Fuel Economy Indian Vehicles.pdf

Fuel Economy MeasurementsIndian Perspective

M.K.Chaudhari Sr. Deputy Director Automotive Research Association of India Pune National Media Workshop for journalist on Fuel Efficiency Issues Hyderabad 12th August 2010

Presentation Out line

• • • •

About ARAI Auto Industry in India- An Overview CMVR Regulations : Automotive Emissions Fuel Consumption Standards and Vehicle Classification • India’s Initiative for Fuel Economy Norms • Fuel Economy-Real World Scenario • Conclusions

AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION OFINDIA

 Established in 1966. Location : Pune ( India) 160 Km from Mumbai  Autonomous R&D Institute serving Automotive Industry since 40 years  ARAI is well equipped with state-of-the-art Design & Testing facilities having highly qualified and trained manpower.  ISO 9001, ISO 14001 ,OHSAS 18001 and NABL 17025

Core Areas Research & Development • Engine Development • Alternate Fuels

Homologation • Vehicle Evaluation • Emission Certification

• NVH

• Active & Passive Safety • CAE/FEA/CFD

• EMI/EMC • Structural Dynamics/Fatigue • Automotive Electronics • Material Testing

Services offered • Sponsored R & D Work • Homologation Testing • Evaluation of emission control devices • Durability Testing • Preparation of Automotive standards in India • WP-29 Activities • Calibration • Post Graduate Courses in Automotive Engineering

Recent Awards

• SAE Award for environmental excellence For our contribution in cleaning up of Delhi air with introduction of CNG vehicles.

• Barcelona Award for automotive innovation For developing pump less lubrication system for gaseous 2 stroke 3 wheelers

• Golden Peacock National Award for Quality For demonstration of quality service to the automotive industry

Motor Vehicle Production in India 26.0 %

14,480,479

2009-10

11,491,272

2008-09

2.9 %

11,172,571

2007-08

-2.1 % 13.7 %

11,410,378

2006-07

10,031,296

2005-06

15.1 %

8,716,930

2004-05

17.2 %

7,435,197

2003-04

6,446,856

2002-03

16.7 % 10.4 %

5,523,626

2001-02

15.3 %

5,005,375

2000-01 -

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000 Source: SIAM

Composition of Indian Automobiles-2009-10

0.4 mill , 5%

0.28 mill , 3%

1.3 mill , 14% 0.36 mill , 4%

6.8 mill , 74%

Cars+MUV 2 wh Tractors

CV (LCV+Bus&Trucks) 3-wh

Source: SIAM

On-road Vehicle Population Projection for India

2-W = motorcycle; 3-W = 3-wheeler; HCV = heavy-duty commercial vehicle; http://www.adb.org/Documents/Re LCV = light-duty commercial vehicle; SUV = sport utility vehicle. ports/Energy-EfficiencyNote: Total may not add due to rounding. Source: Segment Y Ltd. Transport/chap01.pdf

Total On-road Fuel Consumption Projection for India

Mtoe = million tons of oil equivalent; http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Energy-Efficiency-Transport/chap01.pdf

CMVR Regulations : Automotive Emissions

CMVR Regulations a) 2 / 3 / 4 wheelers gasoline vehicles b) 4 wheeler diesel vehicles ( < 3.5 Ton / GVW ) c) Heavy duty diesel engines ( > 3.5 Ton / GVW ) d) Construction / off-highway engines Type Approval

- TA

Conformity of Production

- COP

In-use vehicle testing

- Field Testing

2 Wheeler Emission Norms

Two Wheeler Norms % change % Change Year CO HC+Nox 2000 55.6 44.4 2005 25.0 25.0 2010 33.3 33.3

Year

CO (gm/km)

THC (gm/km)

1991

12 to 30

8 - 12

3 Wheeler Emission Norms 3 Wheeler Petrol – g/km Year

CO (gm/km)

THC (gm/km)

1991

12 to 30

8 - 12

Three Wheeler Norms (Gasoline) % change % change HC Year CO +Nox 2000(BS I) 40.7 63.0

3 Wheeler Diesel – g/km Three Wheeler Norms (Diesel)

Year

% change % Change CO HC+Nox

% Change PM

2000(BS I)

59.70

82.04

NA

2005(BS II)

63.24

12.37

28.57

2010(BS III)

50.00

41.18

50.00

2005(BS II)

43.8

0.0

2010(BS III)

44.4

37.5

Passenger Cars & LCV emission norms Passenger Car and Light Commercial Vehicles (Gasoline) (gm/km) 8.68 3

50.0

Norms

CO (g/km)

HC+NOx (g/km)

