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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

Removing Some Possible Stains on Various Surfaces Using the Sanitizing Property of Allium sativum and Acetic acid as a Non-toxic Multi-surface Cleaner

An Investigatory Project Presented to the Faculty of the Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernadino Memorial Trade School Marilao, Bulacan

In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Biology II

Del Mundo, Angela Julianne L. Dela Fuente, Angelica Mae B. Tangonan, Miguel Jordan V. Acbayan, Jhon Kenneth A. Cuerdo, Amylexianne Q. Dela Cruz, John Paul S. Donato, Romeo Jr. B. Cayongcong, Ariel D. Grajo, Jervismarc O. Apelacio, Jenard S. Investigators

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents..........................................................................................2 Acknowledgement…………………………………………………….………….3 Abstract.........................................................................................................4 Introduction...................................................................................................5 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………….….7 Significance of the Study……………………………………………………….....8 Definition of Terms………………………………………………………………...10 Review of Related Literature……………………………………………………11 Methodology................................................................................................14 Data Analysis……………………………………………….……………………17 Conclusion and Recommendation..............................................................25 Summary.....................................................................................................26 References..................................................................................................28

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

Acknowledgement First of all, we give all our praises and gratitude to The Almighty God for establishing us with strength and wisdom to complete this research. We also express are sincere thanks to our teacher in Biology, Mrs. Madeline Manansala for providing us with all the necessary information and guiding us in doing this research. I place on record, our sincere gratitude to our families for their constant support, understanding and encouragement in the making and conducting of this project. We also thank our adviser, Mr. Irvin Eugenio for the constant support and guidance in the fulfillment of the research. We take this opportunity to record our sincere thanks to all the panelist of our first defense that guided and gave us an idea about the project which then helped us in conducting this project. We also extend our gratitude to our classmates and friends and all of the people who contributed directly or indirectly in the fulfillment of this requirement.

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

Abstract Garlic (Allium sativum) and Vinegar (Acetic Acid) are commonly seen in households. Its uses are more popular as ingredients in different cuisines but its benefits was unknown to most people. Allium sativum was reported as a wonderful medicinal plant and Acetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of chemical compounds. Both contains sanitizing properties which can help to get rid all of the stubborn stains such as sauce spill, melted chocolate, cooking oil, etc. The purpose of the study is to create a non-toxic multi-surface cleaner to wipe off the dirt and to sanitize also a particular surface. The researchers chopped four to five cloves of garlic and let it sit for about ten minutes then put it on a bowl and pour two parts water and one part vinegar where the chopped garlic is residing. The spray bottle must be clean and sterilized before transferring the mixture of garlic and vinegar. The bottle was poured in hot water and rinsed. Only then the mixture can be transferred. Amount of scent may be added on the mixture to avoid the strong odor of it. Finally, the cleaner spray may now be of use. The mixture was used in different stains on different surfaces in order to assess its efficacy.

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

CHAPTER I The Problem and Its Background Introduction House is a building for human inhabitation wherein concentration of indoor pollutant is higher than the outdoors that is why cleaning is essential. In order to clean stains on the surfaces such as tables, walls and countertops, various concepts of the prominent multi-surface cleaners rise without people knowing its noxious content. Most of the surface cleaners are too toxic and hazardous because of its chemical content such as sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite that can permanently burn eyes and skin. Meanwhile, most of the people widely consume garlic only as seasoning, condiment or ingredient for daily food, not knowing the other purposes of it, especially in terms of its vigorous properties. Allium sativum, or commonly known as garlic, is a convenient and valuable herb, plant or vegetable that grows around the world. When it comes to garlic, many researches primarily tackle about its health benefits prior to its other purposes such as killing bacteria. On the other side, acetic acid or white vinegar has also proven itself a great disinfectant and bacteria-killer. According to David Suzuki Foundation, acetic acid really tackles salmonella,

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

E. coli and other “gram-negative” bacteria that causes pneumonia, meningitis and bloodstream, wound or surgical site infections. Combining the idea of the versatile garlic and white vinegar disinfectant into the harmless surface cleaner spray would make a huge impact particularly in cleaning households without any hazardous acts. The main purpose of the study is to create a home-made product that promotes the antimicrobial properties of garlic and white vinegar as an alternative multi-surface cleaner spray compare to other surface cleaner. Within this, the researchers and even the community then can clean dirt on surfaces by using the great nontoxic product that is entirely made from natural ingredients if it worked as a multi-purpose cleaner on a wide variety surfaces where dirt and microorganisms can. To make it clear, the research aims to observe the potency of the cleaner spray made from garlic and vinegar as an eliminator of different stains on various surfaces. While garlic suggests numerous health benefits, the research only considered its bacteria-cleaning benefit. The scope of the study includes the antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum, and the properties of other ingredients such as the acetic logarithmic scale (pH) of white vinegar that make the surface cleaner effective. The study will show the effect of the product to surfaces specifically table, wall, countertops, floor, and door.

