Immigration In Eu

Jandric

Peace Support Operations Training Center Staff Course 6 “Immigration in European Union”

Jandric Captain Dejan Jandric Major David Napier PSOTC 6 30 April 2007

IMMIGRATION IN EUROPEAN UNION

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INTRODUCTION One of the results of the process of globalization is the increase in migration in the world. According to the United Nations figure there were 191 million migrants in the world in 20061. Numbers are increasing rapidly, from 82 million international migrants in 1970 through 175 million in 2000 to nearly 200 million today. This is equivalent to the population of the fifth largest country-Brasil and 1 in 35 people is an international migrant2. These facts show us that international migration will be one of the main issues of 21st century. Most developed countries face the problem of international migration, because the majority of international immigrants live in developed part of the world. This paper will emphasise immigration problems in European Union that faces increasing labour immigration in last decades (nearly 60 million immigrants live in Europe or 7.7% of Europe's population) and particularly the focus of paper will be illegal immigration that is one of the main problems in Europe today. According to some estimates more than 500 000 illegal immigrants enter the Europe each year.

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International migration and development. Report of Secretary-General. 18 May 2006. March 2007. p.12, found at http://www.un.int/iom/SG%20report%20A%2060%20871%20Migration%20and%20Development%20final%2 0EN.pdf 2 Migration in an interconnected world: New directions for action. Report of the Global Commission on international migration. October 2005. March 2007. p.83, found at http://www.gcim.org/attachements/gcimcomplete-report-2005.pdf

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The paper is divided into three sections. Part one discusses labour immigration in Europe. Part two describes illegal immigration in European Union. In part three I will explain EU illegal immigration policy and how EU Members States are tackling this problem.

1. LABOUR IMMIGRATION IN EUROPEAN UNION Today the European Union is comprised of 27 states and is the largest economy in the world, with 490 million citizens. EU's borders stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Black Sea. With enlargement came new challenges as increasing immigration from new members and other parts of the world. Nearly 60 million immigrants live in Europe or 7.7% of Europe's population3. The problem of immigration is one of the focuses in EU policy and European countries try to find common immigration policy.

1.1. Positive effects of immigration in EU Why is problem of immigration so important? As former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan said: "One of the biggest tests for the enlarged European Union, in the years and decades to come, will be how it manages the challenge of immigration. If European societies rise to this challenge, immigration will enrich

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Migration in an interconnected world: New directions for action. Report of the Global Commission on international migration. October 2005. March 2007. p.83, found at http://www.gcim.org/attachements/gcimcomplete-report-2005.pdf

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and strengthen them. If they fail to do so, the result may be declining living standards and social division."4. Enlarged European Union needs immigrants. Europeans live longer and have fewer children. According to EUROSTAT between 1995 and 2025 the proportion of persons in European Union over 60 years old and more will rise from 15.4% to 22.4% and the population old enough to work will decrease from 225 to 223 million5. Despite European restrictive immigration policies, European Union needs immigrants in certain sectors and regions in order to deal with its economic and demographic needs. For example since May 2004, when 8 East European countries (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Malta and Cyprus) joined European Union, over 600 000 immigrants have registered to work in United Kingdom6 (63% of them are from Poland) after decision to allow unlimited access to the citizens of these new members. But despite these numbers the government says it still has “shortages of 600 000 workers in fields like nursing and construction”7. In spite of UK decision, other EU countries threw up barriers for immigrants from new members fearing a massive immigration from East Europe. For example,

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Annan, Kofi. Speech made to the European Parliament. 29 January 2004. March 2007, found at http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/sg-29jan2004.htm 5 Delgrado Godoy, Leticia. Immigration in Europe: realities and policies. University Rey Juan Carlos, 2002, p.3, http://www.kent.ac.uk/wramsoc/workingpapers/firstyearreports/backgroundreports/immigrationbackgroundre port.pdf 6 Migration News. UK: Migrants, Integration. 1 January 2007. 31 March 2007, http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3252_0_4_0 7 Fuller, Thomas. EU's great migration yields few ill effects. International Herald Tribune, 21 Oct 2006, 17 Oct 2007, http://www.iht.com/bin/print_ipub.php?file=/articles/2005/10/21/news/poles.php

