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Assignmen t G.S.M
Introduction GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system.
GSM services and features 1. Telephonic services : It includes emergency calls and fax related services.
2. Supplementary ISDN services: These are digital in nature and includes call diversion and call identification. It also includes SMS , which allows GSM subscribers and base station to transmit alphanumeric pages of limited length. 3. Subscriber Identity Module: One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries. 4. GSM Security: GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. 5. Voice Codecs : GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into between 5.6 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data channel they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate (5.6 kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a system based upon linear predictive coding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with bitrates, these codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the air interface layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal.
6.
GSM Frequencies: GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges. a.) Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. b.) The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries where these frequencies were previously used for firstgeneration systems.
c.) Most 3G GSM networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. d.) GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124 RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used.
GSM Architecture BT S
BT S
HL
BS C
BT S
VLR
A-BIS Interface
ISDN
BT S M
BT S
A Interface BS C
BT S M S
AC
BSS
MS C
PSTN
Data Networ k
OMC
NSS
OSS
Architecture It consist of three major interconnected systems that interact between themselves and with the user through certain interfaces The subsystems are:
1. BSS { Base Station Subsystem } : The base station subsystem (BSS) is the section of a traditional cellular telephone network which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and the network switching subsystem. The BSS carries out transcoding of speech channels, allocation of radio channels to mobile phones, paging, quality management of transmission and reception over the air interface and many other tasks related to the radio network. It also provides and manage radio transmission path between mobile station and mobile switching station. BSC { Base Station Controller } : The base station controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the BTSs. Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of BTSs under its control. •
The BSC handles allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones, controls handovers from BTS to BTS (except in the case of an inter-BSC handover in which case control is in part the responsibility of the anchor MSC).
•
A key function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator where many different low capacity connections to BTSs (with relatively low utilisation) become reduced to a smaller number of connections towards the mobile switching center (MSC) (with a high level of utilisation).
•
A BSC is often based on a distributed computing architecture, with redundancy applied to critical functional units to ensure availability in the event of fault conditions.
•
BSC controls the BTS and handoff management.
BTS { Base Transceiver Station } : •
Its function is encryption channel selection , allocation and deallocation.
•
It also does monitoring of radio channels whether busy or idle in status.
•
The base transceiver station, or BTS, contains the equipment for transmitting and receiving of radio signals (transceivers), antennas, and equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications with the base station controller (BSC).
•
A BTS is controlled by a parent BSC via the base station control function (BCF).
•
The BCF provides an operations and maintenance (O&M) connection to the network management system (NMS), and manages operational states of each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection.
•
Frequency hopping is often used to increase overall BTS performance; this involves the rapid switching of voice traffic between TRXs in a sector. A hopping sequence is followed by the TRXs and handsets using the sector.
Transcoder: The transcoder is responsible for transcoding the voice channel coding between the coding used in the mobile network, and the coding used by the world's terrestrial circuit-switched network, the Public Switched Telephone Network.
ABIS Interface: The interface between the BTS and BSC. Generally carried by a DS-1, ES-1, or E1 TDM circuit. Uses TDM subchannels for traffic (TCH), LAPD protocol for BTS supervision and telecom signaling, and carries synchronization from the BSC to the BTS and MS.
2. NSS { Network Switching Subsystem } •
Network switching subsystem (NSS) is the component of a GSM system that carries out switching functions and manages the communications between mobile phones and the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
•
It is owned and deployed by mobile phone operators and allows mobile phones to communicate with each other and telephones in the wider telecommunications network.
•
The Network Switching Subsystem, also referred to as the GSM core network, usually refers to the circuit-switched core network, used for traditional GSM services such as voice calls, SMS, and circuit switched data calls.
MSC { Mobile Switching Center } :
•
The mobile switching center (MSC) is the primary service delivery node for GSM, responsible for handling voice calls and SMS as well as other services (such as conference calls, FAX and circuit switched data).
•
The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end connection, handles mobility and hand-over requirements during the call and takes care of charging and real time pre-paid account monitoring.
