From Creationism To The Creation

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From Creationism to the Creation A Personal journey

By Dennis Murphy

25 April 2010 Updated 9 August 2010

Copyright © 2010 Dennis Murphy

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Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................... 5  Does it really matter what we believe? ....................................................................... 10  An example of “good intentions” for the wrong reasons ........................................... 11  The Law of unintended consequences ....................................................................... 13  Our individual Big Picture View of the World ......................................................... 14  Interpretation and Mental Templates ........................................................................ 17  Rules of Evidence ...................................................................................................... 17  Interpretation of the evidence..................................................................................... 18  An example interpretation .......................................................................................... 19  The Doctrine of Man .................................................................................................... 23  Man as a three part being ........................................................................................... 23  The Biblical picture of the difference between mankind and the animals ................. 28  The role of mankind in the Creation .......................................................................... 30  The Big Picture of the Bible ............................................................................... 32  The question of governance of the Kingdom of God ......................................... 33  Choosing to be a Christian .......................................................................................... 35  Free will ..................................................................................................................... 36  Biblical view of free will............................................................................................ 38  The sovereign will of God.......................................................................................... 39  Who chooses – God or man ....................................................................................... 40  The Tabernacle and God’s Kingdom ......................................................................... 44  The Tabernacle ........................................................................................................... 44  Moses ......................................................................................................................... 45  Aaron .......................................................................................................................... 47  Office and duties of the Priesthood ............................................................................ 48  The relationship between Moses and Aaron .............................................................. 53  The critical issue of who has the right to be a Priest ................................................ 54  The privileged position of the first-born in Middle Eastern societies ........................ 54  The Levites replace the first-born .............................................................................. 55  The Levites as the Civil Servants of the governing structure of the Tabernacle ....... 56  The Priesthood ........................................................................................................... 57  The Priesthood ruling under God as the Kingdom of God in order to bring salvation to the world ................................................................................................................ 58  God will draw those He chooses and calls ................................................................. 59  Why have I spent so much effort on this subject of who can be a priest ................... 62  Unifying the Old and New Testaments ...................................................................... 63  The New Testament View of God’s Kingdom ........................................................... 66  The Millennial reign of Jesus ..................................................................................... 67  The New Jerusalem .................................................................................................... 68  The Great White Throne and the final judgment ....................................................... 70  The fate of the unsaved .............................................................................................. 72  Will some Christians get a shock at the final judgment? ........................................... 74  The Biblical view of the New Testament Church ...................................................... 76  2

3 Feeding and maintaining the “Body of Christ” .......................................................... 77  The “Body of Christ” and its functions in the wider world ....................................... 78  The question of whether the church today fulfils its role ......................................... 82  The Seven Churches of Revelation ............................................................................ 82  The church of Sardis versus the role of the Church in the big debates in society ..... 84  Just what is a scientific theory? .................................................................................. 87  The philosophy of science and the development of the “scientific method” ............. 88  What makes a scientific theory? ................................................................................ 90  The limits of any theory ............................................................................................. 94  Why Creation Science and Intelligent Design are not scientific theories .................. 95  The creationist claim of loss of information over time in the genome as an example of hypothesis testing ............................................................................. 97  The role of viruses in adding new information into the genetic structure ........ 100  A summary of the main points in the Court Judgement in the ID trial .................... 101  Scientific Dating Methods ......................................................................................... 103  The controversy ........................................................................................................ 103  The explanation from the world of science .............................................................. 105  The Scientific view of the Universe and Life ........................................................... 111  The views of individual scientists ............................................................................ 111  Darwin’s ideas of the evolutionary process are the scientific equivalent to Newton’s ideas on gravity – a good beginning, but a long way to go ...................................... 112  Charles Darwin and his ideas ................................................................................... 114  Descent from a common ancestor..................................................................... 114  Natural selection ............................................................................................... 115  Is evolution still occurring today? ............................................................................ 119  A summary of the scientific view of the appearance of life on earth ...................... 120  Self-organising systems? – Or do we need a Special Creation?............................. 123  The conflict between religion and society ............................................................... 123  Is evolution consistent with Genesis? ...................................................................... 123  Snowflakes, salt and sugar - Crystals that self-organise and self-assemble ............ 124  Increases in information in the self-organized and self-assembled entity ............... 126  The original DNA molecules – an example of self-assembly.................................. 128  A question that must be asked .................................................................................. 131  Don’t mention the war ............................................................................................... 133  Much thought went into whether I should include this chapter ............................... 133  One of the reasons that I changed my belief from creationism................................ 134  The Discovery Institute ............................................................................................ 135  General philosophy of the creationist viewpoint ..................................................... 137  The creationists techniques of camouflaging the truth ............................................ 138  Tactic one – misuse of the scientific method.................................................... 138  Tactic two - continue to use discredited ideas to mislead people ..................... 139  Tactic three – claims that science “is in crisis” over some point of debate ...... 140  Freedom and the religious state................................................................................ 141  Are creationists really “persecuted” by the scientific community? ......................... 143  Do Darwin’s ideas encourage or lead to atheism? ................................................... 144  The attempt to “jump-start life” – Ben Stein in the DVD “EXPELLED” ............... 145  The manipulation of Darwin’s quotation in his book “The Descent of Man” ......... 147  3

4 The creationists preoccupation with evangelism ..................................................... 151  The Genesis account of creation ............................................................................... 154  The mystery of Genesis chapter two ........................................................................ 154  Adam and Eve and the Doctrine of Man .................................................................. 156  The appearance of Eve...................................................................................... 157  The Doctrine of Man and the question of Cain’s wife ..................................... 157  The question of how Jesus can be both fully God and fully man ..................... 158  Genesis chapter one compared to the scientific view .............................................. 159  “Day” one – Creation of the universe and the solid, liquid and gaseous matter needed for the planets ....................................................................................... 159  “Day” two – The earth forms and the atmosphere is created ........................... 161  “Day” three – The dry land appears and the sea and plants created ................. 164  “Day” four – The sun and the moon start shining – and other stars in the sky 165  “Day” five – Sea creatures and birds appear .................................................... 167  “Day” six – Appearance of life on land and the entrance of mankind ............. 167  The total agreement between the Biblical account and the science account............ 168  A challenge............................................................................................................... 169  Strong’s Concordance definitions for Genesis chapters one and two ...................... 169  Did God need a special act of creation for each different living organism? ......... 172  How many special creations would have been required? ........................................ 172  God’s mechanism for creating huge diversity from a common ancestor................. 173  The concept of Chaos ............................................................................................... 174  What happens when we repeatedly carry out a given procedure? ........................... 175  A picture of an iterated system – and what do we mean by a “strange attractor”? .. 177  What does it mean to say that something is a fractal? ............................................. 179  Generating a fractal .................................................................................................. 181  The fractal iteration formula as the “genome” of an organism ................................ 182  Observations of the Natural World .......................................................................... 183  Animals that undergo radical changes to their bodies during their lifetime ............ 183  Have you ever wondered how the shape of all living things comes about? ............ 184  Fractal mathematics as the mechanism that controls shapes in the natural world ... 185  Similarity with the natural world and the fractal images of the Mandelbrot Set ..... 185  Bringing it all together............................................................................................... 191  The creation and the emergence of life .................................................................... 191  Creationists and the Church ..................................................................................... 193  Pictorial overview of the role of the church in God’s plan for the salvation of the world ................................................................................................................. 197  Why some Christians don’t join the Church ............................................................ 199  A model for the Church............................................................................................ 200  ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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Introduction Or What this book is about and how I came to change my views on how the universe came into being. From about the age of seven I was enrolled in a Baptist Sunday school. Within a couple of years my family moved to one of the early Pentecostal churches and I transferred to the Sunday school there. The views held and preached at that church were those typical of Pentecostal and some Evangelical churches at that time, and still largely today. They focused strongly on the concept that the Bible is the inerrant word of God and is literally true in all sections, personal salvation through repentance and belief in the atonement of Christ on the cross, speaking in tongues, healing, casting out of demons, the Second Coming and the idea that God created the world in six literal days about six thousand years ago. The ideas on creation were taught mainly in the Sunday school and I don’t remember any particular focus on this in the sermons in the main services. In my mid teens I left the church and went my own way for about the next forty years. However, the ideas of my early Sunday schooling never completely left me and I still believed in all the things that I had been taught during my early years. This included a very strong belief that God had created the world in six literal days. But apart from a short period when I returned to the church, I remained largely uninvolved and uninterested in much of what the church had to say. Despite my lack of involvement with the church, I did like debating and evolution versus creation was an area that I often got involved in with some “rather robust discussions”. I was often known to say, “You may have sprung from a monkey – but I was created by God” I have also always had a very strong interest in science. Unfortunately, it became increasingly apparent that science was winning the debates that I often found myself involved in. At the same time I was also convinced that although I often lost on the science front of the argument (e.g. the belief in creation about 6 thousand years ago) I firmly believed that God really had created the world. I just wasn’t sure how to reconcile the two viewpoints. This situation continued until about 1996 when I was admitted to hospital with a suspected heart problem. During an angiogram to diagnose the trouble I suffered a cardiac arrest and was clinically dead for a little over ninety seconds before my heart could be restarted with a stable heartbeat again. The cardiac arrest occurred as I was watching the screen next to the angiography table showing the dye as it coursed through my heart. At the onset of ventricular fibrillation (the cardiac arrest) the world simply faded out into nothingness as my blood pressure dropped to zero. When this happens you lose consciousness – hence the fading out of your vision as the blood pressure drops over a two or three second period. My experience during that ninety second period changed my view of many things. First and foremost, I found myself suddenly outside of my body in a “dark space.” Some others refer to it as a “dark tunnel.”(see notes on Bible versions later in this chapter) A dark space is the best way that I can describe it. I was stationary in this space, but I could consciously move across this “dark space” to a “wall” that appeared to have what is best described as a “porthole” in it. Looking through this “porthole” I was viewing (off from the side) the activities around my body on the table in the angiography lab. I was fully conscious just as I and you are now – however I felt absolutely no foreboding 5