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France issued "only 737 work permits to Poles in the 10 months after enlargement; that is number of Poles who arrive in Britain every two days"8. Immigration in European Union affects economy in positive way both host country and country of origin. For example, some economists estimate "that immigration raised Britain's growth rate for 2006 from 2.2 to 2.8 percent" 9. On the other side, the financial inflows in Poland (from remittances from abroad) have grown to 6.4 billion euros per year10. Also, immigration have positive impact in countries which want to join European Union as Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to World Bank in 2004, Serbia and Montenegro received 4.1 billion dollars from remittances while remittances constituted 22.5 percent of gross domestic product in Bosnia and Herzegovina11. The remittances that migrant send home can support the development process in countries of origin and provide conditions for increase of employment in these countries and decrease emigration. Remittances are second-largest source of external financing for developing countries after foreign direct investment and play essential role in economies of developing countries.

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Ibid Migration News. UK: Migrants, Integration. 1 January 2007, 31 March 2007, http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3252_0_4_0 10 Remittances sent home by migrants workers boosts Poland’s economy. 02 March 2007, 31 March 2007, http://www.workpermit.com/news/2007_03_02/poland/remittances_migrant_worker_money.htm 11 International migration and development. Report of Secretary-General. 18 May 2006. p.54, found at http://www.un.int/iom/SG%20report%20A%2060%20871%20Migration%20and%20Development%20final%2 0EN.pdf 9

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One of the most important benefits from immigration in European Union is brain drain from developing countries, but in the other hand brain drain is loss for those countries.

1.2. Negative effects of immigration in EU After problem of illegal immigration (it is described in second part of paper), the biggest negative effects of immigration in European Union are problem of integration of immigrants in host societies and increased xenophobia and racism in these countries. What are the reasons for xenophobia? Tolerance with minorities is lower in countries with a greater proportion of immigrants than in those states with less immigrants presence12. According to the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia,13 an increase in xenophobia has been detected in the last decade attributed to a rise in immigration and especially after 11 September 2001 in New York and terrorist attacks in Madrid and London in the form of Islamophobia. One of the main problems is integration of Muslims in European societies. Of 60 million immigrants in Europe, 25 million are Muslims. In England, Spain, France and Germany, a lot of immigrants come from Muslim countries. "Each year over 1 million immigrants mostly from the Muslim countries are coming into Europe. Birth rates of European Muslims are more than three times of those of non12

Delgrado Godoy, Leticia. Immigration in Europe: realities and policies. University Rey Juan Carlos.2002. p.4 http://www.kent.ac.uk/wramsoc/workingpapers/firstyearreports/backgroundreports/immigrationbackgroundre port.pdf 13 Ibid

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Muslim Europeans. It is estimated that Muslims will comprise at least 20 percent of Europe’s population in 2050”14. The differences between civilisations and terrorism (and the war against terrorism) are cause for believe that Muslims are enemies. Both Muslim immigrants and host societies have responsibilities for integration. In my opinion, Muslims have to adapt their way of life according to European societies, but Europeans have to learn about other religions and accept their new neighbours. Another negative effect of immigration is fear of so called “Polish plumber", a symbol of cheap labour. People in European countries worry about influence of low-paid workers on their wages and jobs. The immigration can stop increase the level of the minimum wage in the future. Fears that so-called "Polish plumbers" and other low-cost workers can steal jobs of European citizens were a main reason for rejection of the EU constitution in France. In addition, according some estimates increasing of criminal activities and acts of terrorism is linked to immigration and it makes atmosphere of fear among European citizens who see immigration as new security threat.

2. ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION IN EUROPEAN UNION The terms "illegal immigration" or "irregular immigration" are used to describe immigrants: • 14

who enter or remain in a country without authorisation

The future of Europe: Islamophobia? EurActiv. 11 October 2005. April 2007. http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/future-europe-islamophobia/article-145688

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who are smuggled or trafficked across international borders

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unsuccessful asylum seekers who fail to observe a deportation orders

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people who circumvent immigration controls through the arrangement of

