If

tqifajy&if ESpf',f av;eJ @ jrm;-0ef e J @ tm; EdkifiHa&;vkyfw,fqdkwm uav;wa,mufvdk 'gr&&if rvkyfzl;qdk+yD; w&m;aooDtdk&DawG udk udkifpGJxm;vdk@r&yg/ w&m;ao udkifpGJ&rJh oDtdk&DawGuawmh udk,fusifhw&m;oDtdk&DawG yg? 'Dawmh jref@rmhpum;ykHawGu tvum;xm;wmr[kwfyg? pOf;pm;awG;ac:wwfatmif a&S; vl}uD;awG olwdk@tawG@t}uKHawGt& &vmwJh oDtdk&DawGudk aemufvmaemufom;awG rSwo f o l ;Hk pGzJ @kd xm;cJw h myg? aemufval wG vdt k yf&if tomav;,lo;Hk vd@k &ygw,f? em; vnfavmufr,fxifygw,f? EdkifiHa&;qdkwm a&G@vsm;aewJh trSefw&m;udk tcsdefum v ae&ma'oeJ@ udkufnDatmif udkifwG,fzrf;,l&jcif;jzpfygw,f? 'Da&G@vsm;aewJh trSef;w&m;udk rzrf;Edkif&if vnfaewJh vnf;bD;}uD;udk zufwG,fxm;ovdk vnf;bD;}uD; eJ@twl ygomG ;rSmyg? 'Dvkd a&G@vsm;aewJh trSew f &m;udk tcsed u f mveJ@tnD zrf;udik Ef ikd w f hJ yk*~dKvfxl;uawmh jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ wOD;aom Adokum OD;atmifqef;ygbJ? Adv k cf sKyfu a&G@vsm;aewJh trSew f &m;udk zrf;udik rf r_ mS awmh tifrwefawmfygw,f? a&G@ vsm;aewJh trSew f &m;udk udik w f , G zf @kd tifrwefowWv d J aumif;ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf u vGwf vyfa&;umv wav#mufv;Hk a&G@vsm;aewJh trSew f &m;udk &atmifqw k u f ikd Ef ikd w f m csnhf ygbJ &Snrf nfp;kd vd@k tao;pdwrf a&;awmhyg? uGseaf wmfw@kd Adv k cf sKyf&@J tvSnt hf ajymif; t auG@tapmif;awGudk w&m;aorqkwfudkifbJ a&G@vsm;aewJhtrSefw&m;awGudk OaESmuf t okH;cs+yD; udkifwG,fwwfzdk@vdkygw,f? rudkifwG,fEdkif&ifawmh vSnf;bD}uD;eJ@twl ygoGm; Edkif fygw,f? 'Dawmh 'Dae@jrefrmEdkifiHa&;ta=umif;ajym&atmifAsm? (etz)u&k'rf uf(7)ck qifomG ;w,f? ol@zJ olcsK;d ol@a0w,fayg@? [kw+f yD a0w,f/ ol@cg; rSmaAsmufcsdwfxm;w,f? &k'fruf(4)ta&;}uD;qkH;yg/ 'DawmifudkolEdkifvdk@ ausmfw,fayg@/ 'D awmh b,foal wGajczsuEf ikd o f vJ? jynfwiG ;f u Edik if aH &;orm;awG vky&f rJt h vkyaf wG r vkyfEdkifvdk@ jynfol@udk em;vnfatmif rpnf;&kH;Edkfifvdk@ tidkufrdw,fajymvJ&ygw,f? jynf yu a':vmpm; awmfveS af &;orm;awG bmwwfEikd v f J xm;awmh +yD;oGm;+yD? 'Dawmh (e tz)uawmh 'DavmufESpf&Snfvrsm; ol@vdkcsifwJh *Gifudk owfjzwf&dkufoGif; emrnfysufcH vmwm vJusoGm;atmmif cvkwfrwdkufrdawmh qufoGm;rSmayg@? cvkwfwdkufrdwJh (2007)a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefudkvJ vl;vJxqufav#mufaewmbJ? jynfwGif;u ay;qyfrJh olawGu wuGufcsefrxm;bJ &Sdwmtukef&_d;ac:xm;awmh qufvdkufp&mr&Sdawmh ol qufav#mufwmayg@? 'Dawmh (&k'fruf-6)a&mufvm+yD? jynfwiG ;f u Edik if aH &;ygw&D @J tvkyu f jynfoal wGukd pnf;&k;H zd@k tvkyf vkyv f @kd r&cJb h ;l / 'D awmh tiftm;u w&m;0ifrjyEdik af yrJh jyEdik w f t hJ csed f jyzd@k b?J 'D[mu a&G;aumufyrJG mS teft,fv'f 0D ifz@kd bJ rw&m;wm w&m;wm aemufjy&rJh oufao ckupd u P kd ckt&if&iS ;f &