•
The gateway MSC (G-MSC) is the MSC that determines which visited MSC the subscriber who is being called is currently located. It also interfaces with the PSTN.
•
The visited MSC (V-MSC) is the MSC where a customer is currently located. The VLR associated with this MSC will have the subscriber's data in it.
•
The anchor MSC is the MSC from which a handover has been initiated.
•
The target MSC is the MSC toward which a Handover should take place. A mobile switching centre server is a part of the redesigned MSC concept starting from 3GPP Release 5.
Mobile Switching Center Server { MSS }: The mobile switching centre server is a soft-switch variant of the mobile switching centre, which provides circuit-switched calling, mobility management, and GSM services to the mobile phones roaming within the area that it serves.
In NSS there are three different databases : i. HLR{ Home Location Register }: •
The home location register (HLR) is a central database that contains details of each mobile phone subscriber that is authorized to use the GSM core network.
•
There can be several logical, and physical, HLRs per public land mobile network (PLMN), though one international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)/MSISDN pair can be associated with only one logical HLR (which can span several physical nodes) at a time.
•
The HLR stores details of every SIM card issued by the mobile phone operator. Each SIM has a unique identifier called an IMSI which is the primary key to each HLR record.
Examples of other data stored in the HLR against an IMSI record is: • • • •
GSM services that the subscriber has requested or been given. GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services. Current location of subscriber (VLR and serving GPRS support node/SGSN). Call divert settings applicable for each associated MSISDN.
ii. VLR {Visitor Location Register}: • • • •
The visitor location register is a temporary database of the subscribers who have roamed into the particular area which it serves. Each base station in the network is served by exactly one VLR, hence a subscriber cannot be present in more than one VLR at a time. The data stored in the VLR has either been received from the HLR, or collected from the MS. In practice, for performance reasons, most vendors integrate the VLR directly to the V-MSC and, where this is not done, the VLR is very tightly linked with the MSC via a proprietary interface.
Data stored include: • • • • • •
IMSI (the subscriber's identity number). Authentication data. MSISDN (the subscriber's phone number). GSM services that the subscriber is allowed to access. access point (GPRS) subscribed. The HLR address of the subscriber.
iii. AC { Authentication Center }: •
The authentication centre (AC) has a function to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to connect
• •
• •
to the GSM core network (typically when the phone is powered on). Once the authentication is successful, the HLR is allowed to manage the SIM and services described above. An encryption key is also generated that is subsequently used to encrypt all wireless communications (voice, SMS, etc.) between the mobile phone and the GSM core network. If the authentication fails, then no services are possible from that particular combination of SIM card and mobile phone operator attempted. The AUC does not engage directly in the authentication process, but instead generates data known as triplets for the MSC to use during the procedure.
EIR { Equipment Identity Register } : • • • •
The equipment identity register is often integrated to the HLR. The EIR keeps a list of mobile phones (identified by their IMEI) which are to be banned from the network or monitored. This is designed to allow tracking of stolen mobile phones. In theory all data about all stolen mobile phones should be distributed to all EIRs in the world through a Central EIR. The EIR data does not have to change in real time, which means that this function can be less distributed than the function of the HLR. The EIR is a database that contains information about the identity of the mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized or defective mobile stations. Some EIR also have the capability to log Handset attempts and store it in a log file.
A-Interface: The interface between BSC and MSC. It uses the SS7 protocol called the Signaling Correction Control Protocol {SCCP} which support communication between MSC and BSS as well as network message between the individual subscriber and MSC.
3. OSS { Operation Support Subsystem }
•
• • • • •
The billing centre is responsible for processing the toll tickets generated by the VLRs and HLRs and generating a bill for each subscriber. It is also responsible for to generate billing data of roaming subscriber. The short message service centre supports the sending and reception of text messages. The multimedia messaging service centre supports the sending of multimedia messages (e.g., images, audio, video and their combinations) to (or from) MMS-enabled Handsets. The voicemail system records and stores voicemails. It maintains all telecommunication hardware and network operation with the particular market. Manage all mobile equipment in the system.
