Harsh Ada

WELCOME

MELATONIN – USE AS MEDICINE •

-BY HARSHADA PATIL GUIDE- SUGANDHA CHAUDHARI

WHAT IS MELATONIN? • Melatonin is an important hormone secreted by PINEAL GLAND. • It is 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine. • It is all natural nightcap. • It is normally released during the night in response to environmental changes in light levels by pineal gland.

PINEAL GLAND • It is tiny gland buried deep in the brain behind the eyes • It is controlled by a paired cluster of nerve cells known as suprachiasmatic nuclei • Pineal gland consist of two major cell typePIEALOCYTES & IMMATURE ASTROCYTES

Structure of pineal gland

Histologically, the pineal is composed of "pinealocytes" and glial cells. In older animals, the pineal often is contains calcium deposits ("brain sand").

BIOSYNTESIS Tryptopan 5-Hydroxy tryptophan 5-Hydroxy tryptamine (serotonin) Melatonin

ROLE OF MELATONIN • In the regulation of neuroendocrine system • In the regulation of circadian sleep wake cycle • It also control essential function such as metabolism, sex drive, reproduction, appetite, balance, muscular coordination and immune system in fighting off diseases

FIVE PHASES OF SLEEP • Stage 1-light sleep • Stage 2-sleep spindles • Stage 3-slow brain wave called delta waves begin to appear • Stage 4-deep sleep • Stage 5-REM sleep

SLEEP DISORDER • Primary sleep disorder-increase sleep latency. • Secondary sleep disorder-decrease sleep latency. • Sleep Restriction-decrease total sleep time • Sleep apnea-interrupted breathing during

MELATONIN FOR TREATMENT OF SLEEP DISORDERS • Melatonin decreased sleep onset latency in people with primary sleep disorder. • Melatonin increased sleep efficiency in people with a secondary sleep disorder. • Melatonin significantly increased total sleep time in people suffering from sleep Restriction.

SLEEP APNEA • Obstructive Sleep apnea- occurs when tissues in upper throat collapse at interval during sleep. • Central sleep apnea- problem in central nervous system • Mixed sleep apnea- including both type. • Upper airway resistance syndrome- patient complain about excessive daytime sleepiness & they may wake frequently during night.

USE OF MELATONIN IN SLEEP APNEA • It maintain circadian rhythm also know as biological clock. • It is act as body’s time setting hormone • It also appears to serve as trigger for need to sleep.

USE IN INSOMNIA

• Melatonin taken by mouth 30 to 120 minutes prior to bedtime decreases the amount of time it taken to fall asleep in elderly individuals with insomnia

SCHIZOPHRENIA • Schizophrenia is psychotic illness is characterized by delusions hallucination & thought disorder together with social withdrawal flattening of emotional responses • Acute episodes frequently recur & develop into chronic schizophrenia with predominantly negative symptoms.

ROLE OF MELATONIN • It act as antagonists at dopamine D2 receptors & also block other monoamine receptors especially 5HT2

USE OF MELATONIN IN DIFFERENT SLEEP DISORDER • • • • •

In delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) In sleep enhancement in healthy people In sleep EEG Rett syndrome Sleep disturbances due to pineal region damage • Sleep in asthma

DEPRESSION

• Depression is the most affective disorder; it may range from very mild condition, bordering on normality to serve depression accompanied by hallucination & delusion • Theory of depression is the monoamine hypothesis which states that depression is caused by functional deficit of monoamine transmitters at certain sites in brain

ROLE OF MELATONIN • Melatonin has been suggested for the improvement of sleep patterns in patient with depression • Melatonin act on monoamine receptors in particular B 1 & B 2 adrenoreceptors are consistently downrequlated following chronic melatonin treatment

EPILEPSY

• Epilepsy is very common disorder characterized by seizures which take various forms & result from episodic neuronal discharge • The seizure is caused by asynchronous high frequency discharge of groups of neurons starting locally & spreading to varying extent to affect other part of the brain

USE IN EPILEPSY • Melatonin was first reported to improve significantly clinical electroencephalogram patterns in untreatable epileptic with different aetiologies. • It enhance activation of GABA receptors thus facillitating the GABA mediated opening of chloride channels. • It inhibit the enzyme GABA transaminase which is responsible for inactivating GABA & inhibit the GABA uptake

OXIDATIVE STRESS • Oxidative stress is defined as the cellular damage caused by oxygen free radicals. • The two type of oxygen free radicals, the superoxide anion & hydroxyl radical are naturally produced by product of aerobic metabolism ,the latter binding more biologically toxic.

MELATONIN & ITS ROLE IN AGING AND OXIDATIVE STRESS • Melatonin’s protecting role in aging lies in its non-recepter mediated interaction as apotent radial scavenger. • It reduces DNA damage • It stimulate the activity of glutathione peroxidase.

USE IN CANCER • Prostate cancer • Mammary cancer

PROSTATE CANCER • Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that originates in the prostate gland and can eventually spread to other organs, bones, and tissues. • Melatonin levels are lower in people with prostate cancer than those without cancer. • It is found that melatonin inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells.

MAMMARY CANCER • Melatonin regulates the pituitary and gonadal hormones that control mammary gland development. • This hormone also responsible for growth of hormone dependent mammary tumors. • Melatonin act directly on tumoral cells, as naturally occurring antiestrogen.

OSTEOPOROSIS • The human skeleton undergoes a continuous process of remodelling throughout life some bone being reabsorbed & new bone laid down. • With advancing age there is an increasing possibility of structural deterioration & decreased bone mineral density known as osteoporosis.

USE IN OSTEOPOROSIS • Melatonin stimulate cell called osteoblasts that promote bone growth. • Melatonin levels may also be lower in some older individuals such as postmenopausal women.

HIV • All HIV infection are initially caused by transmission of virus that recognises the CCR5 & CD4 badges & infects the cells displaying them. • There is a progressive loss of CD4 helper T cells.

USE OF MELATONIN • Melatonin enhances the production of Thelper cells. • It also enhances the production of natural killer cells (NAK) • It also has an effect on cytokines- such as interieukin-2 .

USE IN OTHER DISORDER • Alzheimer’s disease ( sleep disorder) • Tardive dyskinesia • High blood pressure (hypertension)

WHAT IS PHARMACY GRADE MELATONIN? • Natural, animal ,or bovine grade melatonin contains the actual extracts of pineal gland. • The alternative is synthetic or pharmacy grade melatonin, which produced from pharmaceutical grade ingredient.

SAFTEY • Least toxic. • Less side effect. • FDA reports.

THE END