Imrad Paper.docx

INTRODUCTION-METHOD-RESULTS-AND-DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION FORMAT Times New Roman Font 12 Line Spacing 1.5 Justified both sides MARGINS 1.5(left), 1” (right) , 1” (top) ,1” (bottom)(NEW) OLD 1” ALL SIDES SECTION HEADINGs MAIN SECTION HEADINGS: each main section begins with a heading which should be capitalized, emboldened, left justified, and double spaced from the lines above and below. Do not underline the section heading or put a color at the end. SUB-HEADINGS : subheadings should be capitalized (first letter each word) left justified, and bold italics IN TEXT CITATION: Author- Date system PAGINATION : Top of page, right side (NEW) ; (OLD)Bottom of page, right side Recommend number of Tables : 5, figures: 5,other tabular presentations and figures can be placed in the appendices SECTIONS OF THE PAPER TITLE: Centered in an inverted position, capital letters, bold, 8-15 words Authors: listed in alphabetical order, italicized; School/Department ABSTRACT: 250-300 words KEYWORDS: not more than 5, italicized INTRODUCTION: 1500-3000 words MATERIAL AND METHOD: (experimental designs) / METHODOLOGY (nonexperimental designs) : 500-1000 words RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : 1500-3000 words Conclusion and recommendations: 250-500 words REFERENCES : use the latest edition of the appropriate format- APA,MLA,CSE…

APA –AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 1929 MARGIN : 1 “ all sides Times new Roman . 12 Line Spacing : Double space Page numbers in the header, aligned to the right TITLE: all capital, 50 characters or less,in the header of each page of the body, aligned to the left SECTIONS : Title page , ABSTRACT, MAIN BODY, AND REFERENCES

APA –AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 1929 MARGIN : 1 “ all sides Times new Roman . 12 Line Spacing : Double space Page numbers in the header, aligned to the right TITLE: all capital, 50 characters or less,in the header of each page of the body, aligned to the left SECTIONS : Title page , ABSTRACT, MAIN BODY, AND REFERENCES 4. QUALITY STANDARDS FOR RESEARCH APPROACHES A. INTERNAL VALIDITY – truthful representations of the object of the study B. Study (results correspond to the questions or inquiry) C. EXTERNAL VALIDITY – applicability of results to a larger world or the contextual definition of constraints are valid. D. RELIABILITY – consistency of the measurements or findings or the research methods would yield the same results if it were conducted under the same E. OBJECTIVITY - keeping the potential bias or inter TOPIC 3. TYPES OF DATA GATHERING TOOLS, PROCEDURES AND TREATMENT OF DATA 1. TYPES OF DATA SOURCES A. PRIMARY DATA SOURCES- A primary data source is an original data source, that is, one in which the data are collected first hand by the researcher The most common techniques are: self-administered surveys, interviews, field observation, experiments B. SECONDARY DATA SOURCES- Secondary data collection and analysis- The researcher does not collect the data directly and cannot control the actual data collected

TOPIC 1. INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH 1. DOMAINS OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH- It is the development of particular structural forms or building materials over the centuries which is the outcome of trial-and-error experimentation, systematic 2. DEFINING RESEARCH - It is a systematic inquiry directed towards the creation of knowledge. The notion of systematic inquiry suggests that there is a consciousdemarcation of how particular information is culled from the rest of human experiences, 3. REASONS WHY PEOPLE DO RESEARCH A. To get a research degree, B. To get joy of doing some creative work C. To acquire respectability D. To get recognition E. Curiosity to find new things F. To serve the society by solving social problems. 4. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH A. It is the fountain of knowledge and provide guidelines for solving problems. B.. Research provides basis for many government policies. C. . It is important in industry and business for higher gain D.It leads to the identification and characterization of new materials E. Social research helps find answer social problems 5. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH A. To discover new facts B. To verify and test important facts C. To analyze an event or process or phenomenon D. To develop new scientific tools, concepts, and theories E. To find solutions to scientific and social problems F. To overcome or solve the problems occurring in our everyday life. TOPIC 3. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN 1. Importance of Research Methodology in a Research Study A. Determines the suitable method for the chosen problem B. Determines the accuracy of the results of the method used C. Determines the efficiency of the method D. explains Why is the particular research study undertaken?

