Guessed Question Pysiology Ii Examination
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Guessed Question for Pysiology II for Examination
1. What are the four conditions that can cause a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin curve to the right? Ans.
Shift to Right -decrease in the ability of hemoglobin to hold oxygen by:
Temperature Increase
or decrease the pH (high acidity)
Carbon Dioxide increase
Decrease the DPG
2. How does the nervous system control respiration? Ans.
In the Brainstem have a Medullary Respiratory Center to control the Respiration
It will respond the chemoreceptor’s signal.
Two main a chemoreceptor – Peripheral and Central Chemoreceptor
Peripheral Chemoreceptor is Carotid bodies and Aortic Bodies respond mainly for Arterial Blood, respond for Decrease PO2 and Increase H+ concentration
Central Chemoreceptor respond mainly for Extracellular Fluid, respond for increase PCO2 and increase H+ concentration
3. What is a surfactant and what role does it play in pulmonary function? Ans.
it is a Phospholipids and Proteins
secreted by Type II Alveolar Cells
use to low the water’s tension to increase the Lung Compliance
As the Compliance increase
Use a less pressure to increase Lung Volume
Increase the Gas exchange volume
4. What is a Transpulmonary Pressure and Intrapleural Pressure Ans.
Transpulmonary Pressure (Alveolar Pressure – Intrapleural Pressure)
that volume is use to against the Elastic Recoil 畏縮 of the Lung
and maintain the Lung stable
Intrapleural Pressure
is the pressure inside the Intrapleural Fluid
It always in the negative pressure to prevent the Alveoli collapse.
1
5. Explain why when breathing frequency increases, minute ventilation tends to remain the same, whereas alveolar ventilation decreases. Ans.
Breathing Frequency increase, but Minute Ventilation no change, that cause by decrease the Tidal Volume.
Alveolar Ventilation is equal (Tidal Volume – Anatomic space 150ml) x Breathing Rate.
As tidal Volume decrease the Alveolar Ventilation decrease too.
6.
Discuss the neural and hormonal control of gastric secretions and motility.
Ans.
Increase or decrease the Cephalic Phase Stimulation stimulate the Neural activity e.g. Smell Taste, Chewing
Increase and decrease the Neural Activity will increase and decrease the stimulate to specific part to secret a Hormone, e.g. Gastrin secret in G-cells
Gastrin can increase the Parietal Cell secretion of HCl and stomach Motility
Also ACh Parasympathetic stimulation increase the HCl secretion and contraction
Neural Activity increase the Histamine Secretion in stomach, increase the HCl secretion
Somatostatin – secret by the liver will decrease the Gastrin secretion
CCK secrete in Small Intestine will decrease Gastric emptying
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)- decreases both Gastric acid and Motility.
Enterogastrones – secrete in Small Intestine decrease Gastric emptying
7. Discuss the Small Intestine Hormones Function. Ans.
Small Intestine have four Main Hormones
Enterogastrone-
active by increase Acid , fat, Hypertonic Solution, Distension in the Small Intestine
result decrease Gastric Emptying
CCK
active by increase fatty Acid and Amino Acid in the Small Intestine
result increase Pancreas secret Pancreatic Enzyme, increase the Digestion of fats and proteins
Secretin
active by increase Acid in the Stomach
Result increase Pancreas secret Bicarbonate, Neutralization the Acid.
Gastric Inhibit Peptide (GIP)
active by increase Acid and Carbohydrate
Result increase Pancreas secret Bicarbonate and Insulin.
2
8. Discuss CCK actions Ans.
CCK secret in the Small Intestine ,actived by increase Fat and Protein in the Small Intestine
It activate the Pancreas increase secret Pancreatic Enzyme to the Pancreatic duct
Also increase the Gallbladder contraction, more Bile flow to Common Bile Duct.
And the Sphincter at the Duodenal Ampulla will respond to CCK to increase Relaxation
Let more Bile and Pancreatic Enzyme enter to the Duodenum
Increase the Digestion of Fat and Protein and neutralization the HCl.
9.
Discuss the changes in gastric secretions during the different phases of a meal.
Ans.