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

Statement of the Problem Making a do-it-yourself surface cleaner undergoes process and is not an easy task to do. Garlic, as given, can be an alternative nontoxic surface cleaner because of its antimicrobial content together with the vinegar. The following are the research questions that shall be clarified along with the study: 1. What is the primary role of Allium sativum in the experiment? 2. What is the main component of garlic that makes it able to remove dirt or microorganisms? 3. What is the significance of putting the vinegar during the process of experiment? 4. Does the scent affects the effectiveness of the product? 5. Is there any standard measure in applying the surface cleaner in different surfaces? 6. What is the advantage of replacing your chemically infused surface cleaner with the organic Allium sativum surface cleaner? 7. How do this surface cleaner differ from other products in terms of: a. ingredients used in experiment?

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

b. toxicity? c. efficacy of the product?

Significance of the Study The results of the study will be of great benefit to the following: To the school. The study will provide the students with knowledge about the essence of garlic and vinegar especially the benefits that they could get on how to make their own garlic with vinegar multisurface cleaner. It will give the students a realization that would finally know why garlic and vinegar is very important to people especially the purpose of this multi-surface cleaner. This Allium sativum with vinegar multi-surface cleaner aims to provide a better multi-surface cleaner for surfaces such as wood, glass and plastic. To home.

The research aims to produce an alternative

nontoxic multi-surface cleaner that can be used to help in household chores. The study would provide families a cleaner easily made from natural ingredients and guide families on what to do with the garlic. Parents would be able to understand on why some people want to get some garlic and use it regularly and know why vinegar is very important as cleaning agents. It claims that garlic is an antimicrobial ingredients and vinegar as a

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

preservatives. The two ingredients is perfect combination because it is affordable, effective and available. To the community. The research can raise the awareness of the community as to why garlic and vinegar is very versatile to daily life. The study would help them formulate some preventive measures to help the community and learn some useful information. The study will also provide the community a new product that they can make in home with natural ingredients that's why garlic and vinegar is very important.

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

Definition of Terms Terms are defined conceptually and operationally for clearer understanding of the study. Conceptual definition refers to meaning that is derived from a certain idea while operational definition refers to the meaning of word that is based on how it is used in the study. Countertop. Horizontal work surface in kitchens or other food preparation areas, bathrooms or lavatories, and workrooms in general. Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the gram-staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner cytoplasmic cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane. Logarithmic scale. Nonlinear scale used when there is a large range of quantities. Common uses include earthquake strength, sound loudness, light intensity, and pH of solutions. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Also known as caustic soda or lye, is a highly versatile substance used in a variety of manufacturing processes. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) Compound that can be effectively used for water purification.

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature and Studies Surface Cleaning Sprays' Noxious Composition Surfactant is usually the main composition of consumer products such as cleaning agents and is generally described in the form of such acute toxicity data (Falbe, 2012). The previous study stated that surfactants at low concentration can sometimes kill fishes and can have more unsatisfying outcome if the surfactant is being high-concentrated. In this study, the toxicity of the surfactant which is held by cleaning agents can be observed evidently. This suggests that household cleaning supply can be harmful in many ways especially when the poisonous cleaning product is ingested, inhaled or touched. Bacteria-killing Property of Garlic According to the study of Pasteur, a French chemist and microbiologist, garlic's potential as antibacterial agent is capable of killing bacteria the way penicillin does and can disinfect bacteria from wounds. This study proved that garlic is an anti-microbial and anti-bacterial agent to heal wounds and to treat infections. But, it is stated that the efficacy of garlic to be in an antibiotic needs more research to have definite conclusions. The study tackles about garlic as an anti-microbial agent but discusses its

