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f,dj ffcj úúO;ajh w;ska b;d fmdfydi;a .%S ,xldfú usßosh u;aiHh iñm; ffcj úúO;ajh flf¾ b;d jeo.;afú' ls ó 1600 fjr, ;Srhlska jgjqk .%S ,xldfú .x.d we< fod< ú,a¨ jeú fmdl=Kq iD;=uh c,dY yd c,dY wdY%;j usßosh uiqka jHdma;j we;' b;d oS¾> b;sydihl isg mej; tk ñßosh ëjr l¾udka;h osjhsk mqrd oel .; yels fú' j¾:udkh jk úg th ñßosh uiqka j.dj olajd oshqKqù we;' th uiqkag muKla iSud fkdù c,c me,eà olajdo jHdma;j we;' fñ jk úg fuu flaI;%fha iDcQ yd jl% l¾udka; wdY%;j úNj;djhlao mj;shs' kuq;a fuu iñm;a ;sridr l
uqod yeÍfuka ta iajNdúl mÍir j, cSj;a jk c,c cSjSka ;¾ckhg ,la ùu" iajNdúl c, ud¾. wjysr ùfuka c, .e,Sñ we;sùu" ù j.d ìñ yd fmd,a j.d ìñ jeks lDISld¾ñl ìñ biaika fldgq iEoSug fhdod .ekSfuka tu ìñ j, .=Kd;auh ydhkhg ,la fú" .jhka jeks i;=kag W,d lEug we;s ;DK ìñ wdosh wysñ ùu" yd u;aiHh fldgq wdY%;j mj;sk wêl ÿ¾.kaOh ksid wjg mßirfha fi!kao¾Hh ydhkh ùu' jeks oE c,c cSù j.dj wdY%; mdßißl .eg¨ f,i fmkajd osh yel' 02 j.d fkdlr wiajkq fk,Su ,xldj jeks ixj¾Okhjk jk rgj, nyq,u l%uh fuu l%uh fú' .x.d" we,fod," jeú wuqKq" fmdl=Kq" l=vd osh myrj,a' ú,a¨" iD;=uh c,dY wdy%,;j fuu l%uh oel .;yelsfú' fuysoS wod, c,c mßir moaO;shg ñksid úiska l=vd u;aiHh megjqka tla lsÍula fyda wNsckkhla fkdlrk w;r uiqkaf.a meje;au ioyd jq lsisÿ fohla ñksid úiska fkdlrhs' fuu mßir moaO;s j, uiqka iajNdúlj fnda ù iajNdúlj yeoS jefvk w;r lsisÿ ksIAmdok msßjehlska f;drj ëjrhska wiajkq fk,d .kS' fufia j.d fkdlr w,ajd.kq ,nk uiqka w;r Æ,d" ldjhshd" fldr,shd" je,sf.dújd" u.=rd" yqka.d" wdod wdoS uiqka fjhs' j.d lsÍulska f;drj ñßosh uiqka w,ajd .ekSfñ fú.h l%u l%ufhka jeäfú' tu fú.h uiqkaf.a fnda ùfñ fjs.hg jvd jeä fú.hla fõ' j¾:udkfha ëjrhka i;= wdñmkak b;d ld¾HhYu fú' tksid flá ld,hla ;=,oS jeä uiqka m%udkhla ëjrhkag w,ajd .; yels fõ' th ëjrhkaf.a me;af;ka i;=gqodhl jQjo mdrsißl me;af;ka flaojdplhls ukaoh;a ñksidf.a wjYH;d wiSñ; neúka Tjqka yels Wmßu oe ,nd .ekSug wd;aud¾:ldó fú' Æ,d" ldjhshd" je,sf.dújd" u.=rd" yqka.d" wdod wdoS uiqka lD;Suj wNsckkh lr iajNdúl mßir j,g uqod yeÍu ÿ,n lghq;a;lS' th fkdjk ;rñu hehs mejiSu idOdrKh' fñ w;r fuu iajNdúl mßir moaO;s j,ska wdydr ioyd fukau iqr;,a uiqka f,i wf,ú lsÍug Y%S ,xldjg wdfúKsl uiqka /ila w,ajd .kS' tu uiqka lD;Su wNsckkhlska f;drj iajNdúl mßir j,ska w,ajd .ekSu ksid Tjqkaf.a meje;aug oeä ;¾ckhla t,a,j we;' fñ ioyd iqr;,a uiqka jHdmdßlhkag yd wod, wdh;k j,g wdfúKsl uiqka gexls ;=, wNsckkh l< yel' kuq;a fuu l%shdj,sh ioyd jeh jk ld,h ksid laIKsl