Cephalic Phase Stimulation
Slight, Smell, Taste, Chewing
Result – Parasympathetic Stimulation increase secretion of Gastric acid
Gastric contents Phase Stimulation (Gastric Phase)
Distension 擴張, increase Peptide, Decrease H+ concentration
Result – Gastric acid Secretion increase
Intestinal contents Phase Stimulation (Intestinal Phase)
Distension 擴張, increase H+ concentration, Increase Osmolarity,
increase nutrient content
Result –Secretion of Secretin, CCK, decrease the secretion of Gastric acid
10. What is Transport Maximum? Ans.
The Proximal tubule concentration is higher than the Filtrate
The Reabsoption will stop
E.g. When Diabetes
The Glucose concentration in the Plasma increase continuously
When the Reabsorption is achieve to the Transport Maxmium (TM)
the Proximal Tubule’s Glucose concentration is more than the Filtrate
the Reabsorption will stop and the Glucose appear in the Urine
3
11. During conditions of hypertonic volume loss, how does the kidney and posterior pituitary respond? Ans. When Hypertonic Volume loss The Blood Volume Loss The Arterial Pressure decrease Cardiovascular Baroreceptors send a signal to Posterior Pituitary to increase ADH and the decreased Glomerular Filtrating Rate stimulate Kidney increase secret Renin. Renin react the Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I and Angiotensin convert to Angiotensin II Angiotensin II stimulate the Adrenal cortex in crease Aldosterone The results ADH increase the Collecting Ducts permeability to water, decrease water excretion Aldosterone increase the Collecting ducts reabsorption of Sodium, decrease Sodium excretion
12. What is the function of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus? Ans. Secret a Renine change Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I, then Converting enzyme convert Angiotensin I to II that stimulate Adrenal Cortex secret an Aldosterone, increase Sodium reabsorption.
13. Describe the ovarian and uterine changes during the menstrual cycle. Ans. Uterine Phase Day 1 – 5 is Menstrual – the Uterine Lining disintegrate as no fertilization occur. Day 5-14 is Proliferative – the Uterine Lining become more thick and spongy by the Estrogen Day 14-20 is Secretory- the Yellow body secret an Estrogen and Progesterone, Keep the Uterine Lining more thick and spongy ready for supply the fertilizer egg nutrients. Day 28 – 5 also is Menstrual – the Uterine Lining is disintegrate as no fertilization occur
Ovarian Phase In Follicular Phase Hypothalamus increasing secret the GnRH LH and FSH rapidly increase secret at the Day 14 by GnRH In the Ovary the Follicle is developing at 1-7 days by the increase FSH After 7days Follicle becomes mature and enlarges to produce Estrogen. Ovulation at the Day 14. As the highest LH and FSH Granulosa cells increasing secret Estrogens and Inhibin In Luteal Phase After the Ovulation the Follicle becomes the Yellow body. That Yellow body secret Progesterone to induce the Uterine Lining becomes Thick and spongy The Hypothalamus decrease secret GnRH Anterior Pituitary decrease secret LH and FSH Follicle will become to Yellow body and gradually Degenerates after Day 25. Progesterone and Estrogen decrease after the Days 28
4
14. Describe the various involuntary methods by which heat is lost from the body. / What are the various processes by which heat is lost from the body? (Define each process). Ans. Radiation – Loss heat from the skin in the form of infra-red rays Conduction- the transfer of heat from the body to solid object by direct contact Convection- loss the body heat as a result of air current. Evaporation- loss body heat by the evaporation of sweat.