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

medical purpose. Thus, it is much related to the study conducting by the researchers because of its anti-bacterial property. The "Antibacterial effect of Garlic Aqueous Extract on Staphylococcus aureus in Hamburger" study of Amir Sasan Mozaffari Nejad, Sharokh Shabani and Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini (2014) expressed that the Allium sativum (garlic) is one of the herbs who's a potential inhibitor for food pathogens but can also has potential antibacterial effect. Foods are contaminated with pathogens which can cause danger to consumer’s health so the study provided an experiment to help the shelf life of a food increase, and also the possibilities of food poisoning and spoilage in processed foods decrease. In this study, the garlic aqueous extract was prepared under sterile conditions and was added in 1, 2, and 3 mL to 100g hamburger samples. The experiment proved garlic's property as antimicrobial which can kill the pathogens residing in food. The study of Selene Yeager states that allicin, one of the active principles of freshly crushed garlic homogenates, has a variety of antimicrobial activities. Allicin in its pure form was found to exhibit i) antibacterial activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and Grampositive bacteria, including multidrug-resistant enter toxicogenic strains of Escherichia coli; ii) antifungal activity. The medicinal use of garlic as an antifungal agent has been validated by numerous research papers and publications. Most of the antifungal properties of garlic have been attributed to Allicin, a phytochemical that is produced when raw garlic cloves are ACADEMIC TRACK – SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS STRAND DECEMBER 2018 GROUP -4 ZAIDO

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

crushed or chopped. To maximize the Allicin-content of your garlic dishes, you should let the chopped or crushed garlic sit several minutes before using it. Research shows that allowing chopped or crushed garlic to sit for 10 to 15 minutes before using it can significantly increase the amount of Allicin it produces. Antioxidants in garlic help protect the body from free radicals, destructive oxygen molecules that attack healthy cells and that can cause cellular damage. Due to their destructive effects on cells, free radicals are heavily implicated in several diseases including eye disorders, dementia, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular problems, diabetes, atherosclerosis, an impaired immune system, certain types of cancer, and even Alzheimer's disease. According to Peltier (2018), vinegar is usually used to clean surfaces virtually. Which means when you clean with it, you can actually see the difference without using a microscope or other equipment. It is due to the power of vinegar's acidity level which makes it easy to remove dirt or other stains. It is also used on different surfaces such as cooktops, ceramic tiles and wood floors. Distilled white vinegar also removes soap scums, grease and other stains which water alone cannot remove. It is also able to deodorize objects which is another fascinating fact about an important variable in this project, the vinegar. Vinegar also works well together with other materials such as lemon or lime. It can also help the garlic in doing the job of this product. This supports other materials' ability to clean by amplifying it.

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

CHAPTER III Methodology Gathering of materials To make a conclusion about the efficacy of garlic as a surface cleaner, we created a mixture that will act as our sample but preparation for the materials or ingredients is primary a requisite on how to make this simple non-toxic surface cleaner. The spray bottle we will use as container and a mean to spray the mixture on surfaces would be better if underwent through sterilization process. Of course, the main variable in this study, the garlic, is also needed which can easily be found in households. It is one of the most common ingredient used in foods and can usually found in most refrigerators. Other variables present in the mixture are water, vinegar and your desired scent which is optional. Mixture proper Before proceeding to the mixture itself, four to five cloves of garlic are needed to be chopped. Let it sit for about ten to fifteen minutes. This way, the important chemical compound called Allicin, theoretically according to some previous studies will proliferate in amount significantly. Allicin has its antibacterial and antifungal property which will make huge increment in the effectiveness of our product but this Allicin is the one

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

responsible for the distinctive odor of the garlic. Continuing the process, we will put the chopped garlic in a bowl. After this we will pour two parts water and one-half par vinegar in the bowl where the chopped garlic is residing. Vinegar will help in making the mixture effective. The next thing to do is to transfer the mixture of garlic and vinegar in a clean spray bottle. But before transferring, sterilization is a must. It will make the product last longer and it will not affect the effectiveness of the mixture. If not sterilized, it may be contaminated and will spoil the mixture easily. Pour the bottle in hot water, then rinse again. Using a funnel transfer the mixture. Presence of the Desired Scent In this product, the presence of your desired scent is optional but will play a major role. This will provide extra rejuvenating scent which will depend on your preference which will give you higher satisfaction in making this product. Just add a little amount of scent on the mixture and you are done. Your surface cleaner is now ready to use. Testing of the Product In order to test the effectiveness of the product, the researchers used the product in different materials, each material also has different stain or dirt that will measure the efficacy of the surface cleaner. The materials are as follows: glass and plastic table, ceramic countertop, concrete wall1 and wooden door. As for the variables or materials that will be used to measure the effectiveness of our product, there are three per