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bogus marriages15 Some authors use the term "irregular immigration" to avoid connection between immigrants and crime, but the term "illegal immigration” is more common and accept in European institutions. According to EUROPOL, illegal immigration is “activity intended deliberately to facilitate, for financial gain, the entry into, residence or employment in the territory of the Member States of the European Union, contrary to the rules and conditions applicable in the Member States.”16 It is estimated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that between 10 and 15 percent of immigrants in Europe are illegal immigrants and more than 500 000 illegal immigrants enter the Europe each year17. The number of illegal immigrants is estimated on the number of refused entries, border arrests, and rejected applications for asylum.18

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Migration in an interconnected world: New directions for action. Report of the Global Commission on international migration. October 2005. March 2007. p.32 http://www.gcim.org/attachements/gcim-complete-report-2005.pdf 16 Organised illegal immigration into the European Union. Europol. 2005. 23 April 2007. found at http://www.europol.eu.int/publications/SeriousCrimeOverviews/2005/organised%20illegal%20immigration20 05.pdf, 17 Migration in an interconnected world: New directions for action. Report of the Global Commission on international migration. October 2005. March 2007. p.32 http://www.un.int/iom/SG%20report%20A%2060%20871%20Migration%20and%20Development%20final%2 0EN.pdf 18 Links between legal and illegal immigration. EU. 4 June 2004. April 2007. http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33191c.htm

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According to these estimates the European Commission "consider that illegal migration is significant and that the reduction of illegal migration flows is a political priority at both national and EU level"19 What are the reasons for illegal immigration in Europe? The reasons for Illegal immigration are same as reasons for legal immigration. Some of so-called „push factors“ are lack of jobs and life opportunities in countries of origin and lack of legal immigration opportunities. In addition, many illegal immigrants migrate because of armed conflict in their countries, political instability and negative economic situation. Some of “pull factors” for immigration in EU are needs for cheaper labor in host countries, shortage of work force, positive economic situation and democratic system in European Union. In addition, the cause of illegal immigration is lack of capacity of EU Member States to control the movement of people across the borders and lack of actions against people in European countries who employ illegal immigrants and who use their illegal status for own profit. Why is illegal immigration problem for European Union? Illegal immigration has a lot of negative consequences. Illegal immigration often provokes great media attention and can decrease public confidence in state government and endanger state sovereignty. In addition, some employers in EU often employ illegal immigrants who are paid less than the legal minimum wage (some people believe that they steal jobs from Europeans) and it can increase xenophobic sentiments by European citizens that “are directed not only at illegal immigrants, 19

Ibid

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but also at immigrants with legal status, refugees and ethnic minorities”20. These immigrants can also be at risk of exploitation by employers. They do not use public services, for example health care. Many illegal immigrants are trafficked and they can be the victims of sex slavery and forced labour. In addition, illegal immigration can provide opportunities for organized crime involved in the smuggling of people. Illegal immigration can also be pull factor for further illegal immigration21. One of the most dangerous consequences is that a large number of illegal immigrants die trying to cross border, especially on the sea.

2.1. How illegal immigrants enter in European Union Illegal immigrants enter in EU by land, air or sea. Some immigrants use falsified documents or organized criminal networks. Some enter legally and then overstay22. According to EUROPOL23, illegal immigrants use routes to enter in European Union as follow: • The Eastern Mediterranean Route • The North African Route 20

Migration in an interconnected world: New directions for action. Report of the Global Commission on international migration. October 2005. March 2007. p.34 http://www.gcim.org/attachements/gcim-complete-report-2005.pdf 21

A Common Policy on Illegal Immigration. House of Lords. 2002. April 2007, found at http://www.jcwi.org.uk/archives/ukpollcy/lords_illegalimm.pdf, 23 April 2007 22 Links between legal and illegal immigration. EU. 4 June 2004. April 2007. http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33191c.htm 23 Organised illegal immigration into the European Union. Europol. 2005. 23 April 2007. found at http://www.europol.eu.int/publications/SeriousCrimeOverviews/2005/organised%20illegal%20immigration20 05.pdf

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• The Balkan Route • The West African Atlantic Coast Route (two sub-routes) • The Central and Eastern European Route • The Baltic Route. The Eastern Mediterranean route and the North African route are the main routes for illegal entrance into European Union. The most used transit countries before enter in European Union are Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Morocco and Libya24. In addition, as transit countries are also identified Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is transit country for illegal immigrants from Iran and Turkey, and Serbia as transit country for Chinese immigrants 25. Also, “the lack of a visa policy in the UN-administered Kosovo region is cause of significant number of illegal immigrants to enter Europe”26.