1992 Norms

17.3 to 32.6

2.7 to 3.7

CO

HC + Nox

PM

2010(BS IV)

46.4

0.140.080.050.025

2005(BS III)

21.9

0.97 0.7 0.56 0.3

2001(BS II)

37.5

2

2000(BS I)

20.0

1 0.64 0.5

2010(BS IV)

36.0

2.72

2005(BS III)

42.9

2001(BS II)

27.8

2000(BS I)

63.2

% Change HC+Nox 67.67 48.45 30.00 48.57

5

1996

NA

% change CO 68.66 19.12 -4.55 56.52

Passenger Car and Light Commercial Vehicles (Diesel) (gm/km)

2010(BS IV)

51.50

NA

2005(BS III)

45.60

% Change PM

2.0 to 2.9

2001(BS II)

2010(BS IV)

% Change HC+Nox 25.93

14.3 to 27.1

2000(BS I)

1996 2000 (BS I) 2005 ( BS II) 2005(BS III)

% change CO 71.10

1991 Norms

The BS-IV Regulation has been adopted from the Euro-IV, except the measurement of CO and HC at -7 Deg C.

1996

Year

HC(g/km)

Year 2000 (BS I) 2005 ( BS II) 2005 BS III) 2010 (S IV)

THC + Nox

Passenger Car and Light Commercial Vehicles (Diesel)

CO (g/km)

Passenger Car and Light Commercial Vehicles (Gasoline)

0.35 0.18 2010(BS IV)

2001(BS II)

1996

CO

2000(BS I)

0.97 0.5

2005(BS III)

1 2010(BS IV)

2.3

2005(BS III)

2001(BS II)

2000(BS I)

1996

2.72 2.2

Norms

Indian Driving Cycle for 2 and 3 W

kmph

50

Max speed: 42kmph

40 30 20 10 0 0

20

Cold Start 4 warm cycles (108 sec each) 6 sample cycles (108 sec each) Total Test Time:

648 sec

Total Test Distance:

3.948

40

60

80

100

120

Indian Driving Cycle for 4 Wheelers Part 1: 780 sec

Part 2: 400 sec

One Cycle of 195 sec

Max Speed 90 kmph

Total test time: 1180 sec Total distance: 10.647 km Max. speed: 90 km/h Begin of sampling with engine start Maximal Acceleration: 0.833 m/s2 Maximal Deceleration:1.389 m/s2

Fuel Consumption Calculation The fuel consumption is calculated by carbon balance method using measured emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other carbon related emissions (hydrocarbons - HC, carbon monoxide - CO) i. For vehicles with a positive ignition engine fuelled with petrol: FC= 100 * D /{(0.1154)*[(0.866*HC)+(0.429*CO)+ (0.273*CO2)]} ii. For vehicles with a positive ignition engine fuelled with LPG

FCnorm= 100 * (0.538) /{(0.1212)*[(0.825*HC)+(0.429*CO)+ (0.273*CO2)]} iii. For vehicles with a positive ignition engine fuelled with NG Fcnorm = 100 * (0.654) /{(0.1336)*[(0.749*HC)+(0.429*CO)+ (0.273*CO2)]} iv. For vehicles with a compression ignition engine FC= 100 * D /{(0.1155)*[(0.866*HC)+(0.429*CO)+ (0.273*CO2)]}

Fuel Consumption Calculation In these formulae: • • • • • •

FC = Fuel consumption in km per liter (in the case of petrol, LPG or diesel) or in km per m3 (in the case of natural gas). HC = Measured emission of hydrocarbons in g/km CO = Measured emission of carbon monoxide in g/km CO2 = Measured emission of carbon dioxide in g/km D = Density of the test fuel. In the case of gaseous fuels this is the density at 15° C. a) Density: measured on the test fuel according to ISO 3675 or an equivalent method. – For petrol and diesel fuel density measured at 15° C will be used; – For LPG and natural gas a reference density will be used, as follows: – 0.538 kg/liter for LPG, 0.654 kg/m3 for NG*/

• */ Mean value of G20 and G23 reference fuels at 15°C. • b) Hydrogen -carbon ratio: fixed values will be used which are:  1.85 for petrol, 1.86 for diesel fuel, 2.525 for LPG, 4.00 for CNG

HCV Emission Norms Heavy Duty Engines

Heavy Duty Engines (gm/kWh) 18 14.4

14

Year

11.2 7

5

CO

2005(BS III)

2005(BS II)

2000(BS I)

1996

1991

1.5 2010(BS IV)

2.1

2005(BS III)

4

2005(BS II)

2000(BS I)

1996

1991

4.5

3.5

2010(BS IV)

8

Nox

% change % Change % Change CO HC+Nox PM

1996

20

31.43

2000(BS I)