6 or fear, just an intense feeling of surprise. I didn’t understand where I was, or how I got there, or what I was doing there. Over the next minute and a half I slowly realized that I had indeed “died” during the process and was now outside my body observing what was happening. As they restarted and stabilised my heart I suddenly felt as if I was being sucked into a vortex. I then immediately became aware of one of the nurses holding my elbow with her face close to mine saying, “You are safe now” I asked her if I had just gone into cardiac arrest – she said “Yes, I had, but I was now safe” Your views on many things change after an experience like that! One of those changes was that I now know what it feels like to die. This is something that had always intrigued me – and perhaps also disturbed me as I know that it does many others. More importantly it gave me a first-hand look at, and experience of, the underlying mechanism of the Doctrine of Man that is spread throughout the Bible. This and other insights from this experience started a deeper examination of many subjects in the Bible. The end result of much study on these subjects showed me that the Bible and science essentially say identical things about the creation. I know that this statement is going to come as a shock to both Christians who believe in a literal six 24 hour day creation a few thousand years ago and scientists that believe that the Bible teaches a literal six day creation as opposed to the creation of the universe about 12 to 15 billion years ago. But when you compare the Biblical accounts in Genesis with what science teaches, they are in fact one and the same story. Questions then arise how both sides of this argument have ignored the very large “elephant in the room” of the Bible giving an almost word-for-word account of the same view as put out by the science community – yet both sides of the argument seemingly completely unaware of the elephant quietly sitting there. This book is the story of how I became aware of the elephant in the room and how I have reconciled the Bible and science. Along the way I will describe the intellectual path that I took as well as exploring how and why the Christian community has missed the elephant in the room. During this discussion I explore how this has caused the Church as a whole to miss a large part of the calling that God has placed on the Church. I will also look at how and why some in the science community have also followed some unsupportable ideas and in turn have made some statements that have caused part of the science community to now lose some of their credibility. This journey is based on one simple belief. That is that the Bible is correct and does in fact accurately reflect the natural world (the whole universe) around us – as well as the broad strokes of historical fact (e.g. not a detailed historical account). The voyage covers many subjects that at this stage of the book many Christians would not think were important to the story. However every chapter has been carefully researched over the years and each and every subject covered is a vital part of the entire trip. In order to understand my journey from the ideas of Creationism to the Creation that each one of us sees around us, it is important to read each chapter in turn so that the unfolding ideas are properly presented. Unless the thread that connects all the ideas together is followed then essential concepts are missed. This would then mean that the final picture is distorted. Each person will make up their own mind as to whether their views have been influenced by this book. Please feel free to question or discuss any matters in it with me. 6

7 In any study of a Biblical text it is important to look at the original meaning of the words. This is particularly important today as there are now many paraphrased versions of the Bible. A paraphrased version of any document is simply a restatement of a text or passage using your own words to describe what you “think” is the correct interpretation of the original text. Paraphrasing always makes a text unsuitable for serious study as one person’s (or group’s) interpretation of the text is not necessarily the correct one. As an example of the problems of paraphrased versions of the Bible, compare the New King James Version (NKJV) literal translation below of Psalm 23 verse 4 with the same verse taken from the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) (1989) where the translators have paraphrased that and some other verses Psalm 23:4 (NKJV – a literal translation) 4 Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death (OT:6757 – see below), I will fear no evil, for you are with me; your rod and your staff, they comfort me. NRSV (1989) (A paraphrased version) Even though I walk through the darkest valley, I fear no evil; for you are with me, your rod and your staff - they comfort me. The idea that comes out of the NRSV translation is that God comforts His people when they walk in dark times. This is true. However it still misses the literal meaning as translated in the NKJV of the original text. That is that people who die and leave their bodies initially find themselves in a “dark space” or a “dark tunnel” – but Christians will not experience fear. This “dark space or tunnel” is in fact the valley of the shadow of death as it is literally described in the literal translations of the Bible. OT:6757 tsalmaveth (tsal-maw'-veth); from OT:6738 and OT:4194; shade of death, i.e. the grave (figuratively, calamity): KJV-shadow of death. Even literal translations such as the KJV, sometimes translate some words in ways that history has shown was not perhaps the best or clearest choice. The only way to ensure that a consistent interpretation is reached in light of historical and contemporary events and to clarify the original meaning of some words in order to bring out the nuances involved is to look at the underlying text where this becomes necessary. In order to do this we need to look at a recognised textual source. Strong’s Concordance is probably the best known and accepted reference of the meanings of the original Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. Accordingly, all of the word definitions used in this book will be taken from Biblesoft's New Exhaustive Strong's Numbers and Concordance with Expanded Greek-Hebrew Dictionary. Copyright (c) 1994, Biblesoft and International Bible Translators, Inc. In compiling the concordance each different individual word in the text in the original documents used to translate the King James version (KJV) of the Bible were given a number that identified it in the Strong’s Concordance. Both the Old Testament and the New Testament have their own series of numbers that start from one in each case e.g. OT:1 and also NT:1 Each entry has two main parts to it. The first section shows the word itself and its associated Strong’s Number as well as the original meanings of that 7

8 word. The second section (Heading KJV) gives the list of words that the KJV uses as the interpretation of the original word depending on the particular context where it is used in the Biblical text. The final matter that needs to be covered in this introduction concerns the general ideas that seem to be at the heart of the creationist’s viewpoint about Genesis. I cover this at the start in order to give the general (as I see it) very brief background in order to set the scene for later discussions on the subject. The creationist’s beliefs appear to rest on three points. 1. Because Genesis is the beginning of the Bible, creationists believe it lays out the foundational base for the ideas expressed in the rest of the Bible. It is believed that anyone who rejects the fundamental ideas that creationists believe God laid out regarding the beginning of universe and the earth, are then prone to accept what they consider to be the atheistic views of science. As a result of adopting the ideas of science, it is then believed that people reject the message of personal salvation as laid out in the New Testament. 2. That the church’s primary role is that of evangelism where it is tasked with winning as many souls for Christ as is possible. It is believed that one of the major “roadblocks” that Satan erects to hinder this work is the general acceptance of the “atheistic” views of science. It is believed that once people accept the science view of creation that they are “inoculated” against the Gospel of the N.T. and hence science thwarts the Will of God 3. It is believed that because God desires to save all mankind from the effects of sin; that this salvation comes in the form of God saving every person in the sense of each person accepting Christ as their saviour. Anything that prevents them from getting the message of personal salvation to people is then preventing them from fulfilling the command of the great commission as shown below Matthew 28:18-20 (NIV) 18 Then Jesus came to them and said, "All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. 19 Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 20 and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age." With the background outlined in this chapter we start out following the path that led me from the viewpoint of the creationists to the view of the creation that I hold today. Most of this journey consists at looking at what the Bible actually says. There is very little science in this book as the debate is not about trying to get people to believe that “science is right” and “creationism is wrong”. Rather it is about discovering just what the Bible has to say on many subjects that are central to the public debates on this matter – and how the actual world around us works from a Biblical viewpoint. As usual, my viewpoints will not be what many people expect. They will in fact be controversial. This is not done intentionally. These views arise simply from a literal reading of the Bible. They are the result of directly reading and quoting the Bible – not from reading books about what other people claim the Bible says. If nothing else comes

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Does it really matter what we believe? Or “Is doing the “right thing” – even for the wrong belief or motive” justified It is one of the callings of the church to act as the light of the world. In order to be taken seriously on matters such as this (and many others) the church has to present an image to the public that inspires confidence. It also has to show that they know what they are talking about. Holding unsustainable positions erodes the credibility of the church and the individuals within the church who speak out. When the church as a whole holds positions that are not supported by the evidence, it makes the work of individuals so much harder when they go into battle in the area of debating public policy on many subjects that are crucial to the wellbeing of society. This matter is explored later in the chapter entitled “The question of whether the church today fulfils its role” This chapter is only concerned about whether it matters what we believe. It comes down to a question of “Is doing the “right thing” – even for the wrong belief or motive” justified? Some people will (and do) argue that doing the “right thing – even for the wrong motive” is OK. Their reasoning appears to be similar to the old Machiavellian idea in his book “The Prince” where he lays out the idea that the “end justifies the means”. Simply put, it is the concept that if you consider the goal you are working towards to be important enough, then it is acceptable to do whatever it takes to achieve the goal. If you have to bend the rules a bit – or perhaps not directly lie, but just omit certain critical information which changes the final interpretation to suit your goal – then it is acceptable because you are working for the “common good”. It sounds reasonable – and it is the way that politics works. There is just one small problem, it is absolutely wrong. There are no ifs, buts or maybes, it is demonstrably wrong and we will look at a current example which graphically demonstrates the truth of this statement. It applies to all walks and areas of life. If we have to knowingly “omit certain facts” or knowingly make some statements “that are not quite right” in order to influence the debate, then it can be quite unequivocally said that the case that we are making is pretty weak, and is probably wrong. As we progress in this book we will see some examples of this happening. The end result of deception is that, in the best case, your credibility is severely eroded and probably destroyed when the deception is revealed (and it always is in the end). Even if you are unaware of facts that you should have known, and you don’t knowingly mislead, it doesn’t help your credibility. In the worst case, misleading people – either knowingly or un-knowingly – can lead to catastrophe. The following is a brief look at a current example where “people did the “right thing” – but for the wrong reasons” and it has caused a global catastrophe. I am talking about the global financial meltdown of 2008 to “who knows when” I am not going into a detailed account of the whole sad-and-sorry saga of how this came about. That is the role of others more qualified than me to assess the causes and reasons for the resultant world-wide debacle. I am only concerned with the questions of the principle decisions and motives of the key players and the crucial actions along the way that led to the final catastrophic meltdown. All of this information is freely available in credible newspaper reports on the internet along with the online

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11 encyclopaedia “Wikipedia”. A useful link to a report on the main thread of the legislative changes that were pivotal in the final disaster is shown below. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act#George_W._Bush_Admin istration_Proposed_Changes_of_2003 An example of “good intentions” for the wrong reasons The story starts with President Clinton in 1999 when he signed a bill that overturned a regulation called the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. This act covered a number of banking reforms, some of which were designed to control financial speculation. Clinton wished to get around those restrictions and reform banking to serve his political agenda Clinton’s stated reason for the repeal of the act was to allow high-risk (poor white, black and Hispanic) people who would not normally be able to get a home loan to obtain one. The idea was to help poor people get into their own homes – and to help them generate wealth for themselves. On the face of it – this was the “right thing to do”. However according to most analysts in the US the real reason for the decision was the upcoming Presidential election in November 2000. The intention was to effectively help “buy” the votes of the poor and the blacks in that election for the Democratic candidate. In the end it was George W. Bush of the Republicans who won that election. However the die was now cast and the financial system was on its way to the crash of 2008 as a result of Clinton’s deregulation of banking for the “right reasons” but for the “wrong motives”. The effect of Clinton repealing the Glass-Steagall Act and the subsequent tough new regulations that was introduced in its place was to force banks to provide high-risk housing loans to people who could not afford them. The main effect of the changes was to force a lowering of lending standards or the banks would face heavy government penalties. Bill Clinton approved another critical change to the financial regulatory framework. On December 21, 2000 Clinton signed into law the Commodities Futures Modernization Act of 2000. Amongst other things, this law deregulated the financial instruments known as derivatives and made it possible for banks, brokers and insurance companies to issue and trade many forms of financial instruments without any government oversight. The seeds of destruction of the financial system had been sown! Enter President George W. Bush onto the stage of the unfolding debacle. He was the man who watered and fertilized the seeds of financial destruction that Clinton had earlier sown. Bush was a man who tried to “do the right thing” in many areas. In the end not many of his polices worked out for a large number of reasons. As history has now shown, probably the single most catastrophic Bush policy was the one outlined in his October 15, 2002 speech to the White House Conference on “Increasing Minority Homeownership”. In it he says