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

surface which is commonly seen on that specific area. Variables are defined as any object or thing that varies quantitatively or qualitatively. In this case, the variables are the different surfaces and the various stains to be acted upon. According to the dictionary, stain is a dirty mark that cannot be easily removed. The list of stains tested in the experiment are as follows: Dirt. Substance like mud or dust that makes surface unclean or dirty. Sauce spill. Characterized by spillage of viand sauce or condiments such as ketchup, mayonnaise, gravy, and mustard. Beverage spill. Stain made from spilled beverages such as soft drinks, milk, fruit juices, etc. Marker ink. Stain made by writing with a marker. Candle wax. Melted candle. Adhesive. Substance, like glue, paste or tape, which holds material. Cooking oil. Spilled or excess oil used for cooking. Crayons. Stain from coloring crayons that is made from wax. The above mentioned variables are the ones that are used in conducting the testing of the product. The researchers then applied the surface cleaner in each area containing specific stains. This will determine which surface is the best place and perfect stains to use this surface cleaner.

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

CHAPTER IV Data Analysis In this chapter, data are shown in the form of table. The mixture of garlic and vinegar was used as a multi-surface cleaner to know its efficacy to the different stains on surfaces. The research instrument used in the study was experiment and observation. The researchers only made one experiment for each stain on each surface (3 stains each on glass and plastic table, concrete wall, ceramic countertop and wooden door) leading to 16 experiments because the efficacy tested is just a matter of being removed or not. The results of the experiment are shown in five tables indicating the five surfaces the experiment was being held. Table 1. Efficacy of the Product to Different Stains on Plastic Table Stain

Sauce spill

Marker ink

Beverage spill

Results

This type of stain was not easy to remove in seconds because the sauce spill spread out while being cleaned. However, it was fully removed at some point. Permanent marker ink cannot be removed just by the mixture of garlic and vinegar, however, marker ink that were not permanent was cleansed easily.

Without putting any extra effort, the stain was easily removed.

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

Plastic is a synthetic material that resists corrosion or chemicals. Stains like sauce spill, especially beverage spill, will not be absorbed by the table’s plastic property and will remain in their viscous nonNewtonian fluid (fluid that is composed of solids in suspension of liquids) and liquid form respectively. They were the ones that can easily be cleansed using the mixture of garlic and vinegar. The effect of the mixture to the marker ink, on the other hand, varies whether the marker is permanent or non-permanent. Permanent markers are composed of volatile organic compound that evaporate to dry the ink and it is water-resistant (Wikipedia, 2018). It can only be removed through the use of high pressure cleaning, paint thinner and such. Table 2. Efficacy of the Product to Different Stains on Glass Table Stain

Results

Sauce spill

Like on the plastic table, the spill spread out a little but cleansed afterwards.

Beverage spill

Like on the plastic table, the stain was easily and effortlessly removed.

Candle wax

Fresh melted candle just expand until it was hardened. Only then the wax can be eliminated.

Acids, water and alkaline are the chemicals glass cannot absorb and resisted from. With the ceramic countertop surface being placed second, glass can be considered as the most unsusceptible among the

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

other three given surfaces by which it has extremely high compressive strength of 1000 N/mm2 or 1000 MPa. A single molecule cannot enter this type of surface and stains will just dry up. The mixture surely had a great effect with cleansing dried beverage spill and sauce spill. Removing the candle wax lead to some complications as wax was insoluble in water and only soluble in ether, benzene and certain esters. It cannot be dissolved entirely but can be removed as a whole. Table 3. Efficacy of the Product to Different Stains on Concrete Wall Stain

Results

Marker ink

The transition and opacity of the ink can be observed from visible to none as the surface cleaner was placed.

Adhesives

Glue and paste are eliminated easily. Meanwhile, tape was hard to remove especially when having its outermost layer.

Crayons

After scratching a bit harder, the crayon then was removed.

The effect of the mixture to the maker ink on the table also had the same effect on the wall. The acidity of the vinegar could not remove permanent marker ink. As for the non-permanent marker, the transition of the opacity of the stain was obviously seen from being visible to the naked

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

eye until it completely vanish. For some reason, crayons were removed probably because of the lesser friction and 25 to 40 MPa compression strength of the concrete wall. Dried glue and paste was easily removed but tape was one thing. The outside layer of the tape cannot be cleansed even the sticky material it carved and left. Table 4. Efficacy of the Product to Different Stains on Ceramic Countertop Stain

Results

Sauce spill

Unlike on tables, the sauce spill on the counter top or kitchen worktop was simply cleansed.