2.2. Link between illegal immigration and organized crime Nevertheless, the most dangerous form is the between illegal immigration and organized crime that is main immigration problem in last decade. Involvement of organized crime in illegal immigration is increasing into the European Union27. Human smuggling and human trafficking have become very profitable business. Illegal immigrants pay large sums to the smugglers. For 24

Ibid Bruggeman, W., Deputy Director EUROPOL,19 September 2002. April 2007, found at http://www.belgium.iom.int/STOPConference/Conference%20Papers/20%20Bruggeman%20Brussels%20IO M.19.09.02.pdf 26 Futo, Jandl and Karsakova. A Survey of Illegal Migration and Human Smuggling in Central and Eastern Europe. Migracijske I Etnicke Teme/Migration and Ethnic Studies, 2005, March 2007. p.40, found at http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=8793 27 W. Bruggeman, Deputy Director EUROPOL,19 September 2002. April 2007, found at http://www.belgium.iom.int/STOPConference/Conference%20Papers/20%20Bruggeman%20Brussels%20IO M.19.09.02.pdf 25

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example, according to some estimates typical smuggling fees from the country of origin to a Schengen countries are from China to Europe between 10,000 and 15,000 USD, from Iran between 3,000 and 5,000 USD, from Serbia and Montenegro through Slovenia up to 3,000 Euro28 and organized smuggling of illegal immigrants reach profit of many billion dollars a year. Many organized criminal groups are involved in human smuggling and trafficking, from EU Member States as well as from Afghanistan, Albania, Moldavia, Iraq, African countries, Russia, Turkey and from the former Yugoslavia 29. Many of these groups are often involved in other criminal activities as drug trafficking and they have become well organized and equipped groups, very powerful and capable to avoid security measures that European Union tries to establish in order to decrease illegal immigration and human smuggling and trafficking.

3. HOW EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ARE TACKLING ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION The fight against illegal immigration is one of the priorities in EU’s policy in last decade because all EU countries are affected by this problem and they try to find common answer on it.

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2003 Year Book on Illegal Migration. Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Central and Eastern Europe. International Centre for Migration Policy Development, Vienna, 2004, April 2007. p.18, found at http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPDWebsite/Asylum_and_Protection/_124__2003__Yearbook_Illegal_Migration_CEE.pdf 29 W. Bruggeman, Deputy Director EUROPOL,19 September 2002, April 2007, found at http://www.belgium.iom.int/STOPConference/Conference%20Papers/20%20Bruggeman%20Brussels%20IO M.19.09.02.pdf

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European Commission, in its Communication on policy priorities in the fight against illegal immigration30, has defined priority areas for the fight against illegal immigration: - Cooperation with third countries - Border security - Fight against human trafficking - Combating illegal employment - Return policy - Improved information exchange It is recognized that dialogue and cooperation between European Union and countries of origin and transit have positive effects as for example joint patrols and surveillance in Mediterranean region. In addition, cooperation with these countries is important for fight against human trafficking31. To provide secure border (6000 km of external land borders and 85 000 km of coastline) EU, in 2005, established European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders (FRONTEX). The task of FRONTEX is to “coordinate the operational cooperation between Member States in the field of border security”32. In 2006, FRONTEX had certain successes in operations in Mediterranean Sea. In addition, last year, UK Home Office in its Borders Immigration and Identity Action Plan announced that the UK will stronger capacity for border security and fight against illegal immigration and human trafficking including some measures 30

Policy priorities in the fight against illegal immigration. EU. 19 July 2006. April 2007. found at http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l14525.htm 31 Ibid 32 FRONTEX- origin and tasks. April 2007. FRONTEX. http://www.frontex.europa.eu/origin_and_tasks/tasks/

