Hp Pavilion G4-g6-g7 Quanta R23 Amd Sabin Uma-muxless Schematic Diagram 1a

FUSE The definition of a fuse is an electrical safety device that can stop current from flowing if it becomes overloaded, or a device that is used to ignite an explosive device. In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it, thereby interrupting the current. Checking : If you’re using a digital multimeter set to measure continuity, the meter should beep continuously as you hold the leads to the ends of the fuse. That means the circuit is complete. If it does not do so, the fuse is blown. You should always test that your multimeter is functioning correctly before using by touching the two probes together. If you hear a beep, your multimeter is working correctly and ready to use.

NTC thermistor NTC stands for “Negative Temperature Coefficient”. NTC thermistors are resistors with a negative temperature coefficient, which means that the resistance decreases with increasing temperature. They are primarily used as resistive temperature sensors and current-limiting devices. The temperature sensitivity coefficient is about five times greater than that of silicon temperature sensors (silistors) and about ten times greater than those of resistance temperature detectors (RTDs). NTC sensors are typically used in a range from −55°C to 200°C. NTC thermistor definition An NTC thermistor is a thermally sensitive resistor whose resistance exhibits a large, precise and predictable decrease as the core temperature of the resistor increases over the operating temperature range. NTC thermistor symbol The following symbol is used for a negative temperature coefficient thermistor, according to the IEC standard.

NTC thermistor IEC standard

PTC thermistors PTC stands for „Positive Temperature Coefficient“. PTC thermistors are resistors with a positive temperature coefficient, which means that the resistance increases with increasing temperature. PTC thermistor definition A PTC thermistor is a thermally sensitive resistor whose resistance increases significantly with temperature. PTC thermistor symbol The following symbol is used for a positive temperature coefficient thermistor, according to the IEC standard.

PTC thermistor symbol IEC standard

Ring Resister A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

SMD Resister

Surface-mount technology (SMT) is a method for producing electronic circuits in which the components are mounted or placed directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards (PCBs).

Network Resister Network resistor is a passive circuit element that is a combination of multiple resistances. It forms a convenient solution when the user needs multiple resistances while constructing a circuit. The manner in which the constituent resistances are combined can vary according to the circuit requirement.

DIODE The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking it in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). As such, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current (ac) to direct current (dc). Forms of rectifiers, diodes can be used for such tasks as extracting modulation from radio signals in radio receivers.

Reverse bias If an external voltage is placed across the diode with the same polarity as the built-in potential, the depletion zone continues to act as an insulator, preventing any significant electric current flow (unless electron–hole pairs are actively being created in the junction by, for instance, light; see photodiode). This is called the reverse bias phenomenon. Forward bias However, if the polarity of the external voltage opposes the built-in potential, recombination can once again proceed, resulting in a substantial electric current through the p–n junction (i.e. substantial numbers of electrons and holes recombine at the junction). For silicon diodes, the built-in potential is approximately 0.7 V (0.3 V for germanium and 0.2 V for Schottky). Thus, if an external voltage greater than and opposite to the built-in voltage is applied, a current will flow and the diode is said to be "turned on" as it has been given an external forward bias. The diode is commonly said to have a forward "threshold" voltage, above which it conducts and below which conduction stops. However, this is only an approximation as the forward characteristic is smooth.

How to test Diode We know that fact that resistance of diode in forward biased condition is low and the resistance of diode in reverse biased condition is high. Keep the multimeter in the ohmmeter section. If we measure the resistance of a diode using the connections like red lead to anode and black lead(common) to cathode, a healthy forward biased diode will give low resistance. A high resistance reading in both directions indicates an open(defective device) condition, while a very low resistance reading in both directions will probably indicate a shorted device.

Power Diode Introduction: Diode is a two terminal P-N junction semiconductor device, with terminals anode (A) and cathode (C). Symbol: The symbol of the Power diode is same as signal level diode.

If terminal A experiences a higher potential compared to terminal K, the device is said to be forward biased and a forward current will flow from anode to cathode. This causes a small voltage drop across the device (<1V) called as forward voltage drop(Vf), which under ideal conditions is usually ignored. By contrast, when a diode is reverse biased, it does not conduct and the diode then experiences a small current flowing in the reverse direction called the leakage current.