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network is a telephone system network. •
• •
•
ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system, that also provides access to packet switched networks, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in better voice quality than an analog phone. It offers circuit-switched connections (for either voice or data), and packet-switched connections (for data), in increments of 64 kbit/s. Another major market application is Internet access, where ISDN typically provides a maximum of 128 kbit/s in both upstream and downstream directions (which can be considered to be broadband speed, since it exceeds the narrowband speeds of standard analog 56k telephone lines). ISDN B-channels can be bonded to achieve a greater data rate, typically 3 or 4 BRIs (6 to 8 64 kbit/s channels) are bonded. ISDN provides simultaneous voice, video, and text transmission between individual desktop videoconferencing systems and group (room) videoconferencing systems.
PSTN: •
•
The public switched telephone network is the network of the world's public circuit-switched telephone networks, in much the same way that the Internet is the network of the world's public IPbased packet-switched networks. Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital, and now includes mobile as well as fixed telephones.
GSM Frame Structure GSM uses two bands for duplex communication. Each band is 25MHz in width , shifted towards 900MHz. Each band is divided into 124 channels of 200 KHz separated by guard bands. Reverse Band = 124 channels Band 25 MHz = 124 channels
890 MHz MHz
915 Band 25 MHz = 124 channels
935 MHz MHz
960
Forward Band = 124 channels 6.12 sec
Superframe=51 multiframes 120 ms
Multiframe= 1326 TDMA frames = 26 frames
0 7 3 8.25
1
2
3
4
57
1
26
1
5 57
6 3
1 Frame = 8 time slots
Timeslots
Trail Bit
C.B.
S.F.
Sync. Bit
S.F.
C.B.
156.25 bis
Trail Bit Guard Bit
C.B.= Coded Bit S.F.= Steady Flag
There are 8 time slots for TDMA frame and the frame period is 4.615 ms. A frame contains 156.25*8= 1250 bits. Each data frame starts with and end with zero bits , for frame delinoation purpose. It also contains 257 bits information field , each one having a control bit that indicate whether following information field is for voice or data. Between the information field is a 26 bit synchronization field that is used by the receiver to synchronize to the senders from boundaries.
Introduction GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system.
GSM services and features 1. Telephonic services : It includes emergency calls and fax related services.
2. Supplementary ISDN services: These are digital in nature and includes call diversion and call identification. It also includes SMS , which allows GSM subscribers and base station to transmit alphanumeric pages of limited length. 3. Subscriber Identity Module: One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries. 4. GSM Security: GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. 5. Voice Codecs : GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into between 5.6 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data channel they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate (5.6 kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a system based upon linear predictive coding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with bitrates, these codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the air interface layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal.
6.
GSM Frequencies: GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges. a.) Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. b.) The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries where these frequencies were previously used for firstgeneration systems.
c.) Most 3G GSM networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. d.) GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124 RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used.
GSM Architecture BT S
BT S
HL
BS C
BT S
VLR
A-BIS Interface
ISDN
BT S M
BT S
A Interface BS C
BT S M S
AC
BSS
MS C
PSTN
Data Networ k
OMC
NSS
OSS
Architecture It consist of three major interconnected systems that interact between themselves and with the user through certain interfaces The subsystems are:
1. BSS { Base Station Subsystem } : The base station subsystem (BSS) is the section of a traditional cellular telephone network which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and the network switching subsystem. The BSS carries out transcoding of speech channels, allocation of radio channels to mobile phones, paging, quality management of transmission and reception over the air interface and many other tasks related to the radio network. It also provides and manage radio transmission path between mobile station and mobile switching station. BSC { Base Station Controller } : The base station controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the BTSs. Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of BTSs under its control. •
The BSC handles allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones, controls handovers from BTS to BTS (except in the case of an inter-BSC handover in which case control is in part the responsibility of the anchor MSC).
•
A key function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator where many different low capacity connections to BTSs (with relatively low utilisation) become reduced to a smaller number of connections towards the mobile switching center (MSC) (with a high level of utilisation).
•
A BSC is often based on a distributed computing architecture, with redundancy applied to critical functional units to ensure availability in the event of fault conditions.
•
BSC controls the BTS and handoff management.