ygr,f? Oyrmay;&&if taztaraovd@k tdr}f uD;udk armifErS awGw&m;rr_jzpf=uovdak yg?h w&m;jzpf+yDqdkuxJu rw&m;wJhvl&Sdvdk@ayg@ 'Dawmh rw&m;wJholu rw&m;wmawG vkyf rSmuawmh taotcsmygbJ? npfywfr,f/ aemufqkH;aoa=umif;}uHpnfwJhtxd jzpfrSbJ/ 'Dvdkjzpfvm&if w&m;wJholu tdrfay:uqif;ay;vdkuf&if rw&m;wJholu wjznf;jznf;eJ@ ywf0ef;usifua&m 'Dtdrfudk rw&m;wJholaeawmh ol@emrnfomod+yD; ol@tdrfvdk@ wGifoGm; +yD; =umvmawmh olyikd o f mG ;Edik w f mayg@? 'Dawmh tdraf y:urqif;bJ igvyJ ikd w f ,fq+kd yD; & atmif wufae qif;ay;p&mrvdkbl;/ 'Dvdk yg0ifywfoufa=umif;jyaerS ywf0ef;usifuvJ 'Dtrd u f ol@w@kd ESpaf ,mufyikd w f mvd@k todtrSwjf yKvmrSyg? 'DvdkbJ 'Daetajctaeu (etz)u tdrfay:uqif;atmif trsKd;rsKd;vkyfaewm yg0ifywf oufEdkifaewmudku EdkifiHa&;ygbJ? 'DvdkywfoufEdkifwmudku (1990)a&G;aumufyGJ &v'f& xm;vdk@qdkwm rarhzdk@vdkygw,f? (1990)a&G;aumufyGJrSm 0ifa&;r0ifa&;jzpfawmh 'Drdkua&pD udk ,k=H unf&if jynfo@l qENc, H &l rSm b,ftcsed jf zpfjzpfawG@&rSmbJqw kd m em;vnfv@kd 'Dae@ txd teft,fv'f D zsuv f @kd r&wmyg? tJ't D csed w f ;Hk uvJ ppftm%m&Siaf wGukd r,kv H @kd r 0ifcJh&if wjcm;ygwDawGeJ@twl aysmufoGm;wm =umyg+yD? 'Dawmh av;eJ@jrm;-0efeJ@tm;qdkovdk udk,fEdkifwJh0efudk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkifxrf;zdk@ygbJ/ ckawG@&rJh t ajctae t&if&Sif;Edkifzdk@bJ/ 'Dvkd0if+ydKifvdk@ npfvm&ifvJ rD'D,morm;awGu tcsdefeJ@ w ajy;nD az:xkwzf @kd wm0efausz@kd b?J aocsmayguaf jym&Jygw,f 0ifyg&if(50)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f ausmf uawmh tenf;jyef&rSmbJ? 'Dvjkd yef&&if (etz)awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&; pm;yGv J m&awmhr,f? r vmvdk@ xifwmvkyfvdk@r&awmhygbl;? 'Daemuf xifwma&;qGJcdkif;xm;wJh zGJ@pnf;ykHjyif&kHayg@? rjyif&if (&k'rf uf-7)t& v$waf wmf rwwfz;l ayg@? aemuf vkypf &mawGtrsm;}uD;&Syd gw,f? ckavmavmq,f olyikd w f ,f igyikd w f ,f jiif;aewJh tdr}f uD;ay:u qif;ray;zd@k ta&;}uD;yg w,f? qif;ay;vdu k &f ifawmh aemufvl trnfayguo f mG ;Edik yf gw,f? 'gu w&m;0if &yf wnfaewJh w&m;0ifygwDtwGufyg? ppf0g'DawGuawmh vkyf&dk;vkyfpOf&dk;&dk;vkyfwwfwmbJ/ (1960)a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfw,f/ (1974)tajccH zGJ@pnf;ykHa&G; (rqv)vkyfw,f/ (1960)u tbawG yg;pyfta[mif;om;eJ@ =unfhae&w,f? (1990)vkyfay;w,f/ olzmom zGJ@pnf;ykHa&;qGJw,f (2010)vkyfr,f? 'D=um;tcsdefxJrSm a':vmpm;awG vkyfjyEdkif&ifawmh udkom0tvSLvkyfovdk ajym&rSayg@? ud k o m0tvS L vk y f w m qif ; &J a wmh =umZH [ if ; w',f b J a=uG ; Ed k i f w ,f / ol @ cif w J h o l awGu =umZH[if;b,fESpf',fvJar;&if (tqif a jyES p f ' ,f v d k @ ajzw,f ) bmvdk@vJ ar;awmh ol@trsKd;awG rdwfaqGu t&if}udKtvSLaiGul&if aemufw',f qufcsuf rJhtawG;eJ@ tqifajy&ifESpf',fvdk@ ajymvdkufwmayg@? 'D a wmh ud k , f o m0ajymovd k =um;umvrS a':vmpm;awG eJ e J a vmuf &if ; Ed k i f & if awmh tqif a jy&if ES p f ' ,f a vmuf j zpf v mEd k i f w mayg@? aX;aZmf ( tif ; 0)