2. MAIN CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH A. PURE, BASIC OR FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH is - also called a theoretical research ,conducted primarily to test or arrive at theory, an investigation on basic principles and reasons for occurrence of a particular event or process or phenomenon B. APPLIED RESEARCH - applies theory to solutions of problems, solves certain problems employing well known and accepted theories and researches.

4. A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH METHODS IN ARCHITECTURE A. The outermost framework represents the SYSTEM OF INQUIRY (sometimes labeled a paradigm or worldview), which entails broad assumptions about the nature of reality, knowledge, and being. B. The next frame represents what is called a “SCHOOL OF THOUGHT,” a broad theoretical perspective that has significantly influenced multiple disciplines. 5. RESEARCH METHODS IN THE CONTEXT OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH 6. TWO GENERAL TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODS A. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCHES - is concerned with trying to quantify things. It asks questions such as “how long”, “how many” Or “the degree to which”.looks to quantify data and generalize results from a sample of the population of interest. - An objective reality where the researcher is independent of the subject ofinquiry

B. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - Concerned with a quality of information, qualitative methods attempt to gain an understanding of the underlying reasons and motivations for actions and establish how people interpret their experiences and the world around them.

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: Numerical, nondescriptive, Iterative, whereby evidence is evaluated in tables and graphs

Conclusive

Results are presented

Investigates the what, where and when of

decision making TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH A. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH- Answers the question: “WHAT IS THE CURRENT SITUATION?” Variables are not manipulated but are measured as they occur B. EXPERIMENTAL - Answers the question: “WHAT IS THE CAUSE?”-. At least one variable is manipulated and its effects are measured c. Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatment and control groups to determine cause and effect. C. EX POST FACTO/EXPLANATORY/CAUSAL COMPARATIVE -. An attempt to connect ideas to understand cause and effect (identifies an effect that has already occurred and attempts to infer cause)

action research –involves discovering a problem in the local setting and solving it within the same setting without intention of generalizing its results. .

case studies - an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary

phenomenon within its real-life context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; C. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH- The systematic study of designing, developing and evaluating instructional programs, processes and products 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: STRATEGY AND TACTICS A. RESEARCH METHODS- are the various procedures, schemes and algorithms used in research. C. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY is- A systematic way to solve a problem.A science of studying how research is to be carried out. D. STRATEGY- is defined as “the skillful management and planning of anything.” Strategy refers to the overall research plan or structure of the research study E. A RESEARCH DESIGN is “an action plan for getting from here to there,” where here describes the investigator’s research question(s), F. STRATEGY refers to a nation’s overall war plans, whereas tactics refers to the disposition of armed forces in combat. 4. A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH METHODS IN ARCHITECTURE

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: Assumes a subjective reality Non-numerical, descriptive Aims to get the meaning, feeling and description of the situation Qualitative data cannot be graphed. Exploratory Investigates the whys and hows of decision making TYPES OF QUALITATIVEE RESEARCH 1. Historical Research Classification of Historical Resources : 1. PRIMARY SOURCE 2. SECONDAEY SOURCE 3.DELIBERTAE SOURCE 4. INADVERTENT SOURCE 2. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 3. PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH Situation or phenomenon- It is conducted primarily through in-depth conversations 2. OTHER TYPES OF RESEARCH A. Normal Researches- A research performed in accordance with a set of rules, concepts B. Revolutionary Researches - Outcome are sometimes unexpected and novel, and discoveries which are inconsistent with the existing paradigm. C. Action Research - Fact finding to improve the quality of action the social world D. Explanatory Research- Searching for explanations for events and phenomena E. Exploratory Research- Getting information on a topic F. Comparative Research- Obtaining similarities and differences between events, methods, techniques,