BTS { Base Transceiver Station } : •
Its function is encryption channel selection , allocation and deallocation.
•
It also does monitoring of radio channels whether busy or idle in status.
•
The base transceiver station, or BTS, contains the equipment for transmitting and receiving of radio signals (transceivers), antennas, and equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications with the base station controller (BSC).
•
A BTS is controlled by a parent BSC via the base station control function (BCF).
•
The BCF provides an operations and maintenance (O&M) connection to the network management system (NMS), and manages operational states of each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection.
•
Frequency hopping is often used to increase overall BTS performance; this involves the rapid switching of voice traffic between TRXs in a sector. A hopping sequence is followed by the TRXs and handsets using the sector.
Transcoder: The transcoder is responsible for transcoding the voice channel coding between the coding used in the mobile network, and the coding used by the world's terrestrial circuit-switched network, the Public Switched Telephone Network.
ABIS Interface: The interface between the BTS and BSC. Generally carried by a DS-1, ES-1, or E1 TDM circuit. Uses TDM subchannels for traffic (TCH), LAPD protocol for BTS supervision and telecom signaling, and carries synchronization from the BSC to the BTS and MS.
2. NSS { Network Switching Subsystem } •
Network switching subsystem (NSS) is the component of a GSM system that carries out switching functions and manages the communications between mobile phones and the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
•
It is owned and deployed by mobile phone operators and allows mobile phones to communicate with each other and telephones in the wider telecommunications network.
•
The Network Switching Subsystem, also referred to as the GSM core network, usually refers to the circuit-switched core network, used for traditional GSM services such as voice calls, SMS, and circuit switched data calls.
MSC { Mobile Switching Center } :
•
The mobile switching center (MSC) is the primary service delivery node for GSM, responsible for handling voice calls and SMS as well as other services (such as conference calls, FAX and circuit switched data).
•
The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end connection, handles mobility and hand-over requirements during the call and takes care of charging and real time pre-paid account monitoring.
•
The gateway MSC (G-MSC) is the MSC that determines which visited MSC the subscriber who is being called is currently located. It also interfaces with the PSTN.
•
The visited MSC (V-MSC) is the MSC where a customer is currently located. The VLR associated with this MSC will have the subscriber's data in it.
•
The anchor MSC is the MSC from which a handover has been initiated.
•
The target MSC is the MSC toward which a Handover should take place. A mobile switching centre server is a part of the redesigned MSC concept starting from 3GPP Release 5.
Mobile Switching Center Server { MSS }: The mobile switching centre server is a soft-switch variant of the mobile switching centre, which provides circuit-switched calling, mobility management, and GSM services to the mobile phones roaming within the area that it serves.
In NSS there are three different databases : i. HLR{ Home Location Register }: •
The home location register (HLR) is a central database that contains details of each mobile phone subscriber that is authorized to use the GSM core network.
•
There can be several logical, and physical, HLRs per public land mobile network (PLMN), though one international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)/MSISDN pair can be associated with only one logical HLR (which can span several physical nodes) at a time.
•
The HLR stores details of every SIM card issued by the mobile phone operator. Each SIM has a unique identifier called an IMSI which is the primary key to each HLR record.
Examples of other data stored in the HLR against an IMSI record is: • • • •
GSM services that the subscriber has requested or been given. GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services. Current location of subscriber (VLR and serving GPRS support node/SGSN). Call divert settings applicable for each associated MSISDN.
ii. VLR {Visitor Location Register}: • • • •
The visitor location register is a temporary database of the subscribers who have roamed into the particular area which it serves. Each base station in the network is served by exactly one VLR, hence a subscriber cannot be present in more than one VLR at a time. The data stored in the VLR has either been received from the HLR, or collected from the MS. In practice, for performance reasons, most vendors integrate the VLR directly to the V-MSC and, where this is not done, the VLR is very tightly linked with the MSC via a proprietary interface.