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12 I set an ambitious goal. It's one that I believe we can achieve. It's a clear goal, that by the end of this decade we'll increase the number of minority homeowners by at least 5.5 million families. In the speech he outlined a number of initiatives that his government was implementing to achieve his goal of higher home ownership for poor people, including those who had poor credit records. The policy included having effectively no down payment for low income people and an initial low interest rate for a number of years to allow the people to settle in. The idea being that as the general economy improved so would the incomes of these people and hence they would then be able to pay the higher interest rates at the end of the “interest rate honeymoon”. This was the seed that Bush sowed that acted as the trigger that brought the whole system down Irrespective of what Bush’s stated “good intentions” were, most analysts agree that this policy was designed by Karl Rove as part of the 2004 election campaign to re-elect President Bush. The policy was successful and most writers agree that Bush’s reelection was a direct result of this housing policy. The problem with Bush’s 2002 speech was the rather obvious message he was sending to the banks, and more importantly, the federal regulators of the financial system. The speech made clear that Bush wanted the safeguards relaxed and money made freely available to anyone irrespective of their credit records. This message, along with Bush’s well known opposition to any form of government regulation if it could be possibly avoided, was not long in being taken-up by the financial sector. There is no nice way to put it. Greed, incompetence and stupidity took over! The unwise, greedy and incompetent financial practices spread to all areas of the US economy The banks then compounded the problem. They wanted to free up more capital for the orgy of greed, corruption and stupidity. To achieve this they packaged up all the toxic rubbish loans that they had and then sold “slices” of these packages off all over the world as triple A rated securities. The final pieces of the disaster were now all in place. All it needed to bring the house of cards down was for the trigger to be pulled. The trigger was the interest rate honeymoon on the sub-prime loans. As this honeymoon period finished the people who had taken up the initially low interest loans were then required to pay the going market interest rates. Most of these people were not able to meet the higher interest rates. Now the final bit of stupidity came into play. Under US law a homeowner could simply “throw the keys through the door of the bank” and walk away with no liability for the loan. This bit of unwise legislation was then compounded by the greed of the banks who refused to let people remain in their homes – so the people walked away and abandoned the houses. Because of vandalism of the empty houses, entire blocks of homes were bulldozed. How clever and wise was it to let this happen? The end of the interest rate honeymoon started the financial avalanche that is still cascading down and growing today. (Mid April 2009) Where and when it will end is anyone’s guess!

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13 The Law of unintended consequences The financial debacle described above is a perfect example of the “Law of unintended consequences” I don’t believe that either President Clinton or President Bush who succeeded him ever intended to cause any harm with the various policies and pieces of legislation that they both put in place in pursuit of their policies of affordable housing for the poor – and for their own political success. But every analyst today can trace the current debacle back to those polices and legislation. The question then becomes why did the policies go so disastrously wrong? Well the answer is simple. Clinton had as his primary motivation the re-election of a Democrat candidate as the next US President as he had finished his second term and was not eligible to run again. Bush’s primary aim was to get re-elected for a second term. What they did was to select a “good cause” to exploit to try and achieve their primary personal goals. In Bush’s case he also strongly believed that he needed to get rid of any legislation that he could to help business make more money. He believed that this would automatically lift the incomes of the poor as well They were obsessed by their primary goals and did not spend a lot of time thinking about the warnings that they both received about the unwise policies they were pursuing. They also ignored the fact that people without standards and laws would act for self-interest (greed) – and not the common good, which for some inexplicable reason most of the key individuals in this debacle believed would be the case. The other major problem that has become apparent today is that none of the influential players and decision makers (politicians, regulators and bankers) understood the fundamental mechanisms of the market place and hence could not accurately assess the potential effects of their decisions and actions. Nowhere is this last point better illustrated than in the arguing that is currently happening in most countries around the world about the best course to take to try and ward-off the deepening financial disaster. If any of them truly understood the underlying mechanisms of governance then it would be a simple matter laying out what went wrong – why it went wrong – and then saying, “well here is the solution” They can’t do this for the simple reason that most of them don’t understand how an economy works. In the end, we had two US Presidents that tried to preserve their own political fortunes (e.g. the wrong motivation) by doing the “right thing” to entice voters to their political parties. Because they focussed on the “wrong motivations” they did not see the problems with what they were doing and so caused a worldwide financial disaster. The reason for examining this financial meltdown is to draw a comparison with some of the beliefs in the church today. There are many dedicated Christians today who believe that the church is all about evangelism and “winning souls for Christ.” It’s a “good goal” However their motivation needs to be measured against what the Bible actually says on this matter. Much of the rest of this book looks at this question of motivation and asks whether this idea of evangelism being the church’s primary role is in fact Biblical. It asks the question (and answers it) as to whether the church has not also contributed to the “law of unintended consequences” by some of its beliefs on the origin of the world. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 13

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Our individual Big Picture View of the World Or The framework through which we interpret new information coming to us from a variety of sources We live in a complex ever changing world that we need to make sense of in our daily lives. Often there are repetitions of the same sorts of things, such as a passing parade of familiar faces, names and places that we recognise. There are also familiar situations that we encounter, such as what to do in order to fill the car with petrol at our usual service station. However there are also many new situations that we encounter that we have to deal with. How do we cope with these situations? Take the picture shown to the right, how many people can instantly recognise this as a representation of a bird? Well, despite the fact that there is certainly no bird that has ever existed that looked like the picture, it is probably fair to say that everybody can nonetheless recognise it as such. The reason for this is that we all have a mental template of a generalized bird that includes such things as a beak, wings, tail feathers and two long spindly legs with some thin toes on each leg. Using this mental template our brain simply does a “pattern matching” exercise comparing the bird picture with all of the generic mental templates of different geometric shapes (e.g. a chair, car, boat etc) and almost instantly finds that it matches its generic bird template. The important point here is that we don’t consciously scan each element of the bird drawing and then have the brain do a detailed image processing exercise to try and identity the shape. This would take a long time and would make normal life essentially impossible. Our brains work differently and can instantly process the whole image. Research has shown that not only do we have mental templates of many different geometric shapes, but we also have generic concept templates that we compare with words so that we can instantly recognise when somebody is talking to us about various subjects such as sport, politics, religion, art etc. As an example, if you walked past a group of people who were talking and you heard the key words, player, score and goal you would automatically associate these words with sport. Similarly, if you heard the words, church, pastor and God, you would automatically know they were talking about religion. Here again, you form an instant opinion about the subject under discussion without knowing any of the details of the actual topics being discussed. The actual mechanism used by the brain in this situation is what is known as the concept of sufficient definition. A simple example would be if you were shown a segment of a larger picture in which a ship’s propeller is visible and asked to say what sort of vehicle the propeller was attached to? You would automatically say, well ships have propellers, but other vehicles normally don’t, so I have sufficient information to guess that the answer is a ship. In most cases you will probably be correct. However in some cases you will not be e.g. the propeller was on the back of a car that had been adapted to be used on either land or water. The important point again here is that your brain automatically uses the concept of sufficient definition as its first response. A prudent person may reconsider that first response and consider alternative possibilities if there was a reason to suspect that maybe they were being setup to give the wrong answer.

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15 The question arises as to how we form these mental templates that we all use to interpret the world around us. Research has shown that many different paths are followed in the building up of these templates. These include such things as our past experiences and the many different images that we have seen and what we have been taught by our experiences as well as what other people have told us either directly in spoken words or in the written word. The role of spoken or written words in forming our individual mental templates (of all types) is a really critical issue in what we come to believe. Many years ago I saw a particularly striking demonstration of how a mental template was formed just by the use of one sentence and how this template “made sense” out of a series of sounds. It is worth describing as it graphically shows how we are influenced by words The demonstration was in a lecture on the physics of sound waves that incorporated a section on how the brain differentiated between different sounds. As part of the demonstration a very simple computer controlled speech synthesiser was used to create an electronic voice that spoke a short pre-programmed sentence. The words coming out of the computer were “spoken” through a very small speaker and were formed as a series of low, medium and higher tones that were strung together to form the “voice”. At the start of this part of the presentation, the lecturer told everybody that he was going to play this electronic voice “speaking” a short sentence then he would ask everybody present what the voice said. We have all heard the electronic voice that Professor Stephen Hawking the famous physicist who suffers from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) uses to communicate with because of the condition he has. Most people will agree that the “voice” takes a bit of getting used to. Well the synthesized “voice” in the demonstration was much worse than this – in fact it was completely unintelligible. Nobody had any idea what it “said.” The lecturer said he would play it again. The result was the same – not one person could give any idea of what it “said” The lecturer then said that he was going to tell everybody what the voice had said and then he would play the sentence again and that everyone would clearly understand what the electronic voice was saying. The lecturer said the voice was saying, “Mary had a little lamb, its fleece was white as snow” He then played the “voice” again and everybody clearly and distinctly understood exactly what it “said” Our minds had been conditioned when he told us what the “voice” was saying and in that instant, everybody built a mental template of how an otherwise completely unintelligible electronic “voice” pronounced words. The critical point here is that, by being told what the interpretation of the sounds were that came out of the speaker, that is what we “heard” and nobody could convince you that the electronic “voice” said anything else. It was self-evident! But was it really self evident? Up until that point of time we had no idea what it “said”. What if we had been told that it said “Little Bo Peep had lost her sheep” – would we have clearly heard the “voice” saying that? Well the answer is that – provided we played various messages enough times and really listened – then you would eventually work out what the “voice” was saying. This was because listening to the “voice” enough times built up a mental template of what you could expect to hear from this voice. In many ways it was similar to listening 15