Cooking oil

The cooking oil was just absorbed by the cloth used for wiping and it was removed easily.

Dirt

After some thorough cleaning and wiping, the dirt was nowhere to be found.

The countertop or kitchen worktop surface in a house is usually made of ceramic tiles. As stated on the discussion on the glass table, the ceramic places second among the given surfaces on being the hardest in terms of compression strength. It is also smooth resulting to less friction. Therefore, stains cannot be absorbed and can be removed easily. Cooking oil is a liquid with high density and viscosity and is absorbed by the absorbent wiping cloth, same as what happened to sauce spill. Dirt from between the tiles are also easily removed after thorough wiping.

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

Table 5. Efficacy of the Product to Different Stains on Wooden Door Stain

Results

After applying the mixture on the wooden door which has stains of markers on it, the stains are slowly disappearing which satisfies the effectiveness of the product.

Marker ink

It was the easiest to remove from all of the stains. After the process of applying the solution of the cleaner, it easily faded.

Dirt

Among all of the other variables, this kind of stain was not removed by the cleaner.

Crayons

Because of the roughness of wooden door, marker ink and crayons attached to the surface very tight. This become a problem for the crayon for it cannot be removed. Putting extra efforts, the marker was removed with the same process in the plastic table and concrete wall but slower. Dirt, however, such as dust and mud are easily eliminated by the cleaner spray. There are numerous possible stains that can be seen on surfaces but after a certain process or procedure with the help of organic materials, which are garlic and vinegar, the cleansing of those stain were made possible. The mixture have different reactions when sprayed at used on different surfaces. The rankings starting from the surface that the mixture

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

acted upon the most effective from the least effective are as follows: glass table, ceramic countertop, plastic table, concrete wall, and wooden door. The variables that affect the potency of the mixture to the surface are the friction created between the surface and the medium of stain or the question on how strong the stain holds to the surface, and the absorbent and resistant properties of the surface itself. 1. What is the primary role of Allium sativum in the experiment? The primary role of Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic in this product is to give a chemical compound called Allicin which is the main component in using garlic as an ingredient of the nontoxic surface cleaner. 2. What is the main component of garlic that enables to remove dirt? The main component of the garlic that enables it to remove unwanted dirt is called Allicin. It comes out of the garlic a few minutes after it was chopped. It is the main reason why garlic has the ability to remove certain dirt. 3. What is the significance of putting the vinegar during the process of experiment? Vinegar also plays a major role on this product. It lends a helping hand on garlic which increases the cleaning ability of the solution. Its acidity enables it to dissolve stains easily. 4. Does the scent affects the effectiveness of the product?

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

Yes, because certain scents has some functions also. For example, you chose to use homemade lemon extract, it will help because it has cleaning properties also. But, your desired scent would not lessen the effectiveness of the product. 5. Is there any standard measure in applying the surface cleaner in different surfaces? The standard measure in using this is to apply it first on a sponge or clean fabric, then apply it on the desired surface that you are going to clean. 6. What is the advantage of replacing your chemically infused surface cleaner with the organic Allium sativum and vinegar surface cleaner? Replacing your chemically infused surface cleaner with this product has a great advantage. It has advantages in different aspects. It is low cost, easy to find or make, east to replace, nontoxic and many more. 7. How do this surface cleaner differ from the usual surface cleaner in terms of: A. Ingredients There is a significant difference between the two products in terms of the ingredients used in products. The commercial cleaner often uses chemical in order to clean, this usually contains surfactants that are harmful, unlike the proposed product, and it is organic and non-toxic.

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

B. Toxicity In terms of toxicity, there is still a significant difference because the project, which is the surface cleaner, is made from non-toxic materials unlike those commercial ones which contains noxious chemicals. C. Effectiveness of the product About the effectiveness of the product, there is no significant difference between the effects of two products. Both products can clean certain surfaces with ease.