59.8

54.2

NA NA

2005(BS II)

11.1

0.0

58.3

2005(BS III)

47.5

40.0

33.3

2010(BS IV)

28.6

30.3

80.0

Heavy Duty Engines (gm/kWh) 3.5

THC

PM

0.1

0.02 2010(BS IV)

2005(BS II)

0.36 0.15 2000(BS I)

2010(BS IV)

0.66 0.46 2005(BS III)

1.1

2005(BS II)

2000(BS I)

1996

1.1

1991

Note: •Additional ETC limits for advanced after treatment devices for BS III & BS IV

2005(BS III)

2.4

Fuel Consumption Standard and Vehicle Classification

Coverage • Fuel economy and GHG standards around the world Approach

Country / Region

Fuel Economy Standards

US, Japan, Canada, Australia, China, Taiwan and South Korea

CO2 Standard

European Union, California

United States ( US CAFÉ cycle)

• Energy Policy & Conservation Act ,1975 established the CAFÉ programme • CAFÉ Standard for Passenger Cars : 27.5 mpg ( Since 1985) • CAFÉ Standards for Light Trucks, mpg: 2004: 20.7 2005: 21.0

2006: 21.6 2007: 22.2

• Passenger Vehicle Standards apply to Vehicles up to 8500 Lbs

• Penalties for failure to meet CAFÉ standards

22

European Union ( EU) ( NEDC Cycle ) • European Auto Industry voluntarily Committed to ACEA Agreement • CO2 Emissions to be reduced to 140 gCO2/ km by 2008 ( 25 % reduction of Fuel Consumption over 1995) • Possibility of extending agreement to 120 gCO2/km by 2012 • 2002 EU Data: – Gasoline Cars : 172 g/km – Diesel Cars : 155 g/km – Alternative-fueled Cars : 177 g/km

• 2003 EU Target : 165-170 gCO2/km ( Europe & Japanese Companies meet ; Koreans not yet meeting ) 23

California (US CAFÉ Cycle)

Time

Year

GHG emission standard (Co2e in g/mi) PC/LDT1 LDT2

frame 2009

323

439

2010

301

420

Near

2011

267

390

term

2012

233

361

2013

227

355

2014

222

350

Medium

2015

213

341

term

2016

205

332

FE in km/l is calculated based on carbon balance method

24

Japan (10-15 mode test cycle) Gasoline Passenger Vehicle

Kg <702

Km/L 21.2

703 - 827

18.8

828 - 1015

17.9

1016 - 1265

16.0

1266 - 1515

13.0

1516 - 1765

10.5

1766 - 2015

8.9

2016 - 2265

7.8

FE in km/l is calculated based on carbon balance method

25

Fuel Economy and GHG Standards –Around the World Country /Region

Type

Measure

Test Method

US

Fuel

Mpg

US CAFÉ

Each Manufacturer to meet standards for cars & Light trucks

Mandatory

EU

CO2

g/km

EU NEDC

Voluntary agreement with EC for reducing passenger vehicle CO2

Voluntary

California

GHG

g/mile

US CAFÉ

Fleet Average Requirements For PC/LDT 1 & LDT2 ( Two categories of vehicle)

Mandatory

Japan

Fuel

Km/L

Japan 10-15

Fuel economy fleet avg.target based on Weight Class for LD passenger & comm.vehicles

Mandatory

Australia

Fuel

L/100-km

EU NEDC

Voluntary agreement for fleet avg. fuel consumption for PCs.

Voluntary

China

Fuel

L/100-km

EU NEDC

Individual vehicle model to meet std for its weight Class ( PCs,SUV s, MPV s).

Mandatory

Canada

Fuel

L/100-km

US CAFÉ

Company Avg.Fuel

Voluntary

Approach

Implementatio n

Consumption for New Passenger Vehicle fleet

Taiwan / S.Korea

Fuel

Km/L

US CAFÉ

Fuel Economy standards based on vehicle Engine Size.

Mandatory 26

India’s Initiative for Fuel Economy Norms

Fuel Economy Norms: Historical Perspective (1981-89)

Engine CC upto 35 35-75 75-200 >200 CC upto 600 600-800 800-1000 1000-1400 >1400

2-Wheelers Test Speed, kph 20 30 40 50

KMPL 95 87 (variable Trans) 83 (Fixed Trans) 60 55

Passenger Cars Test Speed, kph 50 50 50 50 50

KMPL 24 22 20 18 16

Fuel Economy Norms: Historical Perspective (1981-89) Commercial Vehicles Payload, tons

upto 2.5 t

2.5 t-4.0 t 4.0 t-14.0 t >14.0 t

NTKMPL (Payload*KMPL)