iñm;a ms<sno nyq;r ,dxlslhka i;= w,am oekqu" c, cSj iñm;a flf¾ we;s oeä b,a¨u" c, cSj iñm;a wY%; cdjdrdñ ^ W"od uiqka iajNdúl mÍir j,ska w,ajd wmkhkh lsÍu& ridhk øjH wêlj fhdod flfrk lDISld¾ñl lghq;= wdoS oE tu md%fhda.sl .eg¨ f,i fmkajd osh yel' rgl ck;dj oekqfuka W!K ùu tu rg ;srir ixj¾Okhla lrd f.k hdfñoS m%Odk w¾nQohlafú' wjdikdjlg fuka Y%S ,dxlsl ëjr m%cdj m%udKj;a wOHdmkhla ,enQ msßila fkdfõ' fndfyda ëjrhska l=vd l, mdi,a úfhaoSu ëjr l¾udka;fha ksh¨k wh fõ' kuq;a ukd ixksfúok l%u ;=,ska Tjqka ;=< jq wOHdmkh yd wdl,am ixj¾Okh l< yel' t;=,ska c, cSj iñm;a ixrlaIKh ioyd jvd M
W"od" weú¨ñ ì,sh ^wkaku,h&" lrla f.äh" fluk" l+vq" W.=,a" uiqkag úosk ;=jlal=j fuu ir, wdñmkak u.ska uiqka cSj.%yfhka we,a,Sug yel' ^ W"od" lrla f.äh" l+vq"& Y%S ,xldfú ñßosh ëjr l¾udka;fha Wkak;sh Wfoid fuf;la mej;s rchka u.ska fkdfhla l%Shdud¾. /ila f.k we;' kuq;a fmdÿfú Y%S ,xldfú ëjr l¾udka;fha Wkak;sh Wfoid rch .;a mshjr my; wdldrh' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

1964 oS Y%S ,xld ëjr ixia:dj msysgqùu' 1970 oS ëjr wud;HxYhla msysgqùu' 1972 oS Y%S ,xld ëjr jrdh ixia:dj msysgqùu' ëjr iuqmdldr iñ;s msysgqùu ^fuu.ska Kh wdOdr ,ndfoa&' 1970 oYlfha oS wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j hgf;a fndaágq hdka;S% lrKh lsÍu ioyd wruqo,a ,ndf.k ëjrhkag Kh ,ndoS we;' 1982 oS cd;sl c,c iñm;a ksfhdacs;dh;kh ^kdrd wdh;kh& msysgqjk ,oS' 1984 oS fjr< ixrCIK fomd¾;fñka;=j msysgqùu' nyqosk hd;%d yÿkajdoSu 2002 jif¾oS ëjr yd c,c iñm;a wud;HxYh hgf;a udM oe,a wdñmkak yd ëjr hd;%d ,ndoSu' ñßosh u;aiHh ixj¾Okh ioyd ,ndfok rdcHh wkq.%yh 1990 oS kj;ajkq ,enQjo 1994 isg h,s l%Shd;aul lf
ienE ëjrfhla kñ Tyq c, cSùkaf.a meje;au ms<sno is;d n,kafkla úhhq;=h' ukao h;a Tjqkaf.a meje;au c, cSùkaf.a meje;au u; rod mj;sk ksid' êjrhs ienE mßmr ys;ldóka úh hq;=h' th ;srir ixj¾Okhla lrd hk .ufka m%Odk rel=,la jkqwe;'