15. What are the four factors that determine fluid movement across capillaries? Give a condition which could alter the balance of these factors. Ans. Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (Pc) – the pressure form inside the capillary to outside (OUT) Osmotic force due to Plasma Protein Concentration (πp)– the pressure form outside of the capillary to inside (IN) Interstitial-fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (PIF) - the pressure form outside of the capillary to inside (IN) Osmotic force due to Interstitial-fluid protein concentration (πIF)- the pressure form inside the capillary to outside (Out) As (Pc) increase the Free Protein loss to the Interstitial Fluid, that will increase the (PIF) to balance the decrease the loss of Protein. As (πp) increase more free protein get in to the capillary, that will increase the (πp)to balance the protein get into the capillary. 16. Explain the local control of arteriolar resistance. Ans. As the metabolic activity increase In interstitial fluid decrease Oxygen increase carbon dioxide increase hydrogen increase potassium increase Adenosine increase Eicosanoid increase Nitric oxide that will active the Hyperemia , Vasodilatation, increase blood flow
Flow regulation – Myogenic response – Vasoconstriction
17. Explain the Hormonal control of arteriolar resistance. Ans. Vasoconstrictors Epinephrine Angiotensin II Vasopressin Vasodilators Epinephrine Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
5
18. Explain the Neural control of arteriolar resistance. Ans. Vasoconstrictors Sympathetic Vasodilators Neurons that release Nitric oxide 19. Discuss the mechanical and electrical events of the cardiac cycle. Ans. Start in Ventricular Diastole late No any electrical events As a result all Chamber is relax, Blood flow into the Ventricles The pressure decrease, Semilunar Valve is closed Atrial Systole begin Depolarization initiate in the Sinoatrial Node in the Atrium The action Potential Spread form the right Atrium to left Atrium A small amount addition blood flow into the Ventricles Atrial Systole end and Atrial Diastole begin The action potential is out of the Atrium and enter to the Atrioventricular Node Atria is relax and Ventricles is begin constrict Ventricular Systole First phase Atrioventricular Node spread a action potential form right Ventricle to left Ventricle by Gap Junction Ventricle start contract, and the AV valve is closed Ventricular Systole Second phase Atrioventricular Node complete spread a action potential to the whole Ventricle Ventricle contract , the pressure increase to push the Semilunar Valve open Blood is ejected
20. What are the Starling’s forces that influence movement of water in the capillary? Ans. This is about a Frank-Starling Mechanism As the forces influence the water in and out of the capillary is by the Heart Pump. To apply and increase this Heart Pump is by a Stroke Volume The Stroke Volume increase as the End-Diastolic Volume increase that more blood fill to Ventricle That applies a stretch to the Myocardium Muscle as a Preload, let the Heart contract and eject the blood. The stroke volume is proportion to the Venous Pressure. Venous Pressure is increase by Sympathetic Nerves to Veins, Blood Volume, Skeletal Pump, Inspiration movement. 21. What are the two major factors that determine arterial blood pressure? Give one condition that can affect each of these factors. Ans. That determine by Cardiac Output and Arterial Resistance Cardiac Output effected by Heart Rate and Stoke Volume Arterial Resistance effected by Local control e.g. vasodilator is Nitric Oxide, Vasoconstrictor is Internal blood pressure.
6
1. What are the four conditions that can cause a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin curve to the right? Ans.
Shift to Right -decrease in the ability of hemoglobin to hold oxygen by:
Temperature Increase
or decrease the pH (high acidity)
Carbon Dioxide increase
Decrease the DPG
2. How does the nervous system control respiration? Ans.
In the Brainstem have a Medullary Respiratory Center to control the Respiration
It will respond the chemoreceptor’s signal.
Two main a chemoreceptor – Peripheral and Central Chemoreceptor
Peripheral Chemoreceptor is Carotid bodies and Aortic Bodies respond mainly for Arterial Blood, respond for Decrease PO2 and Increase H+ concentration
Central Chemoreceptor respond mainly for Extracellular Fluid, respond for increase PCO2 and increase H+ concentration
3. What is a surfactant and what role does it play in pulmonary function? Ans.
it is a Phospholipids and Proteins
secreted by Type II Alveolar Cells
use to low the water’s tension to increase the Lung Compliance
As the Compliance increase
Use a less pressure to increase Lung Volume
Increase the Gas exchange volume
4. What is a Transpulmonary Pressure and Intrapleural Pressure Ans.
Transpulmonary Pressure (Alveolar Pressure – Intrapleural Pressure)
that volume is use to against the Elastic Recoil 畏縮 of the Lung
and maintain the Lung stable
Intrapleural Pressure
is the pressure inside the Intrapleural Fluid
It always in the negative pressure to prevent the Alveoli collapse.
1
5. Explain why when breathing frequency increases, minute ventilation tends to remain the same, whereas alveolar ventilation decreases. Ans.
Breathing Frequency increase, but Minute Ventilation no change, that cause by decrease the Tidal Volume.
Alveolar Ventilation is equal (Tidal Volume – Anatomic space 150ml) x Breathing Rate.
As tidal Volume decrease the Alveolar Ventilation decrease too.
6.
Discuss the neural and hormonal control of gastric secretions and motility.
Ans.
