International Security

I N T E R N AT I O N A L R E L AT I O N S

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INTERNATIONAL SECURITY & POWER POLITICS PREPARED BY: MOHD SHAHRULNIZAM BIN AKIB MOHAMAD FIKRY BIN ROSLI SITI NOOR AMINAH BINTI YAHAYA SYAFIQAH AMIRAH BT RAZALI

2009608766 2009481552 2009457014 2009605088

TUTORIAL QUESTION: 

Explain the various means that a national government can employ to enhance its country’s security and discuss the effectiveness of those measures.

Means: Realism and the concept of power  Bargaining  The balance of power and the international system  Alliances 

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International Security 

consists of the measures taken by nations and international organizations to ensure mutual survival and safety.



These measures include military action and diplomatic agreements such as settlements and conventions.



International and national security are perpetually linked.

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1. REALISM 

focuses on state security and power above all else.



Early realists such as Hans Morgenthau and E.H. Carr (above pix.) argued that states are selfinterested, power-seeking rational actors, who seek to maximize their security and chances of survival.



Any cooperation between states is explained as functional in order to maximize each individual 3 state's security

Concepts of Power

5. .

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2. Bargaining a

type of negotiation in which one party and the other party deal of a certain or specific matter in which will be further discuss between them and eventually come to an agreement.

 an

alternative strategy to gain an influence or an authority for a specific purposes.

 Optimally,

it cause one party engage with the other party to create an contract that can give a benefit or advantages to both parties.

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3. The Balance of Power  exists

when there is equality or stability between competing forces.

 it

expresses the doctrine intended to prevent any one nation from becoming sufficiently strong so as to enable it to enforce its will upon the rest.

 when

one state or alliance increases its power or applies it more aggressively, threatened states will increase their own power in response, often by forming a counter-balancing coalition.

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The Balance of Power (contd.)  is

a central concept in neorealist theory. state may choose to engage in either balancing or bandwagoning behavior.

A

 in

a time of war, the decision to balance or to bandwagon may well determine the survival of the state.

 no

one power or combinations of powers will be allowed to grow so strong as to threaten the security of the rest.

 E.g.:

the United States and the Soviet Union maintained equivalent arsenals of nuclear weapons in the 1970s and 1980s, which helped sustain a military balance of power.

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4. Alliances  the

collaboration and gathering of several parties or forces to reach the equivalent target and objective.

 Building

up one’s own capabilities against a rival is a form of power balancing but forming and alliance against a threatening state is often quicker, cheaper and more effective.

 In

the Cold War, the United State shift their support to whatever state against Soviet Union, so that the power of the Soviet Union will be lessen and balance. 8

I N T E R N AT I O N A L R E L AT I O N S

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INTERNATIONAL SECURITY & POWER POLITICS PREPARED BY: MOHD AMIRUL ASHRAF BIN MAZLI 2009490512

TUTORIAL QUESTION: 

Can international security problem destabilize the domestic political stability of a country? EFFECTS



Keywords: i.

International security problem – international conflicts ii. Destabilize iii. Domestic political stability

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DEFINITION OF TERMS 

International conflicts can refer to wars, revolutions or other struggles, which may involve the use of force as in the term armed conflict involving more than one country.



Destabilize

to make unstable; rid of stabilizing attributes: conflicts that tend to destabilize world peace. 

Domestic political stability

“means you can count on the government to be tomorrow or a year from now to be what it is today…”

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VIEW: International security problem

destab ilize

Domestic stability

There is a positive correlation between international conflicts and domestic instability. “every institution and certainly every human being, if he isn’t living in a jungle, are dependent on other people.” -Edward Bernays (the founder of PR)

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Examples: 

Examples #1

THE WW1

COUNTRIES AFFECTED BY WW1



Examples #2

THE INVASION OF ISRAEL TOWARDS PALESTIN

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

Example #3 SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS The United States responded to the attacks by launching a "War on Terrorism"; invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, who had harbored al-Qaeda terrorists; and invading Iraq to dispose of Saddam Hussein and Iraq's supposed stock of weapons of mass destruction.

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

Example #4

Terrorism



v s.

They destabilize the situation in individual countries by fomenting religious and national hostility and separatism, they look for -- and sometimes find -weak links in the global chain, governments which because of inherent weakness or short-sighted foreign policies are inclined to flirt with international terrorism.

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

Example #5 Situation In Darfur There are a number of threats presented by Darfur, including regional and international humanitarian, moral threats. - The chaos in Darfur is spilling over Sudan's borders. - Chad has become a destination for Darfur refugees. (create tensions)

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

Example #6

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UN report : "The Impact of Civilization on Social Development".

•

The document notes, among other things, that "concern over globalization is partly due to the fact that the national policies of states are increasingly influenced by policies pursued outside their boundaries".

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CONCLUSIONS: Without political stability, there could be no security for either life or liberty, and thus man’s existence could never be anything more than a chaotic, violent and bloody struggle for power.

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