Income And Wealth Distribution - Full Version
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Income and Wealth Distribution
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Income and Wealth Distribution
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Poverty
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Poverty • Absolute Poverty: A situation where individuals do not have access to the basic requirements of life – food, shelter, clothing. • Relative Poverty: A situation where individuals are excluded from being able to take part in what are considered the normal, acceptable standards of living in a society. Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Poverty • Difficulties of drawing the line between those ‘in poverty’ and those outside. • What do we mean by food, clothing and shelter? • Is living in a sewer a form of shelter? • Does having some clothing mean that you are not experiencing absolute poverty?
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Poverty • In the UK – low income threshold – 60% of the median income. • This means 12.5 million people living below this level – a poverty line? • Links between ‘low pay’/poverty line and health, crime, education levels, social problems. • The latter also represents a significant ‘social cost’ (negative externality) to the government Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Poverty Trap • Where those on the poverty line may not benefit from getting paid work – they might be better off staying on benefits! • e.g. Family, three children, without work, income = £120 in benefits of various sorts. • One parent gets a job earning £140 but after tax and national insurance has a take home pay of £110! Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Measurements
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http://www.bized.ac.uk
Measurements of Income Distribution • Lorenz Curve: • A curve showing the proportion of national income earned by a given percentage of the population. • e.g what proportion of national income is earned by the top 10% of the population? Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
% of National Income
Lorenz Curve This line represents the situation if income was distributed equally. The poorest 10% would earn 10% of national income, the poorest 30% would earn 30% of national income.
30% 10%
10%
30%
Percentage of Population
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Lorenz Curve % of National Income
In this second The Lorenz Curve will In this example, example, Lorenz show the the extent to the poorest curve lies further which equality exists. below the of gap The greater the 30% of line the equality. theof between Now, the line population earn poorest equality30% and only the 20% ofofthe earn the curve7% the greater the national income. degree of inequality. national income. 20% 7% 30%
Percentage of Population
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Gini Coefficient • Enables more precise comparison of Lorenz Curves • The proportion of the area taken up by the Lorenz Curve in relation to the overall area under the line of equality
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Gini Coefficient % of National Income
The total area under the equality The line areaofbounded by the Lorenz Curve
Percentage of Population
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Wealth
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Wealth • A STOCK as opposed to income which represents a FLOW • Measures wealth at a point in time • Wealth can be measured by reference to type of asset representing the stock.
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Types of Asset • • • • • • • •
Shares Houses Bank deposits Land Building Society Accounts Currency holdings Buildings Machinery and Equipment • Gold • Etc.
We are considerably richer than you! Title: The Fullers. Copyright: Getty Images available from Education Image Gallery
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Income Distribution • Income represents a FLOW • £x per week, month, year, etc. • Income can be in the form of: – – – – – – – –
Wages Rents Dividends Interest Pensions Benefit payments Income from self employment Inheritance
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Income Distribution • Income can be earned income (from employment, etc.) or • Unearned income – inheritance, benefit payments, pensions, etc.
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Income Distribution
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
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Redistribution of Income
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Taxation • Costs – – – – – –
Market Distortion Administrative Costs Incentives May not impact because some will not be paying tax Can be avoided May not be targeted at those who need the help
• Benefits – Reduction in poverty levels – Can be used to provide incentives
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Legislation • Minimum Wage – targets those on ‘low wages’ but what is the right level? • Discrimination – reducing the impact of racial, sexual and disabled incidences of discrimination • Regulation – Employment related regulation
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Equity
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Causes of Inequality • Individual • National
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
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Individual • • • • • •
Ownership of resources – housing, land, etc. Qualifications Motivation Skills Ability Family size
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
National • • • • •
Factor endowments (land, labour, capital) Size and quality of labour force Climate Stage of economic development Economic Power – ability to be able to dictate terms with suppliers, buyers, etc.
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
Income and Wealth Distribution
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Income and Wealth Distribution
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Poverty
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Poverty • Absolute Poverty: A situation where individuals do not have access to the basic requirements of life – food, shelter, clothing. • Relative Poverty: A situation where individuals are excluded from being able to take part in what are considered the normal, acceptable standards of living in a society. Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Poverty • Difficulties of drawing the line between those ‘in poverty’ and those outside. • What do we mean by food, clothing and shelter? • Is living in a sewer a form of shelter? • Does having some clothing mean that you are not experiencing absolute poverty?
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Poverty • In the UK – low income threshold – 60% of the median income. • This means 12.5 million people living below this level – a poverty line? • Links between ‘low pay’/poverty line and health, crime, education levels, social problems. • The latter also represents a significant ‘social cost’ (negative externality) to the government Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Poverty Trap • Where those on the poverty line may not benefit from getting paid work – they might be better off staying on benefits! • e.g. Family, three children, without work, income = £120 in benefits of various sorts. • One parent gets a job earning £140 but after tax and national insurance has a take home pay of £110! Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Measurements
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Measurements of Income Distribution • Lorenz Curve: • A curve showing the proportion of national income earned by a given percentage of the population. • e.g what proportion of national income is earned by the top 10% of the population? Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
% of National Income
Lorenz Curve This line represents the situation if income was distributed equally. The poorest 10% would earn 10% of national income, the poorest 30% would earn 30% of national income.
30% 10%
10%
30%
Percentage of Population
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Lorenz Curve % of National Income
In this second The Lorenz Curve will In this example, example, Lorenz show the the extent to the poorest curve lies further which equality exists. below the of gap The greater the 30% of line the equality. theof between Now, the line population earn poorest equality30% and only the 20% ofofthe earn the curve7% the greater the national income. degree of inequality. national income. 20% 7% 30%
Percentage of Population
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Gini Coefficient • Enables more precise comparison of Lorenz Curves • The proportion of the area taken up by the Lorenz Curve in relation to the overall area under the line of equality
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Gini Coefficient % of National Income
The total area under the equality The line areaofbounded by the Lorenz Curve
Percentage of Population
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Wealth
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Wealth • A STOCK as opposed to income which represents a FLOW • Measures wealth at a point in time • Wealth can be measured by reference to type of asset representing the stock.
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Types of Asset • • • • • • • •
Shares Houses Bank deposits Land Building Society Accounts Currency holdings Buildings Machinery and Equipment • Gold • Etc.
We are considerably richer than you! Title: The Fullers. Copyright: Getty Images available from Education Image Gallery
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Income Distribution • Income represents a FLOW • £x per week, month, year, etc. • Income can be in the form of: – – – – – – – –
Wages Rents Dividends Interest Pensions Benefit payments Income from self employment Inheritance
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Income Distribution • Income can be earned income (from employment, etc.) or • Unearned income – inheritance, benefit payments, pensions, etc.
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Income Distribution
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Redistribution of Income
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Taxation • Costs – – – – – –
Market Distortion Administrative Costs Incentives May not impact because some will not be paying tax Can be avoided May not be targeted at those who need the help
• Benefits – Reduction in poverty levels – Can be used to provide incentives
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Legislation • Minimum Wage – targets those on ‘low wages’ but what is the right level? • Discrimination – reducing the impact of racial, sexual and disabled incidences of discrimination • Regulation – Employment related regulation
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Equity
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Causes of Inequality • Individual • National
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
Individual • • • • • •
Ownership of resources – housing, land, etc. Qualifications Motivation Skills Ability Family size
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.ac.uk
National • • • • •
Factor endowments (land, labour, capital) Size and quality of labour force Climate Stage of economic development Economic Power – ability to be able to dictate terms with suppliers, buyers, etc.
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
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