16 to a person from another country speaking English in a foreign accent. Initially you can have a lot of trouble understanding them. In time you become used to their accent and can more easily understand what they are saying. “Understanding” what you read, hear or see in “real time” (as it happens) requires the brain to process this incoming information as quickly as possible. This is done by comparing the incoming data against your pre-existing mental templates and using the concept of “sufficient definition”. Reading the phrase in the picture to the right is a good example of this mechanism. It says, “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush”. This is a familiar phrase that your brain would have recognised early in the process of reading and would then have used the concept of “sufficient definition” after reading “A bird in the hand” and automatically matched that up with the rest of the saying that it holds in one of its mental templates of “sayings”. The only problem here is that most people who read this will not have spotted the error in the picture (an extra “the”) simply because they assumed that what was written matched their mental template. While this mechanism can be useful in filtering out errors and making sense out of things around us, it can also lead you to misunderstand what is actually being said. There is a potentially bigger problem as well. What if the mental template that you hold on a particular subject has factual errors in it? Unless you closely look at your first responses to a particular issue you may find that you are simply assuming that your automatic “mental template” response is correct and saying “Of course – it is self evident” However the big problem in all this is that the mental template that you form for any given subject can be demonstrably wrong for quite a number of reasons which we will look at in the next chapter. There are two main reasons that we all sometimes lay down faulty mental templates. 1. We all have particular world views on a variety of subjects. Unfortunately some people who fill the roles of “opinion leaders” on a given subject deliberately omit certain information – and then emphasise other information – in order to present a particular viewpoint that reinforces certain particular views in their selected audience. It happens in all fields, but it has to be said that religious opinion leaders, and to a lesser extent some science opinion leaders are often guilty of this. The problem arises when these opinion leaders state in articles and speeches to nonspecialist audiences “as fact” some things that they would never submit to a peer reviewed journal or panel because some of these statements would be immediately discredited and their professional reputations damaged. 2. We in turn – although often being a non-specialist in the particular area – are responsible simply because we uncritically accept what others (“experts”) tell us.

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Interpretation and Mental Templates Or How do we make sense of a document or situation and decide what it is really saying Much argument arises simply because people often decide, without any investigation, that a given document or set of circumstances are describing a particular situation. Often their decision is based on a pre-existing particular worldview that the person believes or holds to. This pre-existing belief is often the result of simply accepting what other people have told them “are the facts”. In other cases, the person has formed a particular view on some subject, for any one of a thousand reasons, and will take “at face value” – or as a matter of “common sense” that a particular document or set of actions “proves” that their viewpoint is correct. You see the resulting arguments between people in all areas of life such as sport or business – and particularly in politics and religion as these are areas where quite often passion rules over facts. Now people will always see different aspects of any situation as we all have different likes and dislikes and different life experiences that have shaped our ideas. This is part of the rich tapestry of life and we will never – nor should we – try and suppress ideas. However we can reduce unnecessary conflict by ensuring that our decisions are made based on the facts as they actually are presented and not on what we simply “decide is the case” and particularly when that decision is not based on the facts at hand. Decision making like this frequently has disastrous results from the wide and unintended consequences that flow from these non-fact based conclusions. This is particularly true when dealing with what the Bible actually says – as opposed to what many sincere people sometimes state that it says, but without rigorously checking the interpretation. Some of these issues were addressed in the previous chapter. “Does it really matter what we believe?” Society has developed many ways of checking just what “the facts” are in any given case. It splits into two separate sections. Rules of Evidence In order to determine what are “facts” – as opposed to “hearsay” or “prejudices” or “fraudulent statements” the legal profession has developed rules of evidence that determine what is applicable in a court of law. The actual rules themselves vary according to the particular case in hand. However, there are certain common elements such as:1. The facts and evidence must be valid and be able to uphold its claims under the scrutiny of qualified people in that area. In the area of Biblical commentary, this means that if you are writing an article or book that is intended for the general nonspecialist reader, then you must not make claims that would immediately be challenged and discarded by a professional peer-review panel who would review that submission if it were submitted to a professional journal for publication.

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18 It also means that presenting a “fact” that has had certain information withheld about it, and that would otherwise change the interpretation if that information was disclosed makes the “fact or evidence” unreliable. If that information is knowingly withheld in order to mislead the reader (for whatever reason – even “good intentions”) then the evidence is fraudulent. 2. The evidence and interpretation that you present must be consistent with other examples of that “fact” and with the pre-existing body of accepted evidence unless the facts and data showing why a different interpretation is acceptable are also presented. It also means that if you interpret something in one way, then you must also interpret that point in the same way in other situations – unless it can be shown to have a strong evidence basis for the “contrary” interpretation. 3. The “facts” and interpretations should represent the current state of knowledge in that field. It is not acceptable to present “old facts” as “new evidence” to an untrained audience when the situation among knowledgeable specialists has moved on. As an example, it would be totally unacceptable to present as “fact” to an untrained audience that two people e.g. one stationary and one moving towards a light source, would measure two different speeds of light in a beam coming towards them. At first glance you would say “Well I am travelling toward the light, and the beam is travelling towards me – so I must measure it as faster than the person standing still!” Although it seems counterintuitive, they would both measure the speed of light as the exact same value. This fact is well documented and it leads to many strange effects that are well documented in the world around us. Some of these effects also have a bearing on the question of how old the earth really is e.g. is it about 6000 years old or about 4 ½ billion years old. Interpretation of the evidence Having the facts presented correctly and honestly is one thing. Deciding just how those facts and evidence should be interpreted is another matter again. There is a simple way of doing this which is expressed by the acronym COMB 1. The immediate Context, or environment, in which the particular statement or set of circumstances occurred that you are analysing. These immediately surrounding words or events help to define the meaning or situation being analysed. As examples. • I live in a block of apartments – with “block” meaning that my apartment is just one in a group of apartments. • I will block them by taking out an injunction – with “block” meaning that I will obstruct someone by the use of a legal procedure. . 2. Any Other references to the situation under discussion – such as other historical or contemporary documents on the subject – or additional technical information that may be available to assist in ruling out certain possible competing interpretations 3. The ordinary Meaning of the words, symbols or other relevant details that were employed in the original situation that you are analysing. If you believe that you are not dealing with the ordinary meaning in a particular analysis, then you need to give a convincing explanation of why this should be the case. 18

19 4. The general Background to the immediate context of the original documents. This is an additional component to the immediate “context” and may be necessary in order to narrow down any ambiguity that could possibly result if just the immediate context of the word or matter under investigation was considered by itself As examples (The general background is in blue) 1. You belong to a social club. You also belong to a small group of friends within the larger club. “Jill” who is a member of only the small group within the larger club has a birthday coming up and issues invitations to each member of the small group (only) to attend her birthday party. “Jack” is a member of several sub-groups within the larger club, including our small group. “Jack” says everybody is coming to the party.” The meaning here is clearly defined by the general background information and is that “everybody” from those who received an invitation will be attending – not that everybody in the club will be at the party. 2. The Government periodically conducts a national census in order to gather a snapshot at a given point in time of the details of a range of nationally important issues. This is done in order to assist in national policy development. “Jack” says everybody is required to participate in the census.” The general background here makes plain that this means that “everybody” in the country (not just this suburb or city) on the day of the census – including international visitors – must have their particulars included in the census forms in order to get a statistically significant set of data for the analysis to be reliably performed. An example interpretation Consider the montage of four pictures shown below. They are all of animals that swim in water. We have a couple of eggs from the animal whose bill is shown – a bill – the hind foot of the animal swimming in the bottom right picture – and the back half of an animal swimming in water. Our task is to interpret the picture and decide just what it is showing.

After visually inspecting the montage above it is not hard to conclude that:19

20 • The pictures are of animals that are connected with water • There are eggs shown plus a bill – hence we have a duck • We have an animal with a large brown tail and webbed feet – so we have a beaver Hence our interpretation is that the montage is made up from images of both a duck and a beaver as shown in the two pictures below. This is a reasonable interpretation.

Now let us carry out a more formal analysis of the montage using COMB. Context – Animals that swim in water. Ducks, swans, beavers and platypus (and a whole lot of others – but this is sufficient for this analysis) Other information – On the animals referred to in the context heading • Ducks and swans both have three toes in front and one behind the leg • Duck eggs are not white – but swans eggs can be. • Duck and swan bills are similar and have a roughly triangular side profile with the upper and lower bills essentially the same length. They also have nostrils on the upper bill towards the eyes of the bird • Beavers have five webbed toes on their hind feet. The second toe on each hind foot also has an extra claw to help the beaver groom. • A Beaver usually has a dark brown coat and a broad, flat, scaly tail about 25 cm long e.g. the tail has no fur on it • Platypus have five webbed toes on their hind feet. They also have a pronounced spur on the lower part of their hind feet. • Platypus have a dark brown coat and wide flat tail that is covered in fur. • The platypus's bill is a blue-grey, blackish colour with the two nostril holes near the tip. The lower bill is shorter than the upper bill and the lower bill is held in place by two elongated dentary bones. 20

21 • Platypus eggs are small and leathery similar to a snakes egg and with an off- white colour Below are some images of the various characteristics that we have described in the “other information” to assist in the interpretation of the montage.

Duck eggs

Platypus Bill Platypus hind foot showing spur

Beaver showing flat scaly tail A Beaver’s hind foot

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22 Meaning – Of the pictures in the montage The pictures are intended to give a visual set of clues to the identity of the animals instead of writing out a long set of physical characteristics of the animals concerned. E.g. a picture is worth a thousand words Background – to the montage The pictures are simply an exercise in interpretation. Final analysis 1. The eggs come from the animal with the bill. The bill has a shorter lower section than the upper section – hence the eggs and bill come from a platypus 2. The webbed foot comes from the animal shown swimming. The foot clearly has a spur above the webbed toes. The tail of the animal is covered in fur – hence the lower line shows a swimming platypus 3. All four images in the montage are from a platypus