Engine Type

40 kph

60 kph

21-11.5 (1 t5.4t GVW)

22.2-12.1 (1t-4.5t GVW)

IDI

31.6-38.4

26.6-30.2

IDI

36.3-44.1

30.6-34.7

DI

47.1-74.5

37.4-64.2

DI

75

66

DI

Fuel Economy : Present Scenario • Fuel economy is a major driver for market in India. • Typical fuel economy of vehicles in India – Vehicle Category

Min. FE km/l

Max. FE km/l

2 wh

32

99

3 wh petrol

16

48

3 wh diesel

22

43

4 wh petrol

5

23

4 wh diesel

9

35

Fuel Economy Data for Indian LCV, M&HCV Vehicles

Classification of vehicles as per Central Motor vehicle Rules

• Light Motor Vehicles- <=7.5 tonnes

• Medium Motor Vehicle >7.5 to <=12 tonnes • Heavy Motor vehicle >12 tonnes

32

Fuel Efficiency Measurement Procedure (S.O.1365 [E] dt. 13th Dec 2004 )

• Applicable vehicles manufactured from 1st April 2005 • Two and three wheelers and four-wheeled vehicles with GVW up to 3.5 tonnes – Measurement on the basis of driving cycle used for emission testing as per the carbon balance method during emission testing

• light motor vehicles and medium and heavy motor vehicles – Constant speed fuel consumption test as per IS:11921:1993 – Light motor vehicles @50 kph – Medium and Heavy Motor Vehicles -@ 40 and 60 kph

• Fuel consumption measurement at above Test speeds but no Norms (for Data Collection ) 33

Focus of Indian Automotive Regulations

• Present focus – Emissions and Safety

• Future focus – In addition to above, focus would be on Climate change /Global warming/Fuel consumption

Indian Initiatives: CO2 standards-Probable approach – Norms may be based on CO2 which has direct relevance and has very good correlation with Fuel economy – Advantage is also due to fact that no additional evaluation is required, as this data is captured during vehicles emissions test – Line based equation for limit values based on vehicle weight – India is signatory to the 1998 agreement under WP29 UNECE and Europe follows CO2 emission linked to Fuel Economy – Direct relevance to Global Warming, as CO2 is the main green house gas.

Challenges/Technical Issues to improve Fuel Economy

• The quality and type of fuel • Vehicle technology • Traffic management and I & M • Enforcement and infrastructure

Methodology Approach Under Discussion • • • •

Corporate Carbon average concept Derogation of small volumes Option for Pooling by companies Implementation dates to be decided by SIAM, Test agencies, MoRTH and Bureau of Energy Efficiency

Testing Approach • CO2 is measured during mass emission testing • Testing is carried out at controlled environment • Fuel economy is calculated based on carbon balance method

Labeling • Labeling of automobiles on fuel economy is based on the section 14

A of Energy Conservation Act • Good Consumer Information Tool • “Forward step” in International Fora related to energy and climate change • Commitment from manufacturers • Proactive steps by auto makers to display Fuel Economy figures measured on driving cycle in service station of manufacturers for M1

and 2W

SIAM Fuel Economy Labeling Programme • SIAM announced Voluntary Labeling program at SIAM Annual Convention on 4th Sep’08 and implemented from 1st Jan’09 ~ 31st Mar’09 at Point of Sale • Applicable for 4W of M1 category & 2W. • Visit www.siam.in for FE data of 180+ India vehicle models from 16 companies • Industry also working proactively with Government for developing FE regulations for vehicles in India

39

Concerns for deciding norms for FE • The approach – CO2 based? – Fuel Economy based?

• Categorization of vehicles – Weight based? – Engine Capacity based? – Power based?

• Framing of policies/standards and enforcement • Implementation and timeframe

Real World Situation Factors affecting FE

Better Practices .Driving Habits .Traffic Conditions .Traffic signal synchronization

. Engine Tuning

.Better driving habits (No harsh braking/No frequent sudden rise or stop ) .Good traffic management

.Regular Maintenance

. Vehicle Maintenance

. Tyre Pressure

.Use of correct fuel

Conclusions • Indian Automotive Industry is poised to grow at a Phenomenal rate • Fuel efficiency measurement standard (S.O.1365[E] dt. 13th Dec 2004) is in place for 2-W to Heavy Motor Vehicles from 1st April 2005 • Positive view on the need for fuel efficiency standards for Heavy Duty Vehicles • The implementation of fuel efficiency standards for Vehicles is under consideration in India with the following methodology : – Review of International standards – Policy & framework

– Testing method – Reporting structure – Implementation strategies

– Cost Benefit analysis for implementation of standards – Phase wise implementation of standards