Increase or decrease the Cephalic Phase Stimulation stimulate the Neural activity e.g. Smell Taste, Chewing
Increase and decrease the Neural Activity will increase and decrease the stimulate to specific part to secret a Hormone, e.g. Gastrin secret in G-cells
Gastrin can increase the Parietal Cell secretion of HCl and stomach Motility
Also ACh Parasympathetic stimulation increase the HCl secretion and contraction
Neural Activity increase the Histamine Secretion in stomach, increase the HCl secretion
Somatostatin – secret by the liver will decrease the Gastrin secretion
CCK secrete in Small Intestine will decrease Gastric emptying
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)- decreases both Gastric acid and Motility.
Enterogastrones – secrete in Small Intestine decrease Gastric emptying
7. Discuss the Small Intestine Hormones Function. Ans.
Small Intestine have four Main Hormones
Enterogastrone-
active by increase Acid , fat, Hypertonic Solution, Distension in the Small Intestine
result decrease Gastric Emptying
CCK
active by increase fatty Acid and Amino Acid in the Small Intestine
result increase Pancreas secret Pancreatic Enzyme, increase the Digestion of fats and proteins
Secretin
active by increase Acid in the Stomach
Result increase Pancreas secret Bicarbonate, Neutralization the Acid.
Gastric Inhibit Peptide (GIP)
active by increase Acid and Carbohydrate
Result increase Pancreas secret Bicarbonate and Insulin.
2
8. Discuss CCK actions Ans.
CCK secret in the Small Intestine ,actived by increase Fat and Protein in the Small Intestine
It activate the Pancreas increase secret Pancreatic Enzyme to the Pancreatic duct
Also increase the Gallbladder contraction, more Bile flow to Common Bile Duct.
And the Sphincter at the Duodenal Ampulla will respond to CCK to increase Relaxation
Let more Bile and Pancreatic Enzyme enter to the Duodenum
Increase the Digestion of Fat and Protein and neutralization the HCl.
9.
Discuss the changes in gastric secretions during the different phases of a meal.
Ans.
Cephalic Phase Stimulation
Slight, Smell, Taste, Chewing
Result – Parasympathetic Stimulation increase secretion of Gastric acid
Gastric contents Phase Stimulation (Gastric Phase)
Distension 擴張, increase Peptide, Decrease H+ concentration
Result – Gastric acid Secretion increase
Intestinal contents Phase Stimulation (Intestinal Phase)
Distension 擴張, increase H+ concentration, Increase Osmolarity,
increase nutrient content
Result –Secretion of Secretin, CCK, decrease the secretion of Gastric acid
10. What is Transport Maximum? Ans.
The Proximal tubule concentration is higher than the Filtrate
The Reabsoption will stop
E.g. When Diabetes
The Glucose concentration in the Plasma increase continuously
When the Reabsorption is achieve to the Transport Maxmium (TM)
the Proximal Tubule’s Glucose concentration is more than the Filtrate
the Reabsorption will stop and the Glucose appear in the Urine
3
11. During conditions of hypertonic volume loss, how does the kidney and posterior pituitary respond? Ans. When Hypertonic Volume loss The Blood Volume Loss The Arterial Pressure decrease Cardiovascular Baroreceptors send a signal to Posterior Pituitary to increase ADH and the decreased Glomerular Filtrating Rate stimulate Kidney increase secret Renin. Renin react the Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I and Angiotensin convert to Angiotensin II Angiotensin II stimulate the Adrenal cortex in crease Aldosterone The results ADH increase the Collecting Ducts permeability to water, decrease water excretion Aldosterone increase the Collecting ducts reabsorption of Sodium, decrease Sodium excretion
12. What is the function of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus? Ans. Secret a Renine change Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I, then Converting enzyme convert Angiotensin I to II that stimulate Adrenal Cortex secret an Aldosterone, increase Sodium reabsorption.
