General Biology 2.docx

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Gas Exchange of Plants    

Spongy Mesophyll – gas exchange surface; diffusion of gases Stomata – opening for entrance Guard Cells – regulate the entrance of air Kangkong and Water lily – more stomata on the top of the leaves

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Gas Exchange in Unicellular Organism 

Cell Membrane – gas exchange surface, thin, high surface and permeable to gases In Worms:  Surface of the skin – gas exchange surface, thin, elongated, with high surface area and moisten In Insects:  Tracheoles – gas exchange surface, thin, and numerous with fluid SPIRACLES – TRACHEA – AIRSACS – TRACHEOLES In Fish:  Gill Plates – gas exchange surface; numerous folding huge surface are remove dissolve oxygen from water  Gills – gas exchange organs Pathways of Air in Human PHARYNX – LARYNX – TRACHEA – BRONCHI – BRONCHIOLES – ALVEOLI ( tiny air sac; gas exchanging surface)  Lungs – gas exchange organ Features of Gas Exchange  Large Surface Area, Thin, Moist Surface, Able to maintain concentration gradient. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM  Functions of Digestive System 1. Digestion – breakdown of food 2. Ingestion – eating/ feeding 3. Absorption – passage of digested nutrients and fluid across tube wall and into body fluids 4. Egestion – eliminating of undigested materials 5. Peristalsis – propelling of food  Mouth – ingestion, mechanical digestion (chewing of food), chemical digestion (starch to maltose thru salivary amylase.  Esophagus – peristalsis (wave like movement of food)  Stomach – temporary storage, cardiac sphincter and pyloric sphincter. Gastric juice secreted by mucosa. Components of Gastric Juice 1. Hydrochloric Acid – gives stomach pH of 2.0 to activate stomach enzyme; inactivate salivary amylase; kill bacteria from food 2. Pepsin – breaks down protein into polypeptide 3. Rennin – converts soluble thing into insoluble for longer digestion 4. Mucus – protect the stomach wall from pepsin and HCL  Small Intestine – chemical digestion (duodenum); bile produce by liver, pancreatic juice by pancreas, intestinal juice by Brunner’s gland 

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Microvilli – in folding area to increase the absorption of nutrients in small intestine Bile Salts – emulsify fats and turn it into tiny droplets Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate – neutralizes acid from chime to pH 7 Bile – for emulsifying fats; gallbladder stores bile produced by liver. Pancreas secretes enzymes that break down all major food molecule secretes the hormone insulin for control of glucose metabolism Large Intestine – a small amount of fluid, sodium and vitamin K are absorbed through its wall. Many bacteria live and thrive within this where they help process undigested material into final excretory product, feces. Rectum – short extension of colon and final segment of digestive track; where the compacted undigested food from the colon is pushed via peristaltic contractions. The distention of the rectum triggers expulsion of feces. Anus – feces are expelled

TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF PLANT 1. XYLEM – transport water from roots to leaves; dies as cell mature (remain cell wall); transport materials passively (doesn’t require ATP) ; create pressure inside the plant a. Vessels – huge holes yet kokonti; form when a column of parenchyma cells lose their end walls; with lignin for mechanical strength; with pits to allow water to pass sideways; can transport water vertically or horizontally because of pits. b. Tracheids – small holes yet marami; elongated cells with tapering ends; do not have open ends; water passes through the pits 2. PHLOEM – transport food from leave to different parts of plants; transport materials actively (requires ATP) ; living tissue; composed of “Sieve tubes” and Companion Cell a. Sieve Tubes – parenchyma cells when mature, it become sieve element; allow the mass flow of materials (translocation); nucleus, ribosome, and golgi bodies degenerates as cell mature to wider (maluwag); with mitochondrion; with sieve plate where two sieve elements meet food particle pass; with large pores on the end walls where materials pass through translocation. b. Companion Cells – linked to sieve elements by plasmodesmata; with typical plant structures; helps the sieve elements to survive  Dicot form anuual rings  In non-vascular plants (mosses, horn wort, liver wort) it doesn’t have xylem and phloem; transport thru osmosis and diffusion  In vascular plants it uses/ have xylem and phloem to transport materials. TRANSPORT IN ANIMAL

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM  Constant supply of oxygen and nutrient  Get rid of waste product  “Simple animals” like sea anemones and worms can do this by diffusion (high to low)  “Large animals” need a transport system 1. Open Blood System – blood does not flow through blood vessels; blood is pumped by heart into large spaces in the body cavity where exchange of materials takes place between the blood and the tissues; then blood returns o the heart; examples are insects and snails. 2.