My original uncritical suggestion was that the correct interpretation of the montage was that it was showing a duck and a beaver. Experience tells us that a number of people will uncritically accept what they are told in this sort of situation and so would then store that interpretation away in their memory as a mental template. This memory then forms part of the “big picture” through which they then interpret other critical pieces of information. The question of whether a person deliberately misinterprets a text or set of data or circumstances, or whether they simply uncritically accept someone else’s interpretation is not something that we can often determine. However what we can say is that once the misinterpretation goes into our internal big picture that we all use to make sense of the world around us, then there is absolutely no question that we are going to misinterpret the world around us. The consequences of this can range from very little, to quite catastrophic. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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The Doctrine of Man Or What is the difference between people and animals and why were we created? The question of who mankind really is and why we were created is one of the principal matters that lie at the root of the argument between Creationists, Evolutionists and the view of mankind laid out in this book. In this chapter we will look at what the Bible says about these questions. We won’t be exploring the process by which God made mankind. Rather, for this chapter we are only concerned with the Biblical view of the overall design of a human. The question of how the design was put into practice will be addressed later Most Christians believe that the Bible is the true and accurate record of God’s words on the history of mankind. All of this group would – or at least should – then agree that the Bible should be able to give a clear and unambiguous account of these matters. I believe that it does. However, like so many of the doctrines in the Bible the information is scattered across both the Old and New Testaments. As in all interpretation you need to gather ALL the references and then find the one – and only one – interpretation that is consistent with all of the references. Because this matter of the Doctrine of Man is such a critical issue in the argument of how the world and man arose it is essential that we start off with a clear idea of what the Bible actually says on this doctrine. It consists of several threads and we need to follow each one to see the whole picture. Man as a three part being This is the design aspect of the nature of man. If we look at the world we see that there are three basic levels of life forms. This seems to somehow reflect the nature of God. Consider the following Scripture reference. Romans 1:20 (NIV) For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities-his eternal power and divine nature-have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse. Now this reference covers all of God’s attributes – not just life forms. However we are only exploring life forms at this time. Christians, as opposed to cults, all agree on the Doctrine of the Trinity where we recognise three individuals, Farther, Son and Holy Spirit who are simultaneously one Tri-une person. We see this Tri-une nature of God reflected in the 3D nature of the natural (visible) world around us (i.e. width, depth and height as the 3 dimensions). We cannot imagine a single dimensional chair for instance that has width only with no depth or height. There is no such thing as a two dimensional house that only had width and height – but no depth. There are many other examples as well. But the point is simple. We live in a 3D world which is a reflection of the Tri-une nature of the Godhead. So it is not surprising that we find three levels of life around us. These are:23

24 Body only – This level includes all microscopic life such as bacteria, viruses etc. as well as insects and plants. All these forms of life certainly have a clearly defined body of various types. But they show no evidence that any of them have a personality and they have no central nervous system that allows them to think and plan as the higher animals do. Their responses to any outside stimuli are simply governed by preprogrammed internal responses (i.e. a flower opens its petals to the appearance of the sun) or inbuilt instincts such as ants that follow chemical trails to food that have been laid down by other ants who just happened to come across it by accident. Body and soul – This level includes all the higher animals such as all mammals and birds, reptiles and fish and other forms of higher creatures that live in water. A Biblical definition of “soul” is needed at this point. There are two words used in the Bible which are translated as “soul” and which has two distinct meanings in the Bible: 1. The force which makes a human or animal body alive. It refers to life in the physical body. The clearest examples of this usage of the word are found in the New Testament in which the Greek word for soul (psuche) is translated as both life and soul. John 13:37(NIV) Peter asked, "Lord, why can't I follow you now? I will lay down my life (psuche NT 5590) for you." Matthew 10:28-29 (NIV) 8 Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul (NT 5590). Rather, be afraid of the One who can destroy both soul (NT 5590) and body in hell. The same idea is also presented in the Old Testament where we have the soul of a dying person departing from the body at death. Genesis 35:18 And so it was, as her soul (nephesh OT 5315) was departing (for she died), that she called his name Ben-Oni; but his father called him Benjamin. 2. The word soul also refers to the inner life of the living creature. It is described as the seat of emotions and desires, and personality. Examples of this usage of nephesh (OT 5315) are found in the desire for food (Deuteronomy 12:20-21, love (Solomon 1:7), longing for God (Psalm 63:1), joy (Psalm 86:4), knowing (Psalm 139:14), and memory (Lamentations 3:20). You find a similar usage in the NT with the word psuche (NT 5590) used for “mind” in Acts 14:2, 15:24, “heart” (e.g., desires) Colossians 3:23. Strong’s Concordance definitions for Soul NT:5590 psuche (psoo-khay'); from NT:5594; breath, i.e. (by implication) spirit, abstractly or concretely (the animal sentient principle only; thus distinguished on the one hand from NT:4151, which is the rational and immortal soul; and on the other from NT:2222, which is mere vitality, even of plants: these terms thus exactly correspond respectively to the Hebrew OT:5315, OT:7307 and OT:2416): KJV-heart (+-ily), life, mind, soul, + us, + you.

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25 OT:5315 nephesh (neh'-fesh); from OT:5314; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental): KJV-any, appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, X dead (-ly), desire, X [dis-] contented, X fish, ghost, + greedy, he, heart (-y), (hath, X jeopardy of) life (X in jeopardy), lust, man, me, mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-, thyself-), them (your)- selves, + slay, soul, + tablet, they, thing, (X she) will In the case of the animal world “soul” refers to the life force that infuses their bodies and the emotions and individual personalities (and every pet owner knows that pets have personalities) and the rather limited reasoning abilities that they have. In the case of human life it describes both the living body and the person who lives in that body as seen by the departure of the soul at death. This is a significant statement. What it is saying is that your “soul” attributes (consciousness, memory, likes/dislikes and desires etc.) leave your body. In other words, the real conscious “you” goes to your eternal destiny. This says that “you” as the person leaving your body would not notice any real immediate change in your mental makeup and consciousness immediately after the moment of death. What may happen later is a different matter. But the point is that you leave your body with the same consciousness and ideas as you had moments before death. The transition from “life” to “death” is very rapid and at least in my case apparently seamless, because as you lose consciousness in this world you are immediately conscious in a realm that appears to be outside of space and time as we understand it. Because I had no idea that angiograms can (and do) kill some people, I was confused as to where I was, and how or why I had gotten there. I experienced the emotion of “surprise” – but not “fear” because I had no idea that I could die – so I did not, at least initially, consider that I had died and left my body. So how could I be “standing” in this dark space looking out of a “porthole” back at me on the angiography table? It is conspicuous that there are no Biblical descriptions of a soul leaving the body of an animal at death. Indeed it says that while animals have a soul (e.g. they live and have a personality) they do not have a spirit in the sense of immortality. Isaiah 31:3 (NIV) 3 But the Egyptians are men and not God; their horses are flesh and not spirit. When the LORD stretches out his hand, he who helps will stumble, he who is helped will fall; both will perish together. Body, soul and spirit – This level of life clearly separates mankind from the animal world. 1 Thessalonians 5:23-24 (NIV) 23 May God himself, the God of peace, sanctify you through and through. May your whole spirit (pneuma NT:4151), soul (psuche NT:5590) and body be kept blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. Hebrews 4:12-13 (NIV) 2 For the word of God is living and active. Sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul (psuche NT:5590) and spirit (pneuma NT:4151), joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart.

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26 There are in fact three different words that are used in the Bible to refer to “spirit”. The Strong’s Concordance entries for these words are shown below. These are:• The OT word ruwach (Strong’s number OT:7307) There are 378 instances of this word in the KJV. As the Strong’s’ Concordance entry below shows the interpretation varies according to the context. It includes literal blowing of air. This word is also used to refer to the “breath of life” in the context of animals and the flood in Gen 6:17, 7:15 & 7:22. The reference to animals having a “spirit” in this sense is that they are alive and are aware of things around them (e.g. they can he happy, sad or angry) It also talks about attitudes of the spirit in a person (e.g. moods.) as seen in Gen 26:35, 41:8, Num 5:14 & Judges 8:3. Frequently it refers directly to the Spirit of God (Genesis 1:2) as well as to other spirit beings from the unseen world. It is also translated as the sides (OT 7307) of the temple that Ezekiel saw in his vision (Ezekiel 42:16-20). Here we are talking about a “spirit” side of the temple in the sense that it was a vision of a structure – not a real physical building The overall sense of this word is that of “unseen” actions, things and forces such as actual spirit beings, thoughts and emotions and forces exerted by the “unseen” wind. It is also used to refer to structures as in the sides of Ezekiel’s temple. In this sense of structure, “spirit” can be seen as the vehicle of the soul in the same way that the “body” is the vehicle that carries the soul in the physical world. It also includes “unseen” thought processes such as the ability to make sound judgments (Isaiah 11:2). • The NT word pneuma (Strong’s number NT:4151) There are 388 instances of this word in the KJV. Here again, the exact interpretation varies according to the context in which it is found. Overwhelmingly, this word is used to describe an actual spirit being such as The Holy Spirit, The Spirit of God and The Spirit of Jesus as in, “When he had received the drink, Jesus said, "It is finished." With that, he bowed his head and gave up his spirit (NT 4151).” (John 19:30) It is also used to describe the spirit leaving a person at death as in, “While they were stoning him, Stephen prayed, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. (NT 4151)" (Acts 7:59) It is also used to describe evil spirits. There are a few other translations such as “poor in spirit” (Mat 5:3) – “the spirit is willing but the body is weak” (Mat 26:41) – “the wind blows” (John 3:8) –“true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth” (John 4:23) – “The words I have spoken to you are spirit and they are life” (John 6:63) – “may give to you a spirit of wisdom and of revelation in the knowledge of Him.” (Ephesians 1:17) The major sense of this word is very strongly that of the “spirit” being the counterpart in the unseen non-material world of the body that we inhabit in the 26

27 material everyday world that we live in. This usage of the word “spirit” is best seen in the two scriptures below where a direct comparison is made between the living body and the spirit. James 2:26 (NIV) As the body without the spirit (NT 4151) is dead, so faith without deeds is dead Galatians 5:17 (NASBU) 7 For the flesh sets its desire against the Spirit (NT 4151), and the Spirit against the flesh; for these are in opposition to one another, so that you may not do the things that you please. This idea of the spirit being the actual vehicle through which we serve God is also reinforced by the scriptures below. Romans 1:9 (NKJV) 9 For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit (NT 4151) in the gospel of His Son, that without ceasing I make mention of you always in my prayers, 1 Corinthians 14:1-2 (NIV) Follow the way of love and eagerly desire spiritual gifts, especially the gift of prophecy. 2 For anyone who speaks in a tongue does not speak to men but to God. Indeed, no one understands him; he utters mysteries with his spirit (NT 4151). • The OT word neshamah (Strong’s number OT:5397) There are 23 instances of this word in the KJV. The minority usage of this word refers to man as an intellectual being created by God as in the two scriptures below. Genesis 2:4-7 (NIV) 7 the LORD God formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of (OT 5397) life (OT 2416), and the man became a living being (OT:5315). Job 26:4 (NIV) 4 Who has helped you utter these words? And whose spirit (OT 5397) spoke from your mouth? However the majority use refers to the life in animals in general. In this sense it also includes mankind. This is seen in the references Genesis 7:22 (NIV) Everything on dry land that had the breath (OT 5397) of life in its nostrils died. Deuteronomy 20:16 (NIV) However, in the cities of the nations the LORD your God is giving you as an inheritance, do not leave alive anything that breathes (OT 5397). The OT word neshamah (OT:5397) describes the signs of “life” in the living body of man and animals. While it can do, it does not necessarily include the meaning of “soul” 27