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

CHAPTER V Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation Conclusion and Recommendation The study ended providing an insight about the garlic surface cleaner. Each variable that is present in the mixture serves major and minor roles. Researches stated that garlic is one broad spectrum antibiotic which can kill wide variety of bacteria. The primitive essence of the property of Allium sativum (garlic), which provided the biggest role, is proven to be antimicrobial and it can kill bacteria. Allicin, the compound found in chopped garlics that creates the garlics unpleasant smell is the one that gave life to its antimicrobial property. Meanwhile, the vinegar lends a helping hand that makes the mixture more effective by increasing the acidity level of the mixture which greatly contributed to the effectiveness of the said product. The increase in level of acidity makes it easy to dissolve stains that is the primary function of the surface cleaner.

The test conducted by the

researchers was enough to show the effectiveness of the surface cleaner on different surfaces and stains during the experiment. This will give you the knowledge and background on how and where to use the product. Now, everyone can take this antibacterial property to be put in the idea of a

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

nontoxic surface cleaner. By doing so, there is no need to buy surface cleaners with surfactants.

Summary Allium sativum or garlic is a vegetable commonly seen on groceries, supermarket in some gardens and even in our kitchen which makes it easy to find. It is commonly used as an ingredient of different cuisines but many of us did not know what other functions this vegetable can perform. It is unknown to most of the people. Previous studies always refer garlic as medicine or having medicinal purpose. The study showcases the other face of the garlic that previous studies did not approach, it can be used as a surface cleaner with the help of other variables such as vinegar and lemon extract. Garlic contains Allicin, a compound which is proven for its antimicrobial property. Vinegar is used in food preparation and it is often used as condiments. Evidently, white vinegar is commonly used to clean the surface for it is a great disinfectant. If you are cleaning without using a microscope or other devices, you may notice a difference. This is caused by the strength of the acetic acid level and can easily remove dust and other stains. White vinegar distilled water also removes soap, grease and other stains that cannot be removed with water. You can also eliminate the interesting smell of vinegar, an important variable in this project. It can also help make garlic work with this product which also maintains the purity of

ACADEMIC TRACK – SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS STRAND DECEMBER 2018 GROUP -4 ZAIDO

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

other materials by improving. Common surface cleaners usually contain surfactants that is toxic to human being. This is why the research aims to promote a nontoxic surface cleaner using garlic and vinegar as its main component. Here are the steps on how to make the non-toxic surface cleaner first, you just have to chop some cloves of garlic and let it sit for ten to fifteen minutes in order to let the compound Allicin come out. Allicin is the most important compound in this experiment. Second, just pour water and also you can add your desired scents like lemon, orange or lavender it is optional. And lastly transfer the mixture in a clean spray bottle. But before transferring, always remember sterilization is a must because it may be contaminated easily and also it will help the product to last longer. In order to test the effectiveness of the surface cleaner, the researchers tried it on different surfaces containing different kinds of stains; dirt like mud and dust; sauce spill such as ketchup, mayonnaise, gravy, and mustard; beverage spill such as soft drinks, milk, fruit juices, etc.; marker ink stain that is made from marker; candle wax or melted candle; adhesive like glue, paste or tape; cooking oil; and crayons made from coloring crayons. The mixture of garlic and vinegar have different reactions on the different surfaces acted upon with various stains.

ACADEMIC TRACK – SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS STRAND DECEMBER 2018 GROUP -4 ZAIDO

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ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL Appointing the Source of Allium Sativum’s Distinctive Odor as Main Component of Nontoxic Multi-surface Cleaner

References Yadav, S., Trivedi, N. A., & Bhatt, J. D. (2015). Antimicrobial activity of fresh garlic juice: An in vitro study. Ayu, 36(2), 203-7. Mozaffari Nejad, A. S., Shabani, S., Bayat, M., & Hosseini, S. E. (2014). Antibacterial Effect of Garlic Aqueous Extract on Staphylococcus aureus in Hamburger. Jundishapur journal of microbiology, 7(11), e13134. Lu, X., Rasco, B. A., Jabal, J. M., Aston, D. E., Lin, M., & Konkel, M. E. (2011). Investigating antibacterial effects of garlic (Allium sativum) concentrate

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Campylobacter jejuni by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman

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environmental microbiology, 77(15), 5257-69. Ankri S., Mirelman D. (1999) Microbes and Infection, 1 (2), pp. 125-129. https://www.healwithfood.org/medicinal-uses/garlic-healingproperties.php?fbclid=IwAR1786vZdvityXdeExkfzUVfM__Eh7VzYuxXr 2WZ0VynnTeFQTsG8PXifxY

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