13. Describe the ovarian and uterine changes during the menstrual cycle. Ans. Uterine Phase Day 1 – 5 is Menstrual – the Uterine Lining disintegrate as no fertilization occur. Day 5-14 is Proliferative – the Uterine Lining become more thick and spongy by the Estrogen Day 14-20 is Secretory- the Yellow body secret an Estrogen and Progesterone, Keep the Uterine Lining more thick and spongy ready for supply the fertilizer egg nutrients. Day 28 – 5 also is Menstrual – the Uterine Lining is disintegrate as no fertilization occur
Ovarian Phase In Follicular Phase Hypothalamus increasing secret the GnRH LH and FSH rapidly increase secret at the Day 14 by GnRH In the Ovary the Follicle is developing at 1-7 days by the increase FSH After 7days Follicle becomes mature and enlarges to produce Estrogen. Ovulation at the Day 14. As the highest LH and FSH Granulosa cells increasing secret Estrogens and Inhibin In Luteal Phase After the Ovulation the Follicle becomes the Yellow body. That Yellow body secret Progesterone to induce the Uterine Lining becomes Thick and spongy The Hypothalamus decrease secret GnRH Anterior Pituitary decrease secret LH and FSH Follicle will become to Yellow body and gradually Degenerates after Day 25. Progesterone and Estrogen decrease after the Days 28
4
14. Describe the various involuntary methods by which heat is lost from the body. / What are the various processes by which heat is lost from the body? (Define each process). Ans. Radiation – Loss heat from the skin in the form of infra-red rays Conduction- the transfer of heat from the body to solid object by direct contact Convection- loss the body heat as a result of air current. Evaporation- loss body heat by the evaporation of sweat.
15. What are the four factors that determine fluid movement across capillaries? Give a condition which could alter the balance of these factors. Ans. Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (Pc) – the pressure form inside the capillary to outside (OUT) Osmotic force due to Plasma Protein Concentration (πp)– the pressure form outside of the capillary to inside (IN) Interstitial-fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (PIF) - the pressure form outside of the capillary to inside (IN) Osmotic force due to Interstitial-fluid protein concentration (πIF)- the pressure form inside the capillary to outside (Out) As (Pc) increase the Free Protein loss to the Interstitial Fluid, that will increase the (PIF) to balance the decrease the loss of Protein. As (πp) increase more free protein get in to the capillary, that will increase the (πp)to balance the protein get into the capillary. 16. Explain the local control of arteriolar resistance. Ans. As the metabolic activity increase In interstitial fluid decrease Oxygen increase carbon dioxide increase hydrogen increase potassium increase Adenosine increase Eicosanoid increase Nitric oxide that will active the Hyperemia , Vasodilatation, increase blood flow
Flow regulation – Myogenic response – Vasoconstriction
17. Explain the Hormonal control of arteriolar resistance. Ans. Vasoconstrictors Epinephrine Angiotensin II Vasopressin Vasodilators Epinephrine Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
5
18. Explain the Neural control of arteriolar resistance. Ans. Vasoconstrictors Sympathetic Vasodilators Neurons that release Nitric oxide 19. Discuss the mechanical and electrical events of the cardiac cycle. Ans. Start in Ventricular Diastole late No any electrical events As a result all Chamber is relax, Blood flow into the Ventricles The pressure decrease, Semilunar Valve is closed Atrial Systole begin Depolarization initiate in the Sinoatrial Node in the Atrium The action Potential Spread form the right Atrium to left Atrium A small amount addition blood flow into the Ventricles Atrial Systole end and Atrial Diastole begin The action potential is out of the Atrium and enter to the Atrioventricular Node Atria is relax and Ventricles is begin constrict Ventricular Systole First phase Atrioventricular Node spread a action potential form right Ventricle to left Ventricle by Gap Junction Ventricle start contract, and the AV valve is closed Ventricular Systole Second phase Atrioventricular Node complete spread a action potential to the whole Ventricle Ventricle contract , the pressure increase to push the Semilunar Valve open Blood is ejected
20. What are the Starling’s forces that influence movement of water in the capillary? Ans. This is about a Frank-Starling Mechanism As the forces influence the water in and out of the capillary is by the Heart Pump. To apply and increase this Heart Pump is by a Stroke Volume The Stroke Volume increase as the End-Diastolic Volume increase that more blood fill to Ventricle That applies a stretch to the Myocardium Muscle as a Preload, let the Heart contract and eject the blood. The stroke volume is proportion to the Venous Pressure. Venous Pressure is increase by Sympathetic Nerves to Veins, Blood Volume, Skeletal Pump, Inspiration movement. 21. What are the two major factors that determine arterial blood pressure? Give one condition that can affect each of these factors. Ans. That determine by Cardiac Output and Arterial Resistance Cardiac Output effected by Heart Rate and Stoke Volume Arterial Resistance effected by Local control e.g. vasodilator is Nitric Oxide, Vasoconstrictor is Internal blood pressure.
6
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