines
• 9 regions: right and left hypochondriac regions right and left lumbar （ lateral ） regions right and left inguinal (iliac) regions epigastric region umbilical region hypogastric (pubic) region
2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions: • a transverse line through the umbilicus and a vertical line in the midline of the body. • 4 regions: upper right ( RUQ ) upper left ( LUQ ) lower right ( RLQ ) lower left ( LLQ )
The general Description Li yueying
Department of anatomy Medical school of xi’an jiaotong university
I.
The definition and subdivisions of the splanchnology : alimentary system respiratory system urinary system genital system •
The study of viscera.
•
Most of them are situated in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities and are associated with the pleura or peritoneum.
•
It also opened to outside of body directly or indirectly.
II . The main functions of viscera: • The alimentary system: to ingest foods, secrete enzymes that modify the sizes of food molecules, absorb the products of this digestive action and to eliminate the unused residues.
• The respiratory system: to carry out the gas exchanges --- supply oxygen for the living cells and remove carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism.
• The urinary system: to keep the body in homeostasis by removing and restoring selected amount of water and solutes. It also excretes selected amount of various wastes.
• The genital system: to produce germ cells and to secrete some hormones.
III . The general structures of viscera: 1. The tubular organs: The wall of them is formed by 4 layers. from inside to outside, they are: • Mucosa (mucous membrane) --- epithelium --- lamina propria of mucosa --- muscular layer of mucosa --- mucous folds --- lymphoid nodule --- glands of mucosa
• Submucosa
--- glands of submucosa --- lymphatic tissue of submucosa
• Muscular coats
--- inner circular layer --- outer longitudinal layer
• Serosa or adventitia
2. The parenchymatous organs: --- a soft, grayish-red or brownish mass. --- fibrous capsule or serous membrane --- fibrous septum and lobules --- hilum or porta and root of the viscus
IV. The reference lines and abdominal regions 1. References lines of the thorax: • Anterior median line • Sternal line • Midclavicular line • Parasternal line • Anterior axillary line • Midaxillary line • Posterior axillary line • Scapular line • Para vertebral line • Posterior median line
2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions: • 2 transverse lines : subcostal line transtubercular line
• 2 longitudinal lines: midinguinal lines
• 9 regions: right and left hypochondriac regions right and left lumbar （ lateral ） regions right and left inguinal (iliac) regions epigastric region umbilical region hypogastric (pubic) region
2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions: • a transverse line through the umbilicus and a vertical line in the midline of the body. • 4 regions: upper right ( RUQ ) upper left ( LUQ ) lower right ( RLQ ) lower left ( LLQ )
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