28 For example an ant is alive – but it seems to stretch the imagination to say that an individual ant has a personality. Strong’s Concordance definitions for soul and spirit OT:5315 nephesh (neh'-fesh); from OT:5314; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental): KJV-any, appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, X dead (-ly), desire, X [dis-] contented, X fish, ghost, + greedy, he, heart (-y), (hath, X jeopardy of) life (X in jeopardy), lust, man, me, mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-, thyself-), them (your)- selves, + slay, soul, + tablet, they, thing, (X she) will NT:5590 psuche (psoo-khay'); from NT:5594; breath, i.e. (by implication) spirit, abstractly or concretely (the animal sentient principle only; thus distinguished on the one hand from NT:4151, which is the rational and immortal soul; and on the other from NT:2222, which is mere vitality, even of plants: these terms thus exactly correspond respectively to the Hebrew OT:5315, OT:7307 and OT:2416): KJV-heart (+-ily), life, mind, soul, + us, + you. OT:7307 ruwach (roo'-akh); from OT:7306; wind; by resemblance breath, i.e. a sensible (or even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger, unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the sky; by resemblance spirit, but only of a rational being (including its expression and functions): KJV-air, anger, blast, breath, X cool, courage, mind, X quarter, X side, spirit ([-ual]), tempest, X vain, ([whirl-]) wind (-y). NT:4151 pneuma (pnyoo'-mah); from NT:4154; a current of air, i.e. breath (blast) or a breeze; by analogy or figuratively, a spirit, i.e. (human) the rational soul, (by implication) vital principle, mental disposition, etc., or (superhuman) an angel, demon, or (divine) God, Christ's spirit, the Holy Spirit: KJV-ghost, life, spirit (-ual, -ually), mind. Compare NT:5590. OT:5397 neshamah (nesh-aw-maw'); from OT:5395; a puff, i.e. wind, angry or vital breath, divine inspiration, intellect. or (concretely) an animal: KJV-blast, (that) breath (-eth), inspiration, soul, spirit. OT:2416 chay (khah'-ee); from OT:2421; alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively: KJV-+ age, alive, appetite, (wild) beast, company, congregation, life (-time), live (-ly), living (creature, thing), maintenance, + merry, multitude, + (be) old, quick, raw, running, springing, troop. The Biblical picture of the difference between mankind and the animals The Bible presents animals as living creatures that do have a life force within their bodies and they also have a soul as defined by each animal’s individual personality. However, according to the Bible, they live for a while then die and cease to exist. Mankind on the other hand is described in the Bible as having a body, soul and spirit. The spirit is a somewhat mysterious entity and many people use the words “spirit” and 28

29 “soul” interchangeably. However a careful examination of the way in which the word spirit has been translated, taking into account the context in each instance, shows that the actual meaning is that of the spirit (unseen at this time) counterpart of our current bodies. The spirit appears to be that entity that every person has as part of their makeup and can be considered as the “vehicle” of the “soul” in the eternal world (e.g. it will live forever) in the same way that the physical body is the “vehicle” of the “soul” in the current physical world. If you ask many people to describe a particular person they will give a detailed account of the body of that person such as sex, eye, hair and skin colour, height, weight and maybe any distinguishing characteristics such as balding or maybe only one leg. Very rarely will people describe the person’s soul such as, kind, interested in music etc. The reason for this is simple. For the most part we cannot see inside someone else’s soul, and even if we could, then such a description would not help another person hearing this description to recognise the described person at a first meeting. As a result we tend to view a person as the “body” of that person. In reality we all know that the outward body is a very poor description of the real person (the soul) who lives in that body. Mother Teresa of Calcutta the Roman Catholic nun who worked for so many years in the slums of India is a perfect example. By the world’s beauty standards she did not rank highly. But inside she was a shining example to many people. It seems natural that in the eternal world there is a similar set of circumstances. We certainly have an immortal soul (e.g., our innermost thoughts and desires) However it would not be much of a world if everybody could see your innermost and private being any time they wished. In the eternal world then you have these twin requirements of “being your own person” with your own private life, but at the same time you have to have a “shop front” with which to interact with other people. A close examination of the Biblical accounts shows that almost certainly the “spirit” has this function of the “vehicle” to move around with and to interact with other people. Without this spirit “body” you would have no way of interacting with the eternal world or anything in it. It is conspicuous that in the scripture below it does not record that Jesus yielded up his soul on the cross. Rather it was his spirit. He then went and preached to the spirits of people (not their souls) who were held in the prison of death from the days of Noah Matthew 27:50 (NIV) 50 And when Jesus had cried out again in a loud voice, he gave up his spirit (NT 4 151) 1 Peter 3:18-20 (NIV) For Christ died for sins once for all, the righteous for the unrighteous, to bring you to God. He was put to death in the body but made alive by the Spirit, 19 through whom also he went and preached to the spirits (NT 4151) in prison 20 who disobeyed long ago when God waited patiently in the days of Noah while the ark was being built. In it only a few people, eight in all, were saved through water 1 Corinthians 15:42-44(NIV) So will it be with the resurrection of the dead. The body that is sown is perishable, it is raised imperishable; 43 it is sown in dishonor, it is raised in glory; it is sown in 29

30 weakness, it is raised in power; 44 it is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body. The picture as presented by the Bible is very much that mankind in the natural world is seen by everybody around us as a “body” which has a particular appearance and which has a “personality” that we associate with the “body”. Because we appear to simply be a “body” that is not different in principle to the “body” of an animal, then many people think that a person is just the “body” that they see before them. They don’t appear to have a view of mankind as being a “spirit being” that lives in the physical body. In the case of atheists this naturally leads them to believe that mankind is just another species of animal, albeit a fairly smart one. However, the Bible pictures man as having a spirit as well and the picture of soul and spirit appears to be very much the non-physical world counterpart of body and soul that we see in the natural world around us. The soul-spirit combination then leaves the body at death and travels onto its final destiny. Whereas for animals that are simply body and soul, the soul dies with the body as it has no “vehicle” in which to survive the destruction of the body. The role of mankind in the Creation Most people if asked about the role of mankind will point to the scripture below where it clearly states that mankind is to rule over the “earth” Genesis 1:26-27 Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground." 27 So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. In Genesis 1:1 it says that “In the beginning God created the heavens (OT:8064) and the earth (OT:776) The Strong’s Concordance entries for the words “heavens” and “earth” are shown in the later chapter The Genesis account of creation where we compare both the Biblical accounts in Genesis chapters 1 & 2 with the scientific view of the world. It will be clearly seen that the “heavens and earth” encompasses the entire created universe and not simply planet earth. No study of the purpose of man in the creation is complete without looking at exactly what the Bible says is God’s plan for mankind to rule over the creation under God and what it says on the subjects of ruling and governance. The reason for looking at this in some detail is not simply that it is interesting. Rather the Biblical concepts of man’s place in the governance of the “world” (eventually the entire creation) lies at the heart of what, in my experience, many people in the Church believe is the central issue that leads them to oppose the world of science. From my own earlier experience where I did not critically examine many things in the Bible, and my observations over many years of other Christians, many of us have felt distinctly uncomfortable with the ideas of science that the world is very old and that “evolution” is the way that life came into existence. Many Christians believe that science and the ideas of scientists are “atheistic”. From this they believe that science contradicts what the Bible says. It then follows that they believe that they must challenge the view of science. 30

31 This view of “atheistic” scientists is a misunderstanding of how science works. For an informed debate we need to look at just what the “scientific method” is and why it is necessary to follow this path in making new discoveries. This is done in later chapters. From my observations, what disturbs Christians most with the “atheistic science” world view is that many Christians believe that this “atheistic” account from science is preventing people from being saved. They believe that this is a competing view that keeps people from hearing and believing the gospel of forgiveness of sins through Christ’s death on the cross. The central idea that many Christians have is that:• Preaching the gospel is the principal activity that Christians should engage in • That if they, “Can just get rid of these “atheistic” competing views, and if they try just that “little bit harder” we can convert everybody in the world” To provide scriptural evidence for the first view above numerous Christians will point to many scriptures in the New Testament such as Matthew 24:14, Mark 6:12, Mark 16:15-16 and others. Now the Bible certainly does command that the message of salvation is preached. But it also requires many other things that we will look at such as preaching the “kingdom of God”, healing the sick, casting out demons and caring for the sick and poor. Too often these other aspects of the “great commission” are overlooked. Matthew 28:18-20 (NIV) Then Jesus came to them and said, "All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. 19 Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 20 and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age." Luke 4:18 (NIV) 18 "The Spirit of the Lord is on me, because he has anointed me to preach good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim freedom for the prisoners and recovery of sight for the blind, to release the oppressed, The second idea above is that God wants to “save” all people. They point to the two scriptures shown below as evidence of this being God’s will. Accordingly, they then see part of their response as being antagonistic towards anything they believe is not what the Bible teaches and which will prevent people from believing in Christ’s atoning death and resurrection. However this response is often not based on what the Bible actually says. Matthew 18:12-14 (NIV) 12 What do you think? If a man owns a hundred sheep, and one of them wanders away, will he not leave the ninety-nine on the hills and go to look for the one that wandered off? 13 And if he finds it, I tell you the truth, he is happier about that one sheep than about the ninety-nine that did not wander off. 14 In the same way your Father in heaven is not willing that any of these little ones should be lost.