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as the increase in number of immigration officers, biometric documents and border control technology33. Also, these measures include new empowerments for Immigration Officers34. UK officials believe that these measures will decrease level of illegal immigration in the United Kingdom. Fight against human trafficking is problem that depends on border security and police cooperation not only between EU Member States, but also with other countries especially transit countries. Positive example is cooperation with Bosnia and Herzegovina where was, with assistance EU, established State Border Service that have decreased number of illegal immigrants across Bosnia and Herzegovina35. Most EU countries have developed “a legal framework for combating illegal employment”36. For example, Germany established special task forces to survey critical profession for illegal employment, while United Kingdom has programmes to encourage employers to avoid employing illegal immigrants37. When it comes to return policy, voluntary and forced return are some of the key points in policy against illegal immigration. Some of EU members have developed programmes in order to encourage illegal immigrants to return in their countries38. But although EU members want to be more active in this area, there are several problems. The one of the problems is to “identify the real country of 33

Illegal immigration “crackdown”. BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6163610.stm http://www.workpermit.com/news/2007_01_29/uk/biometric_immigration_id_data-sharing.htm 35 2003 Year Book on Illegal Migration. Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Central and Eastern Europe International Centre for Migration Policy Development, Vienna, 2004, April 2007. p.34, found at http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPDWebsite/Asylum_and_Protection/_124__2003__Yearbook_Illegal_Migration_CEE.pdf 36 Illegally Resident Third Country Nationals in EU Member States. European Migration Network, Jan 2007, April 2007. p.18, http://www.ocma.gov.lv/images/documents/EMT_syntesys.pdf 37 Ibid, p.17,18 38 Ibid, p.18 34

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origin…in terms of establishing bilateral agreements”39. The next problem is make documentation for return illegal immigrants. The third problem is cooperation between EU members in order to organize charter flights for return in countries of origin. The last one is lack of detention capacities in some EU members that reduces apprehensions of illegal immigrants40. However, EU members are trying to develop repatriation centres to solve this problem. In addition, when it comes to information exchange, EU members established Information

and

Coordination

Network

for

Members

States

Migration

Management Services (ICONet) in order to improve exchange of information about illegal migration41. Also, EU has established network of immigration liaison officers (ILOs) who are posted abroad, in third countries, dealing with illegal immigration issues42 especially in Africa and Western Balkans43.

CONCLUSION As we can see, immigration, particularly illegal immigration, is one of the main challenges in European Union today and will be in the future as well as in the world. Number of immigrants is increasing rapidly. All European countries face this problem, both legal and illegal immigration. 39

Ibid, p.19 Ibid 41 COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION on Policy priorities in the fight against illegal immigration of third-country nationals. Brussels, 19.7.2006 http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/doc_centre/immigration/illegal/doc/sec_2006_1010_en.pdf 42 Common Manual For Immigration Liaison Officers. COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. Brussels 2006, April 2007, http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/apr/eu-draft-ILO-manual-8418-06.pdf 43 Policy priorities in the fight against illegal immigration. EU. 19 July 2006. April 2007. found at http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l14525.htm 40

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European countries, both on EU and national level, must choose appropriate approach in solving immigration problem. Illegal immigration should be priority in immigration policy. Some measures, mentioned above, that EU try to improve in order to fight against illegal immigration can give certain results, but enlarged European Union have to think about basic causes for illegal immigration and try to fight against them. These causes are both in countries of origin as well as in European Union itself. The lack of basic life opportunities in the developing countries and the lack of legal immigration opportunities in EU force people to break law. I believe that European Union, beside short-term measures, must choose longterm approach to solve immigration problem. Europe must decrease push factors in countries and regions that are the source of immigrants. It means that Europe must have stronger influence on these countries and try to support development and economic improvement. EU can do that through assistance in building a stable social and political structure as well as functioning economy in order to provide conditions for foreign investments. In such circumstances, international companies would move jobs to poor countries with cheaper labor and people would not migrate to find a job. In addition, European Union as well as United Nation must reinforce their peacekeeping and peace building capacities in order to stop wars and violence that are also causes for migration. Europe also has to provide more legal jobs, according to needs. With right integration policy, keeping real European democracy and trying to decrease xenophobia, immigration will not be problem.

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People want to live with dignity and they try to escape from poverty and wars in the “promise land”, in European Union. There are not borders that can stop people who want freedom. Anyway, Europe needs “fresh blood”. Europe in 21st century must accept role that United States of America had in 19th and in the beginning of 20th century and accept immigrants who want to live and work and together with them build European future.

