Intro Digital
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INTRODUCTION
Digital World
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
1
Introduction
Overview History of Computers Application Areas Types of Computers Computer Configurations Computers as Information Processors
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
2
Introduction Basic Machine Hardware Architecture
CPU Memory/Storage Main Memory Input/Output Devices
What’s in BTKM 4050
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
3
Overview of Part 1 Number system: how is information represented in a computer. Boolean Algebra: the basis for logic design and manipulation of information. Logic gates: what are the gates used, and how circuits can be made from gates. Function simplification: to reduce the size of design, increase speed, etc.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
4
Overview of Part 1 Combinational circuits: simple circuit design without memory.
Sequential circuits: circuit design with memory.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
5
History of Computers Abacus invented in Babylonia in 3000BC Adding machine by Blaise Pascal (1642) Difference engine and the analytical engine by Charles Babbage (1842)
IBM first electromechanical computer (using relays) designed by Howard Aiken (1937) was based on punched cards. used to calculate tables of mathematical functions
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
6
History of Computers 1st Generation Computers (1940s to early 1950s) – based on vacuum tubes technology. 1943 – ENIAC: first fully electronic computer, designed by John Mauchly 1944 – Mark I: Howard Aiken 1946 – EDVAC: first stored program computers, designed by John von Neumann
2nd Generation Computers (late 50s to early 60s) – based on transistors technology. more reliable, less expensive, low heat dissipation IBM 7000 series, DEC PDP-1
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
7
History of Computers 3rd Generation Computers (late 60s to early 80s) – integrated circuits (IC). IBM 360 series, DEC PDP-8 IC – many transistors packed into single container ¾
low prices, high packing density
4th Generation Computers (present day) LSI/VLSI small size, low-cost, large memory, ultra-fast PCs to
supercomputers
5th Generation Computers (future) massively parallel, large knowledge bases, intelligent Japan, Europe and US advanced research programs
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
8
Application Areas Scientific: weather forecasting, simulation, space-program. one of the earliest application areas. heavy computation but small amount of data.
Commercial: accounting, banking, inventory, sales. changes nature of business – information is money. high data throughput, simple calculations.
Manufacturing: numerical control, CAD/CAM, integration. graphics, interfacing, device-drivers, networks.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
9
Application Areas Real-time & Control System: air-traffic control, aircraft,nuclear power station. real time, very fast, safety-critical.
Educational & Recreational CAI software, multi-media, games, Internet, World Wide
Web.
Telecommunication Network, SCV, Singapore One.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
10
Types of Computers Supercomputers: very fast (Gflops) but expensive machine($10m), vector or
parallel processors, used in scientific applications and simulations.
Mainframes: fast (>10mips) but expensive ($1m), high-throughput, used in
large commercial organisations, support many concurrent users interactively.
Mini-computers: fast but affordable ($200k), used in medium-sized
organisations (e.g. SoC), support multiple users.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
11
Types of Computers Workstations: affordable ($20k) and fast single-user systems (20 riscs
mips), good graphics capabilities, engineering, networkbased computing.
Micro/Personal/Home Computers: cheap and affordable ($3k), transportable, home use, good
for games and as educational tool, word processing, suitable for small enterprise.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
12
Computer Configurations Stand-alone computer system
Modem connection
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
13
Computer Configurations Terminals-host connections
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
14
Computer Configurations Network of computers
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
15
Computers as Information Processors Driver
Example: An automobile augments our power of locomotion.
A computer is a device capable of solving problems according to designed program. It simply augments our power of storage and speed of calculation. FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
Programmer 16
Computers as Information Processors Unlike previous inventions, computers are special because they are general-purpose. Could be used to perform a variety of tasks.
Computer = Hardware + Software. Hardware: physical components for computation/processing;
should be simple, fast, reliable. Software: set of instructions to perform tasks to
specifications; should be flexible, user-friendly, sophisticated.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
17
Computer as Information Processors
Computer are Information Processors Raw data
Computer system
Processed information
Data Units: 1 bit (binary digit): one of two values (0 or 1) 1 byte: 8-bits 1 word: 1, 2, or 4 bytes, or more (depends on ALU)
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
18
Basic Machine Hardware Architecture Main Components: CPU (Central Processing Unit: controls devices and
processes data). Memory: stores programs and intermediate data. Input Devices: accept data from outside world. Output Devices: presents data to the outside world.
An analogy with Human Information Processors: CPU – brain’s reasoning powers Memory – brain’s memory Input Devices – eyes, ears, sensory sub-system Output Devices – mouth, hands, facial and body expressions FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
19
Basic Machine Hardware Architecture Headphone (Output) Monitor (Output)
Hardware box (contains processor, memory, buses etc.)