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32 In the scripture above Christians often quote verse 14 without putting this verse into its context as described in verse 12 where he is talking about losing one of His sheep. We will look at what the Bible has to say on this matter of who belongs to God in the next chapter. At this stage we should simply note that he is not talking about all sheep – only those in His flock. This is a significant point that we will look at in more detail below as we look at God’s plan for mankind as revealed in the Bible. In the scripture below we have a classic example of having to look at all the references regarding a given scripture before we can decide just what the context is that should be used in the interpretation. Many Christians only quote verse 4. The Strong’s Concordance entry for this scripture shows that the word that is translated as “save” has a variety of possible meanings. The appropriate one is then selected from the context. It certainly states that God want all mankind to be saved. The question is what does the word “saved” mean in this context? The same word is used in the sense of personal salvation as in the forgiveness of sins. It is also used in the sense of salvation of people being saved from the consequences of sin – this is not necessarily the same as personal salvation. “Salvation” for all mankind is the whole message of the Bible. However, this idea of saving the world involves the establishment of the Kingdom of God and it is in this sense that verse 4 should be interpreted. The reasons for this will be explored in the rest of this chapter. 1 Timothy 2:1-4 (NIV) 1 I urge, then, first of all, that requests, prayers, intercession and thanksgiving be made for everyone- 2 for kings and all those in authority, that we may live peaceful and quiet lives in all godliness and holiness. 3 This is good, and pleases God our Saviour, 4 who wants all men to be saved (NT 4982) and to come to a knowledge of the truth. NT:4982 sozo (sode'-zo); from a primary sos (contraction for obsolete saoz, "safe"); to save, i.e. deliver or protect (literally or figuratively): KJV-heal, preserve, save (self), do well, be (make) whole. The Big Picture of the Bible In order to see the difference between the idea of personal salvation and the idea of salvation for all of mankind, it is necessary to very quickly look at the overall picture that the Bible presents. The Biblical story is God’s account of His own nature, and how he established the universe and created man to rule over it under the sovereignty of God. It tells how mankind fell into sin and the consequences of this, along with God’s plan to redeem man and the universe to himself. This plan is centred on the creation of the nation of Israel, which was designed to accomplish three things. First, Israel was to bring forth the Messiah, who would then give his life to atone for the sin of all those who would accept Him as saviour. Israel was also to be a role model for the surrounding nations. Finally, Israel is to be the national instrument through which God will ultimately rule all the nations of the world, and later the universe, in peace, justice and prosperity. The end of this redemptive plan will see Jesus return as Lord of lords and King of kings of the earth, ruling from the nation of Israel, with those people who have accepted Jesus 32

33 as their saviour co-ruling with him as priests. Jesus will reign for a thousand years at which time all creation will have been brought under his control. This period of Jesus reigning over the earth is necessary in order to absolutely prove that by administering the world according to God’s laws, peace and justice for all are assured. He (Jesus as God) will then be seen to have the undisputed and proven right to judge mankind. After this period, Jesus will hand the kingdom over to God the Father and the final judgement will take place. Once this is complete God declares that He will create new heavens and a new earth. He will then make His home with mankind in the New Jerusalem, with mankind ruling over the creation under His sovereignty. This then completes His redemptive plan and man is back where he started in the Garden of Eden. The question of governance of the Kingdom of God If we search through the Bible using a computerised concordance then we find that the expression the “Kingdom of God” appears sixty six (66) times and the expression the “Kingdom of Heaven” appears thirty two (32) times in both the New International Version (NIV) and the New King James Version (NKJV). The Bible itself has sixty six (66) books in it that are split up into thirty nine (39) books that make up the Old Testament and twenty seven (27) books that make up the New Testament. Now thirty nine books expressed as a percentage of the total of sixty six books is fifty nine percent (59%) of the total Bible. Surely the subject matter of something that takes up fifty nine percent of the Bible must be important The Old Testament is virtually exclusively concerned with the account of the creation of the nation of Israel, its purpose for creation and its laws and customs. It is a book about national Israel and is not directly concerned with individual salvation. Kingdoms are political entities that are concerned with governing and all that is entailed in running a peaceful, just and prosperous environment for its citizens. The New Testament is virtually exclusively concerned with individual salvation and personal relationships with God through the mediatorial role of Jesus and the believer’s role in the “Kingdom of God” where the believers will reign with Jesus A detailed study of the Bible shows very clearly that the Jesus died to save all people. However, the meaning of the expression “save all people” is that all people are saved from the consequences of sin and the subsequent rule of Satan over this world. The Bible makes it crystal clear that this “salvation of mankind” is brought about by Jesus ruling over the Kingdom of God – along with His people e.g. the Christians and saints of all ages co-reigning and ruling with him – and with Satan having been banished forever from this world. With Jesus ruling as “Lord of lords and King of kings” it will be a very different world to that which we currently experience with Satan ruling over it. Mankind will then live in a world of peace, prosperity, truth, justice, love and beauty; instead of the current world of lawlessness, misery, corruption, violence, poverty, suffering, ugliness and incompetence. Truly all mankind will then have been saved! But this redeemed world is described as the Kingdom of God. A Kingdom describes a political entity. This in turn describes a system of hierarchical organisation and power. 33

34 This hierarchy has Jesus as “Lord of lords and King of kings” with a ruling body under him comprised of the saints of all the ages. In any governing structure there are those who rule – and those who are ruled over. There never has been – nor does the Bible describe – a system where everybody belongs to the ruling class. In many societies even today, the right to belong to the ruling class is hereditary. As an example, consider any royal family – you either have the birthright to ascend to the throne, or you don’t. You cannot earn this right to the throne. This is the picture that the Bible paints of Christians and the saints of all the ages. The next chapter will examine the Biblical statements on this subject.

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Choosing to be a Christian Or Can anybody choose to be a part of God’s government in His Kingdom or is it based on birthright? Most people are aware of the idea of predestination where you are either born to be “saved” or you are born to be “lost” Many people who are aware of this concept reject it out of hand for one – or maybe both – of two reasons. The first of these reasons is that the idea of predestination is most commonly associated with what has become known as Calvinism. This doctrine was originally developed by a number of theologians. However it is commonly known by the name of the 16th century French theologian John Calvin because of his influence on the development of its main ideas. Since then it has had many other influences and streams of thought added to it. It is best summarized by its historical acronym TULIP T U L

I

P

Total inherited depravity Unconditional election Limited atonement

All people inherit the sin of Adam – hence are totally depraved and do not naturally respond to God. Predestination – God has foreordained those limited number of people who will be “saved”. Christ died only for those who were predestined to be saved

God reveals Himself only to those whom He predestined to save. These people alone from all mankind will respond to Irresistible grace the Holy Spirit and accept Christ as their Savour – and their response is essentially beyond their control. Because people are predestined, then once saved, they cannot be lost. It says that those who apparently turn away Perseverance of either never really believed to start with or will return later the saints e.g. the “lost sheep” in the parable. (Matt 18:12-14, Luke 15:3-7)

A lot of interpretations have been applied along the path of Calvinism – many of them quite un-Christian. Some of the early Calvinists had no hesitation in castigating anyone who dissented from their ideas, particularly if you were perceived to be in the “lost” category. Calvin himself had Michael Servetus who was a Spanish physician and philosopher who questioned the Trinity idea in the Nicene Creed arrested. He was tried for heresy and burnt at the stake. Unfortunately this sort of intolerance is still evident in many people who classify themselves as Christian even today and not only among modern day Calvinists. This sort of un-Christian behaviour has turned many people away from the idea of predestination as expressed by the ideas of Calvinism. The second reason that many people reject predestination is that in their world-view the idea is based on a paradox. God has predestined some to be “saved” but He still blames every human being for their sins. On that basis, those who are not predestined to be saved are unjustly thrown out of “heaven”. How can a just God do that? People instinctively reject this idea and stress that everyone has a free will and can individually decide to accept or reject Christ’s atoning death on the cross.

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36 To get a clearer idea on these matters we need to see what the Bible says about a number of things as well as events in the real world around us. Free will Do we have an absolute unfettered free will so that we can choose whatever we like? Well, clearly we don’t! A few examples will hopefully show the truth of this statement. At its basic level the argument on free will comes down to whether the universe is deterministic or not. The idea of determinism is simply that the “universe runs on rails”. In a case like this the reasoning goes – event A causes event B, which in turn causes event C, which in turn causes event D. You can extend this out to as many events as you like. But the essential idea is that the last event in the chain is a direct result of all the preceding events in that chain. The idea can be extended further to include multiple intersecting chains of events that share a “common event” (say event C in our example above) so that the outcome of the “common event” is determined by the preceding events in each of the two chains that it forms a part of. The idea can be extended out to infinity with more chains interesting each other – and themselves. The end result is that any resulting event anywhere along any of the chains is strictly determined by all the events that preceded them. Once the initial events (and conditions) are set – the outcome is already determined for as far down the line as you care to travel. However complex the train of events that we are considering, the system truly does “run on rails” In the example of a deterministic system talked about in the previous paragraph the critical parameter that determines the outcome of the chain of events is the exact initial conditions that existed at the start of the chain of events. Given that it is normally not possible to be able to determine the exact values (e.g. to an infinite level of precision) of all the factors and parameters then it becomes impossible to determine exactly how any given system will evolve over time because of the phenomenon of what is known as “deterministic chaos”. The way in which chaotic systems evolve over time is critically dependent on the initial value of its parameters. Under the right circumstances, minute changes, such as a difference of say 0.00000000001 in the initial value of one of its parameters, can lead the system to evolve into a very different state to that compared to where the initial conditions had not varied by that minute amount. These changes can appear very rapidly. The reasons and details for this “chaotic” behaviour can be looked up on the internet for those who are interested (e.g. chaos theory). But for now all that is needed is to realize that this sort of phenomenon exists and that it has a very large bearing on whether something is truly random – and hence an act of “free will” – or whether it has been determined by things that you are not aware of. An everyday example of deterministic chaos that is presented as a random number generator is the barrel of marbles with numbers on them that are used to generate the winning number in lotteries. The barrel is filled with thousands of marbles with numbers on them – the barrel is rotated for a period of time – it stops and some method is used to select a given marble. It seems “random enough” – after all, nobody can predict what number will be drawn next can they? Well in practice it is what is known as pseudo-random. By this is meant that it appears to be random – but in fact it ”runs on rails” The easiest way of looking at this is to run the tape backwards from the point that the final marble is selected from the barrel – back to the start of rotation of the 36

37 barrel. We have all seen this sort of thing done in pictures and it illustrates the principle involved in deterministic chaos. If you could physically “rewind” the barrel and marbles and could set up the exact same initial conditions in the barrel – to an infinite level of precision for all the parameters involved (coefficients of friction of balls and barrel, exact shapes of the balls and barrel and exact positions of the balls relative to each other, rotational speeds, time etc.) – then running the process again would produce the exact same ball being picked out. In principle – given a powerful enough computer – you could calculate exactly which ball would be drawn out. In practice it can’t be done – but only because our technology (at this time) is not capable of the required precision in the measurement of the exact initial conditions While the above short explanation of deterministic chaos does not prove that humans – as opposed to physical objects – do not have unfettered “free will”, it does show that much (if not all) of the world around us is not quite as random as many people suppose. The question of whether we have an unfettered personal free will is not straight forward. There are two aspects to this – the evidence of the world around us as well as the Biblical statements on the matter. When we look at our own lives we see that we don’t have a totally free will. What we often have is only the “free will” to select from a menu of choices that is presented to each one of us. Ours choices demonstrate who and what we really are. Some examples are:• Somebody walking ahead of you drops a fifty dollar note. Only you see it. Your free will choices are, pick it up and give it to the person who dropped it – keep it for yourself – ignore it and walk on • A “need” of someone else is brought to your attention. You have the time, resources and ability to do something to help. Your free will choices are either to assist – or to ignore that “need” in someone else • You are offered a job with a company that sells dreams to people – such as the lure of “investing for very high returns” in fraudulent or illegal schemes. You need money. Your free will choices are either to accept that employment and knowingly defraud or otherwise exploit the victims of that company – or to say no and look for honest work. In the three examples above you can only select from the limited choices on the “menu” presented to you at that time. This “menu” of choices is set by the circumstances present at that time and which are usually beyond your control. You usually don’t have the free will choice to prevent yourself having to confront any of the unpleasant decisions that meet you face-on along the pathway of life. The critical point in the choices that you make is that you are demonstrating what and who you are by the choices that you make. You can also consider the fact that none of us can make a “free will” choice to do many things, such as ring up the Prime Minister and suggest that “we have dinner together sometime” (well I certainly can’t) – operate someone else’s bank account – have great physical beauty or brains – or have good health when we have just been diagnosed with a terminal illness. Many things like these are determined by our social standing, education and inherited characteristics. Often these things are beyond our direct 37