Capacitors What is the main function of a capacitor? Its function is to store the electrical energy and give this energy again to the circuit when necessary. In other words, it charges and discharges the electric charge stored in it. Besides this, the functions of a capacitor are as follows: It blocks the flow of DC and permits the flow of AC.

A capacitor made from two conductive plates with an insulator between them and it stores electrical energy in the form of an electric field. A capacitor blocks the DC signals and allows the AC signals and also used with a resistor in a timing circuit. The capacitor formula is represented by C = EA/d Capacitance (C) is proportional with the Permittivity ℰ of dielectric medium and proportional to the area of the two conducting plates (A). The value of the capacitance depends on the distance between the plates (d). The larger the area of the plates separated by a small distance, the greater the capacitance and located in a high Permittivity material. By varying E, d or A one can easily change the value of C. Unit of the capacitor ‘Farad’. But it is usually found in micro farad, Pico farad and nano farad.

The stored charge is Q=CV Where C is the V is the applied voltage.

capacitance

of

a

capacitor

and

Capacitors These capacitors are different types like film, ceramic, electrolytic and variable capacitors. For finding its value number and color coding methods are used and it also possible to find the capacitance value with LCR meters.

Types of Capacitors

The various types of capacitors are:

Paper Capacitor

Paper Capacitor Ceramic Capacitor

Ceramic Capacitor Electrolyte Capacitor

Eletctrolytic Capacitor

Polyester Capacitor

Polyester Capacitor Poly Carbonate Capacitors

Polycarbonate Capacitor Variable Capacitor

Variable Capacitor

Measuring That Charge How can you measure how much charge is stored in a capacitor? Every cap is made to hold a specific amount of capacitance. This is measured in Farads, after the English Chemist Michael Faraday. Because one Farad will hold a ton of electrical charge, you’ll typically see capacitors measured in picofarads or microfarads. Here’s a helpful chart that shows how these measurements break down: Name

Abbreviation

Farads

Picofarad

pF

0.000000000001 F

Nanofarad

nF

0.000000001 F

Microfarad

uF

0.000001 F

Milifarad

mF

0.001 F

Kilofarad

kF

1000 F

Now, to figure out how much charge a capacitor is currently storing you need this equation: Q = CV In this equation, the total charge is represented by (Q), and the relationship of that charge can be found by multiplying a capacitor’s capacitance (C), and the voltage applied to it (V). One thing to note here, the capacitance of a capacitor has a direct relationship to its voltage. So the more you increase or decrease the voltage source in a circuit, the more or less charge that your capacitor will have.

Capacitance in Parallel and Series Circuits When you place capacitors in parallel in a circuit, you can find the total capacitance by adding all of the individual capacitances together.

Getting the total capacitance in a parallel circuit is as easy as 1+1, just add them all together! (Image source) When placing capacitors in series, the total capacitance of your circuit is the inverse of all your capacitances added together. Here’s a quick example, if you have two 10F capacitors wired in a series, then they’ll produce a total capacitance of 5F.

Getting total capacitance in a series circuit is a bit tougher. Capacitance gets cut in half.

General uses of Capacitors                           

It is used for smoothing in power supply applications when required to convert the signal from AC to DC. Signal coupling and decoupling as a capacitor coupling. It used for electrical power factor correction. In radio systems, LC oscillator is connected for tuning to the desired frequency. Used for the fixed discharging and charging time of the capacitors. For Storing Energy. It allows an AC current to pass and blocks DC current in circuits. The frequency of any signal you’re trying to couple or noise you’re trying to suppress Minimum/maximum value required Desirable value Package/lead style Operating/maximum voltage Tolerance Equivalent series resistance Polarized ok? Or need non-polarized Operating temperature Tolerance including temperature coefficient Leakage Size requirement Price objective Price budget Customer’s prejudices Availability/lead time Lifetime requirement ROHS requirements Sample availability Tape and Reel Manufacturer’s reputation

Power Capacitor Power conditioning. Reservoir capacitors are used in powersupplies where they smooth the output of a full or half wave rectifier. They can also be used in charge pump circuits as the energy storage element in the generation of higher voltages than the input voltage

What is power capacitor?