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CONTENT LIST I N T R O D U C T I O N.....................................................................................................3 1. LABOUR IMMIGRATION IN EUROPEAN UNION...................................................4 1.1. Positive effects of immigration in EU.......................................................................4 1.2. Negative effects of immigration in EU.....................................................................7 2. ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION IN EUROPEAN UNION...................................................8 2.1. How illegal immigrants enter in European Union .................................................11 2.2. Link between illegal immigration and organized crime.........................................12 3. HOW EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ARE TACKLING ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION....13 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................16 RESOURCES....................................................................................................................20

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RESOURCES BOOKS International migration and development. Report of Secretary-General. 18 May 2006. March 2007, found at http://www.un.int/iom/SG%20report%20A%2060%20871%20Migration%20and% 20Development%20final%20EN.pdf Migration in an interconnected world: New directions for action. Report of the Global Commission on international migration. October 2005. March 2007, found at http://www.gcim.org/attachements/gcim-complete-report-2005.pdf Delgrado Godoy, Leticia. Immigration in Europe: realities and policies. University Rey Juan Carlos, 2002. March 2007, found at http://www.kent.ac.uk/wramsoc/workingpapers/firstyearreports/backgroundreport s/immigrationbackgroundreport.pdf A Common Policy on Illegal Immigration. House of Lords. 2002. 23 April 2007, found at http://www.jcwi.org.uk/archives/ukpollcy/lords_illegalimm.pdf, Futo, Jandl and Karsakova. A Survey of Illegal Migration and Human Smuggling in Central and Eastern Europe. Migracijske I Etnicke Teme/Migration and Ethnic Studies, 2005, March 2007, found at http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=8793 2003 Year Book on Illegal Migration. Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Central and Eastern Europe. International Centre for Migration Policy Development. Vienna. 2004. April 2007, found at http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPDWebsite/Asylum_and_Protection/_124__2003__Yearbook_Illegal_Migration_CE E.pdf

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WEB RESOURCES Annan, Kofi. Speech made to the European Parliament. 29 January 2004. March 2007, found at http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/sg-29jan2004.htm Migration News. UK: Migrants, Integration. 1 January 2007. 31 March 2007, http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3252_0_4_0 Fuller, Thomas. EU's great migration yields few ill effects. International Herald Tribune, 21 Oct 2006, 17 Oct 2007, http://www.iht.com/bin/print_ipub.php?file=/articles/2005/10/21/news/poles.php Remittances sent home by migrants workers boosts Poland’s economy. 02 March 2007, 31 March 2007, http://www.workpermit.com/news/2007_03_02/poland/remittances_migrant_work er_money.htm The future of Europe: Islamophobia? EurActiv. 11 October 2005. April 2007. http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/future-europe-islamophobia/article145688 Links between legal and illegal immigration. EU. 4 June 2004. April 2007. http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33191c.htm Organised illegal immigration into the European Union. Europol. 2005. 23 April 2007. found at http://www.europol.eu.int/publications/SeriousCrimeOverviews/2005/organised% 20illegal%20immigration2005.pdf Bruggeman, W., Deputy Director EUROPOL, 19 September 2002. April 2007, found at http://www.belgium.iom.int/STOPConference/Conference%20Papers/20%20Brug geman%20Brussels%20IOM.19.09.02.pdf FRONTEX- origin and tasks. April 2007. FRONTEX. http://www.frontex.europa.eu/origin_and_tasks/tasks/ Illegal immigration “crackdown”. BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6163610.stm

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UK Home Office plans biometric immigration document to control borders http://www.workpermit.com/news/2007_01_29/uk/biometric_immigration_id_datasharing.htm Illegally Resident Third Country Nationals in EU Member States. European Migration Network, Jan 2007, April 2007. p.18, http://www.ocma.gov.lv/images/documents/EMT_syntesys.pdf COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION on Policy priorities in the fight against illegal immigration of third-country nationals. Brussels, 19.7.2006 http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/doc_centre/immigration/illegal/doc/sec_2006_1 010_en.pdf Common Manual For Immigration Liaison Officers. COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. Brussels 2006, April 2007, http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/apr/eu-draft-ILO-manual-8418-06.pdf Policy priorities in the fight against illegal immigration. EU. 19 July 2006. April 2007. found at http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l14525.htm