Closed Blood System – blood flows through blood vessels a. Single Circulation – blood passes through heart once; heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills; oxygenated blood is carried to the tissues; deoxygenated blood returns to heart; examples are fishes. b. Double Circulation – blood passes through heart twice  Pulmonary Circulation – heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs; oxygenated blood returns to heart.  Systemic Circulation – heart pumps oxygenated blood to body tissues; deoxygenated returns to heart HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM  Closed blood system; double circulation  To deliver food, nutrients and oxygen  Collect metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide, excess water and salts, and nitrogenous waste  Combination of water, salts, and nitrogenous waste form “Urine”  To protect from foreign bodies  Heart – pumps blood  Blood Vessels – carries blood  Blood – delivers and collects materials and protects

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4 Chambers: Right Atrium – receives deoxygenated blood from vena cava Left Atrium – receives oxygenated blood from lungs Right Ventricle – pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs Left Ventricle – pumps oxygenated blood to Aorta Valves – to prevent back flow of blood Tricuspid Valve – prevents back flow of blood from Right Ventricle to Right Atrium

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Pulmonary Valve – prevents back flow of blood from Pulmonary Artery to Right Ventricle  Mitral Valve – prevents back flow of blood from Left Ventricle to Left Atrium  Aortic Valve – prevents back flow of blood from Aorta to Left Ventricle  3 TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS  1. ARTERIES 2. VEINS 3. CAPILLARIES CARDIAC CYCLE  Describes the sequence of events in one heartbeat. a. Systole – Contraction b. Diastole – relaxations Three main stages of Cardiac Cycle 1. Atrial Systole – the heart is full of blood; atria contract; ventricles are relaxed; blood passes down the ventricle. 2. Ventricular Systole – atria relax ventricles contract; blood is pump.  When Mitral and Tricuspid Valves are open in Atrial Systole, then it is close in Ventricular Systole.  When Pulmonary and Aortic Valves are close in Atrial Systole, then it is open in Ventricular Systole. 3. Diastole – the heart is full of blood; atria and ventricles relax; blood enters the atria; Mitral and Tricuspid Valves are open; Pulmonary and Aortic Valves are close. EXCRETION/ ELIMENATION OF WASTE PRODUCTS OF LIVING ORGANISMS PLANTS  Oxygen gas  Excess water through transpiration ANIMALS  Solid feces (digestive)  Carbon dioxide  Nitrogenous waste (urea, uric acid, ammonium cells)  Excess water REMOVAL OF WATER AND OTHER WASTE PRODUCTS PLANTS  Oxygen gas is expelled through gas exchange in the spongy mesophyll (found in leaves)  Excess water through transpiration (loss of water through evaporation from leaves) ANIMALS  Through excretion  Fishes – release nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia through gills. Ammonia toxic but extremely soluble in water  Birds and Insects – release nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid (white paste). Uric acid insoluble in water but non toxic and very little water is needed to excrete

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Mammals – release nitrogenous waste in the form of urea. Urea made in liver (2 ammonia + Carbon dioxide), main nitrogenous waste carries from the liver to the kidneys URINARY SYSTEM  Renal Artery – carries oxygenated blood to kidney. It is important to carry the blood to kidney to filter out the waste product from the blood.  Renal Vein – carries deoxygenated blood away to the kidney.  Kidneys – to filter out the waste product from the blood  Ureter – carries urine from kidney to bladder  Bladder – temporary storage of urine  Urethra – passageway of the urine during urination Importance of kidneys  Filter metabolic waste from blood  Reabsorb important materials into blood  Regulate pH in the blood PARTS OF THE KIDNEY  Cortex – filtration and re-absorption area  Medulla – solute concentration regulation area  Pelvis – passageway of urine from kidney to ureters  Nephron – cells that can filter, reabsorb, and regulate pH PARTS OF NEPHRON  Bowman’s Capsule – absorbs materials filtrate from glomerulus  Proximal Convoluted Tubule – reabsorbs important material from filtrate (glucose, amino acid, and water)  Loop of Henle – make the medulla high in solute concentration  Distal Convoluted Tubule – regulates the pit of the blood  Collecting Duct – carries urine to pelvis  Afferent Arteriole – carries blood to glomerulus  Glomerulus – removes materials from the blood (20% of water and solutes)  Efferent Arteriole – carries filtered blood away from glomerulus to capillary network in the medulla.  Distal Convoluted Tubule – together with collecting duct, regulate concentration of solute in medulla controlled by antidiuretic hormone by hypothalamus  Collecting duct become permeable to water when the blood is lack of water  When blood is rich in water, the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule are become less permeable to water.