Mouse and Keyboard (Input) FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
20
Basic Machine Hardware Architecture Network card and CRT card Motherboard (Printed Circuit Board) Floppy disk drive and Hard disk drive Slots for RAM chips Cage for mounting drives
Processor
© above picture: Patterson and Hennessy FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
21
Hardware – CPU CPU = control unit + ALU + registers Control Unit : monitors and directs sequences of instructions Execution Cycle (repeated): fetch (next instruction) decode execute
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
22
Hardware – CPU ALU: performs simple arithmetic and logical operations. Examples: Add, subtract, and, or, invert, increment etc.
A
B R = A op B
select
ALU
n-bits operations
R
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
23
Hardware – CPU Registers: temporary results + status information ACC (accumulator) – current data PC (program counter) – points to next instruction IR (instruction register) – current instruction MA (memory address) – address to read/write MB (memory buffer) – data to read/write
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
24
Hardware – Memory/Storage Purpose: to store program and data. Desirable Traits: fast access, large capacity, economical, non-volatile.
However, most memory devices do not have all these traits.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
25
Hardware – Memory/Storage Solution: hierarchical combination Fast, expensive (small numbers), volatile registers main memory disk storage magnetic tapes
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
Slow, cheap (large numbers), non-volatile
26
Hardware – Main Memory Fast BUT volatile (need power to maintain data) Logical structure – table of memory cells/units. addresses M A R
M B R
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
address
8 bits or more 0 1 2 3
memory cells
data 2m-3 2m-2 2m-1
Introduction
27
Hardware – Main Memory Memory cells may be grouped into pages (say 512 consecutive words per page).
Units 1 KBytes = 1024 (or 210) bytes 1 MBytes = 1024 Kbytes (or 220 bytes) 1 GBytes = 1024 Mbytes (or 230 bytes)
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
28
Hardware – Input/Output Devices Input devices: read/accept data (into computer) obsolete: card reader, paper tape reader present: keyboard, mouse, light-pen, optical char reader future: voice and vision recognition.
Output devices: write/display data (to users) obsolete: card & paper punch, teletype present: VDU (visual display unit), printers, plotters,
graphics display, sound future: voice synthesis.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
29
End of file
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
30
Digital World
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
1
Introduction
Overview History of Computers Application Areas Types of Computers Computer Configurations Computers as Information Processors
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
2
Introduction Basic Machine Hardware Architecture
CPU Memory/Storage Main Memory Input/Output Devices
What’s in BTKM 4050
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
3
Overview of Part 1 Number system: how is information represented in a computer. Boolean Algebra: the basis for logic design and manipulation of information. Logic gates: what are the gates used, and how circuits can be made from gates. Function simplification: to reduce the size of design, increase speed, etc.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
4
Overview of Part 1 Combinational circuits: simple circuit design without memory.
Sequential circuits: circuit design with memory.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
5
History of Computers Abacus invented in Babylonia in 3000BC Adding machine by Blaise Pascal (1642) Difference engine and the analytical engine by Charles Babbage (1842)
IBM first electromechanical computer (using relays) designed by Howard Aiken (1937) was based on punched cards. used to calculate tables of mathematical functions
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
6
History of Computers 1st Generation Computers (1940s to early 1950s) – based on vacuum tubes technology. 1943 – ENIAC: first fully electronic computer, designed by John Mauchly 1944 – Mark I: Howard Aiken 1946 – EDVAC: first stored program computers, designed by John von Neumann
2nd Generation Computers (late 50s to early 60s) – based on transistors technology. more reliable, less expensive, low heat dissipation IBM 7000 series, DEC PDP-1
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
7
History of Computers 3rd Generation Computers (late 60s to early 80s) – integrated circuits (IC). IBM 360 series, DEC PDP-8 IC – many transistors packed into single container ¾
low prices, high packing density
4th Generation Computers (present day) LSI/VLSI small size, low-cost, large memory, ultra-fast PCs to
supercomputers
5th Generation Computers (future) massively parallel, large knowledge bases, intelligent Japan, Europe and US advanced research programs
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
8
Application Areas Scientific: weather forecasting, simulation, space-program. one of the earliest application areas. heavy computation but small amount of data.
Commercial: accounting, banking, inventory, sales. changes nature of business – information is money. high data throughput, simple calculations.
Manufacturing: numerical control, CAD/CAM, integration. graphics, interfacing, device-drivers, networks.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
9
Application Areas Real-time & Control System: air-traffic control, aircraft,nuclear power station. real time, very fast, safety-critical.