Data stored include: • • • • • •
IMSI (the subscriber's identity number). Authentication data. MSISDN (the subscriber's phone number). GSM services that the subscriber is allowed to access. access point (GPRS) subscribed. The HLR address of the subscriber.
iii. AC { Authentication Center }: •
The authentication centre (AC) has a function to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to connect
• •
• •
to the GSM core network (typically when the phone is powered on). Once the authentication is successful, the HLR is allowed to manage the SIM and services described above. An encryption key is also generated that is subsequently used to encrypt all wireless communications (voice, SMS, etc.) between the mobile phone and the GSM core network. If the authentication fails, then no services are possible from that particular combination of SIM card and mobile phone operator attempted. The AUC does not engage directly in the authentication process, but instead generates data known as triplets for the MSC to use during the procedure.
EIR { Equipment Identity Register } : • • • •
The equipment identity register is often integrated to the HLR. The EIR keeps a list of mobile phones (identified by their IMEI) which are to be banned from the network or monitored. This is designed to allow tracking of stolen mobile phones. In theory all data about all stolen mobile phones should be distributed to all EIRs in the world through a Central EIR. The EIR data does not have to change in real time, which means that this function can be less distributed than the function of the HLR. The EIR is a database that contains information about the identity of the mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized or defective mobile stations. Some EIR also have the capability to log Handset attempts and store it in a log file.
A-Interface: The interface between BSC and MSC. It uses the SS7 protocol called the Signaling Correction Control Protocol {SCCP} which support communication between MSC and BSS as well as network message between the individual subscriber and MSC.
3. OSS { Operation Support Subsystem }
•
• • • • •
The billing centre is responsible for processing the toll tickets generated by the VLRs and HLRs and generating a bill for each subscriber. It is also responsible for to generate billing data of roaming subscriber. The short message service centre supports the sending and reception of text messages. The multimedia messaging service centre supports the sending of multimedia messages (e.g., images, audio, video and their combinations) to (or from) MMS-enabled Handsets. The voicemail system records and stores voicemails. It maintains all telecommunication hardware and network operation with the particular market. Manage all mobile equipment in the system.
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network is a telephone system network. •
• •
•
ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system, that also provides access to packet switched networks, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in better voice quality than an analog phone. It offers circuit-switched connections (for either voice or data), and packet-switched connections (for data), in increments of 64 kbit/s. Another major market application is Internet access, where ISDN typically provides a maximum of 128 kbit/s in both upstream and downstream directions (which can be considered to be broadband speed, since it exceeds the narrowband speeds of standard analog 56k telephone lines). ISDN B-channels can be bonded to achieve a greater data rate, typically 3 or 4 BRIs (6 to 8 64 kbit/s channels) are bonded. ISDN provides simultaneous voice, video, and text transmission between individual desktop videoconferencing systems and group (room) videoconferencing systems.
PSTN: •
•
The public switched telephone network is the network of the world's public circuit-switched telephone networks, in much the same way that the Internet is the network of the world's public IPbased packet-switched networks. Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital, and now includes mobile as well as fixed telephones.
GSM Frame Structure GSM uses two bands for duplex communication. Each band is 25MHz in width , shifted towards 900MHz. Each band is divided into 124 channels of 200 KHz separated by guard bands. Reverse Band = 124 channels Band 25 MHz = 124 channels
890 MHz MHz
915 Band 25 MHz = 124 channels
935 MHz MHz
960
Forward Band = 124 channels 6.12 sec
Superframe=51 multiframes 120 ms
Multiframe= 1326 TDMA frames = 26 frames
0 7 3 8.25
1
2
3
4
57
1
26
1
5 57
6 3
1 Frame = 8 time slots
Timeslots
Trail Bit
C.B.
S.F.
Sync. Bit
S.F.
C.B.
156.25 bis
Trail Bit Guard Bit
C.B.= Coded Bit S.F.= Steady Flag
There are 8 time slots for TDMA frame and the frame period is 4.615 ms. A frame contains 156.25*8= 1250 bits. Each data frame starts with and end with zero bits , for frame delinoation purpose. It also contains 257 bits information field , each one having a control bit that indicate whether following information field is for voice or data. Between the information field is a 26 bit synchronization field that is used by the receiver to synchronize to the senders from boundaries.