Power capacitors are passive electronic components that provide a static source of reactive power in electrical distribution systems. They consist of two conducting plates separated by an insulating material called the dielectric

Check a Multimeter

Capacitor

By

a

Digital

To test a capacitor by DMM (Digital Multimeter), follow the steps given below. 1. Make sure the capacitor is discharged. 2. Set the meter on Ohm range (Set it at lease 1000Ohm = 1k). 3. Connect the meter leads to the capacitor terminals. 4. Digital meter will show some numbers for a second. Note the reading. 5. And then immediately it will return to the OL (Open Line). Every attempt of Step 2 will show the same result as was in step 4 and Step 5. It’s mean that Capacitor is in Good Condition. 6. If there is no Change, then Capacitor is dead.

Inductor Inductor

A selection of low-value inductors

Type

Passive

Working principle Electromagnetic induction

First production

Michael Faraday (1831)

Electronic symbol

An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic fieldwhen electric current flows through it. An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil around a core.

Definition: The inductor is a passive component which stores the electrical energy in the magnetic field when the electric current passes through it. Or we can say that the inductor is an electrical device which possesses the inductance. The inductor is made of wire which has the property of inductance, i.e., opposes the flow of current. The inductance of wire increases by increasing the number of turns. The alphabet ‘L’ is used for representing the inductor, and it is measured in Henry. The inductance characterises the inductor. The figure below shows the symbolic representation of inductor.

The electric current I flows through the coil generates the magnetic field around it. Consider the magnetic field generates the flux Φ when current flows through it. The ratio

of the flux and the current gives inductances. The inductance of the circuit depends on the current paths and the magnetic permeability of the nearer material. The magnetic permeability shows the ability of the material to forms the magnetic field. How Inductor Works? The inductor is an electrical device used for storing the electrical energy in the form of the magnetic field. It is constructed by wounding the wire on the core. The cores are made of ceramic material, iron or by the air. The core may be toroidal or E- shaped. The coil-carrying the electric current induces the magnetic field around the conductor. The intensity of the magnetic field increases if the core is placed between the coil. The core provides the low reluctance path to the magnetic flux.

The magnetic field induces the EMF in the coil which causes the current. And according to Lenz’s law, the causes always oppose the effect. Here, the current is the causes, and it is induced because of the voltage. Thus, the EMF oppose the change of current that changes the magnetic field. The current which reduces because of the inductance is known as the inductive reactance. The inductive reactance increases with the increase of the number of turn of coils. Use of Inductor They are used to block AC while allowing DC to pass; inductors designed for this purpose are called chokes. They are also used in electronic filters to separate signals of different frequencies, and in combination with capacitors to make tuned circuits, used to tune radio and TV receivers.

Power Inductor

PL

Inductors are used as the energy storage device in many switchedmode powersupplies to produce DC current. The inductor supplies energy to the circuit to keep current flowing during the "off" switching periods and enables topographies where the output voltage is higher than the input voltage. SMD Inductor

Surface mount power inductors are used to store energy while also filtering EMI currents with a low-loss inductance for voltage conversion applications. They are also used in DC-to-DC converters for a wide range of products in a variety of applications. Requiring minimal printed circuit board (PCB) space, power inductors provide a highperformance, multiphase design that significantly reduces the overall system cost.

TRANSFORMER Definition of Transformer. A transformer is a static device which transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through the process of electromagnetic induction. It is most commonly used to increase ('step up') or decrease ('step down') voltage levels between circuits. What is a transformer simple definition? transformer. A device used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another. With an alternating current, a transformer will either raise or lower the voltage as it makes the transfer Step-Up Transformer

Step Up Transformer A step up transformer is the one in which the primary voltage of the coil is lesser than secondary voltage. A Step-up transformer can be used for increasing voltage in the circuit. It is used in flexible ac transmission systems. Step-Down Transformer

Step down transformer A step-down transformer is used for reducing the voltage. The type of transformer in which the primary voltage of the coil is greater than the secondary voltage is termed as step down transformer. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high voltage to a safer low voltage. Auto Transformer An autotransformer is a transformer in which part of the winding is common to both primary and secondary circuits. Not all the power traveling from the primary to secondary winding of the autotransformergoes through the windings, so it can handle more power than a standard transformer, with the same windings.