Educational & Recreational CAI software, multi-media, games, Internet, World Wide
Web.
Telecommunication Network, SCV, Singapore One.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
10
Types of Computers Supercomputers: very fast (Gflops) but expensive machine($10m), vector or
parallel processors, used in scientific applications and simulations.
Mainframes: fast (>10mips) but expensive ($1m), high-throughput, used in
large commercial organisations, support many concurrent users interactively.
Mini-computers: fast but affordable ($200k), used in medium-sized
organisations (e.g. SoC), support multiple users.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
11
Types of Computers Workstations: affordable ($20k) and fast single-user systems (20 riscs
mips), good graphics capabilities, engineering, networkbased computing.
Micro/Personal/Home Computers: cheap and affordable ($3k), transportable, home use, good
for games and as educational tool, word processing, suitable for small enterprise.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
12
Computer Configurations Stand-alone computer system
Modem connection
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
13
Computer Configurations Terminals-host connections
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
14
Computer Configurations Network of computers
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
15
Computers as Information Processors Driver
Example: An automobile augments our power of locomotion.
A computer is a device capable of solving problems according to designed program. It simply augments our power of storage and speed of calculation. FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
Programmer 16
Computers as Information Processors Unlike previous inventions, computers are special because they are general-purpose. Could be used to perform a variety of tasks.
Computer = Hardware + Software. Hardware: physical components for computation/processing;
should be simple, fast, reliable. Software: set of instructions to perform tasks to
specifications; should be flexible, user-friendly, sophisticated.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
17
Computer as Information Processors
Computer are Information Processors Raw data
Computer system
Processed information
Data Units: 1 bit (binary digit): one of two values (0 or 1) 1 byte: 8-bits 1 word: 1, 2, or 4 bytes, or more (depends on ALU)
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
18
Basic Machine Hardware Architecture Main Components: CPU (Central Processing Unit: controls devices and
processes data). Memory: stores programs and intermediate data. Input Devices: accept data from outside world. Output Devices: presents data to the outside world.
An analogy with Human Information Processors: CPU – brain’s reasoning powers Memory – brain’s memory Input Devices – eyes, ears, sensory sub-system Output Devices – mouth, hands, facial and body expressions FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
19
Basic Machine Hardware Architecture Headphone (Output) Monitor (Output)
Hardware box (contains processor, memory, buses etc.)
Mouse and Keyboard (Input) FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
20
Basic Machine Hardware Architecture Network card and CRT card Motherboard (Printed Circuit Board) Floppy disk drive and Hard disk drive Slots for RAM chips Cage for mounting drives
Processor
© above picture: Patterson and Hennessy FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
21
Hardware – CPU CPU = control unit + ALU + registers Control Unit : monitors and directs sequences of instructions Execution Cycle (repeated): fetch (next instruction) decode execute
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
22
Hardware – CPU ALU: performs simple arithmetic and logical operations. Examples: Add, subtract, and, or, invert, increment etc.
A
B R = A op B
select
ALU
n-bits operations
R
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
23
Hardware – CPU Registers: temporary results + status information ACC (accumulator) – current data PC (program counter) – points to next instruction IR (instruction register) – current instruction MA (memory address) – address to read/write MB (memory buffer) – data to read/write
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
24
Hardware – Memory/Storage Purpose: to store program and data. Desirable Traits: fast access, large capacity, economical, non-volatile.
However, most memory devices do not have all these traits.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
25
Hardware – Memory/Storage Solution: hierarchical combination Fast, expensive (small numbers), volatile registers main memory disk storage magnetic tapes
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
Slow, cheap (large numbers), non-volatile
26
Hardware – Main Memory Fast BUT volatile (need power to maintain data) Logical structure – table of memory cells/units. addresses M A R
M B R
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
address
8 bits or more 0 1 2 3
memory cells
data 2m-3 2m-2 2m-1
Introduction
27
Hardware – Main Memory Memory cells may be grouped into pages (say 512 consecutive words per page).
Units 1 KBytes = 1024 (or 210) bytes 1 MBytes = 1024 Kbytes (or 220 bytes) 1 GBytes = 1024 Mbytes (or 230 bytes)
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
28
Hardware – Input/Output Devices Input devices: read/accept data (into computer) obsolete: card reader, paper tape reader present: keyboard, mouse, light-pen, optical char reader future: voice and vision recognition.
Output devices: write/display data (to users) obsolete: card & paper punch, teletype present: VDU (visual display unit), printers, plotters,
graphics display, sound future: voice synthesis.
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
29
End of file
FLB 20203 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
30
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