38 control. Although we would often like to change some of these things, the simple fact is that we usually can’t. This demonstrates limits on our “free will”. Biblical view of free will On the Biblical side of this question of free will we should just briefly mention the story of Jonah when God sent him to Nineveh – but he boarded a boat and ran in the opposite direction. God sent a strong wind that threatened to sink the boat. Jonah asked to be thrown overboard as he knew he was the cause of the storm. God sent a large fish to swallow him. After being cast up out of the whale, God told Jonah again to go to Nineveh. This time he obeyed God – albeit rather unwillingly. But just how free was Jonah to decide if he would go to Nineveh or not? The Biblical evidence is pretty clear that when God decides that “something should be done” it looks pretty much as if you are going to do God’s will whether you like it or not. Personal salvation is dependent entirely on recognizing our sin, repenting and putting our faith in the atoning (e.g. covering or cancelling of sin) death of Jesus on the cross. However this requires faith in the promises of God revealed in the Bible. A look at a few of the scriptures on saving faith is necessary in order to decide whether we have free will to choose God. Galatians 2:16(NIV) 16 know that a man is not justified by observing the law, but by faith in Jesus Christ. So we, too, have put our faith in Christ Jesus that we may be justified by faith in Christ and not by observing the law, because by observing the law no one will be justified. John 3:16-18 (NIV) 16 "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. 17 For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him. 1 Timothy 2:3-4 (NIV) 3 This is good, and pleases God our Saviour, 4 who wants all men to be saved and to come to a knowledge of the truth. John 3:16 (above) is almost certainly the best known verse in the Bible. It is often quoted in conjunction with Timothy 2:3-4 as proof that everybody has the free will to choose God if they so desire. As in any interpretation we need to look at all the references and find the one (and usually only one) interpretation that fits all the references. In this case we need to look at the three scriptures below, plus the next section on the “sovereign will of God” as well as the section on “Who chooses – God or man” and the chapter on “The critical issue of who has the right to be a Priest” in order to see the full context of this. As Mathew 11:27 & 16:15-17 and Ephesians 2:8-10 (below) makes crystal clear, Jesus decides who He will reveal the Father to and that the saving faith that the individual experiences is a direct gift from God. This saving faith does not originate in the person. It comes only from God himself as an act of grace (unmerited favour). And it has a purpose – to equip God’s priests (all believers) for their role in His Kingdom that saves all mankind from the consequences of the fall in Eden (see next chapter).

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39 The interpretation of John 3:16 and 1 Timothy 2:3-4 – taking all the relevant scriptures into account – is that God is in the process of saving mankind from the consequences of sin that entered into the world with Adam and Eve. However this salvation is the coming Kingdom of God where all mankind will truly come to a knowledge of the truth (1 Timothy 2:3-4) of the words, concepts and ways that God has laid out in the Bible. As will be seen in later chapters, God’s Kingdom will be administered by Jesus Himself with the saints of all the ages co-ruling with Him. It is these Christians who are being called to personal salvation. Matthew 11:27 (NIV) and also Luke 10:22 All things have been committed to me by my Father. No one knows the Son except the Father, and no one knows the Father except the Son and those to whom the Son chooses to reveal him. Matthew 16:15-17 (NIV) But what about you?" he asked. "Who do you say I am?" 16 Simon Peter answered, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God."17 Jesus replied, "Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah, for this was not revealed to you by man, but by my Father in heaven. Ephesians 2:8-10 (NIV) 8 For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith-and this not from yourselves, it is the gift of God- 9 not by works, so that no one can boast. 10 For we are God's workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do. Many people will then point to Romans 10:16-17 (below) and say that faith comes from hearing the word of God – so if we preach the word of God everybody has the choice of accepting it or not. Yes it does say that “faith comes from hearing” – but only to those who God is calling. Because we don’t know who God is calling, then the message of salvation must be preached from the churches. However we must also understand that God is not calling everyone to personal salvation. This can be plainly seen in Mark 4:10-12 (below) where Jesus directly says that He often spoke in parables specifically to hide the message of salvation from those outside God’s Kingdom.. Romans 10:16-17 (NIV) But not all the Israelites accepted the good news. For Isaiah says, "Lord, who has believed our message?" 17 Consequently, faith comes from hearing the message, and the message is heard through the word of Christ. Mark 4:10-12 (NIV) – also Matthew 13:10-13 & Luke 8:9-10 0 When he was alone, the Twelve and the others around him asked him about the parables. 11 He told them, "The secret of the kingdom of God has been given to you. But to those on the outside everything is said in parables 12 so that, "`they may be ever seeing but never perceiving, and ever hearing but never understanding; otherwise they might turn and be forgiven!'" The sovereign will of God The Bible clearly states that nothing is impossible for God (Mathew 19:26, Mark 10:27, Luke 1:37, Luke 18:27). If God was truly out to save all people in the world – then there is nothing – nothing at all – that could prevent this from happening. 39

40 The facts around us today, plus the facts of history clearly and conclusively demonstrate that God never intended to “save” everybody in the sense of personal salvation. This is specifically stated in Romans and Acts (below) Romans 9:10-24 (NIV) Not only that, but Rebekah's children had one and the same father, our father Isaac. 11 Yet, before the twins were born or had done anything good or bad - in order that God's purpose in election might stand: 12 not by works but by him who callsshe was told, "The older will serve the younger." 13 Just as it is written: "Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated." 14 What then shall we say? Is God unjust? Not at all! 15 For he says to Moses, "I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion." 16 It does not, therefore, depend on man's desire or effort, but on God's mercy. 17 For the Scripture says to Pharaoh: "I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display my power in you and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth." 18 Therefore God has mercy on whom he wants to have mercy, and he hardens whom he wants to harden. 19 One of you will say to me: "Then why does God still blame us? For who resists his will?" 20 But who are you, O man, to talk back to God? "Shall what is formed say to him who formed it, `Why did you make me like this?'" 21 Does not the potter have the right to make out of the same lump of clay some pottery for noble purposes and some for common use?22 What if God, choosing to show his wrath and make his power known, bore with great patience the objects of his wrath-prepared for destruction? 23 What if he did this to make the riches of his glory known to the objects of his mercy, whom he prepared in advance for glory- 24 even us, whom he also called, not only from the Jews but also from the Gentiles? Acts 13:47-48 (NIV) 47 For this is what the Lord has commanded us: "I have made you a light for the Gentiles, that you may bring salvation to the ends of the earth." 48 When the Gentiles heard this, they were glad and honoured the word of the Lord; and all who were appointed for eternal life believed. Just looking around us today in the countries of the world, many millions of people have never even heard of the God of the Bible – let alone read the Bible. Throughout history probably billions of people have lived and died and never heard the message of the Bible. Now it is quite possible, and even probable, that God has revealed himself to individuals across history without these people having access to the Bible. However this is not a wholesale revealing of Himself to the people in those areas and at those times. In my own personal experience in Africa and the Middle East I know that millions of people today live in societies where the Bible is not permitted – literally on pain of death. Babies are born and raised in a society that never hears the words of the Bible. Even if they were exposed to the Bible, their religious and cultural background would lead them to automatically reject the message of the Bible. Virtually all these people die without ever hearing the message of the Bible. This is consistent with the words of Romans 9:10-24 (above). Who chooses – God or man If we do a computer search through the Bible searching for the words “elect”, “chose”, “choose” and “chosen” we find some interesting things. 40

41 All the selected word definitions below are taken from the New King James Version (NKJV) using Biblesoft's New Exhaustive Strong's Numbers and Concordance with Expanded Greek-Hebrew Dictionary. Copyright (c) 1994, Biblesoft and International Bible Translators, Inc. Elect OT:972 – Thirteen (13)matches for this word in the O.T. All of God referring to those He selected or chose bachiyr (baw-kheer'); from OT:977; select: KJV-choose, chosen one, elect. NT:1588 – Twenty three (23) matches for this word in the N.T. Twenty one references are to the chosen Christians, one is to elect angels and one refers to Jesus klektos (ek-lek-tos'); from NT:1586; select; by implication, favorite: KJV-chosen, elect Chose (also translated as “chosen” & “choose”) OT:977 – One hundred and fifty one (151) matches for this word in the O.T.. In Some cases the word is used in the ordinary sense of people choosing various things. However well over half of the cases involve God choosing people, or less frequently, places e.g. Jerusalem bachar (baw-khar'); a primitive root; properly, to try, i.e. (by implication) select: KJV-acceptable, appoint, choose (choice), excellent, join, be rather, require. NT:1586 – Twenty one (21) matches for this word in the N.T. In some cases people are choosing things. However in quite a number of cases Jesus specifically states that people don’t choose him – He chooses them. These cases are shown and discussed below. eklegomai (ek-leg'-om-ahee); middle voice from NT:1537 and NT:3004 (in its primary sense); to select: KJV-make choice, choose (out), chosen. In the verse below Joshua is telling the people what God had done (Joshua 24:1-15) and he ended by affirming that he and his house would serve the Lord. However this is just an affirmation after God had already chosen him to lead the people of Israel into the Promised Land after Moses died. (Deuteronomy 34:9 - Joshua 1:1-2) Joshua 24:15 (NKJV) 15 And if it seems evil to you to serve the LORD, choose for yourselves this day whom you will serve, whether the gods which your fathers served that were on the other side of the River, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land you dwell. But as for me and my house, we will serve the LORD." Although King David’s name does not appear in Psalm 119, most scholars agree that he wrote it. When David says that he has chosen God and his precepts it is only as an affirmation after the fact that David had already been chosen by God. ( 1 Samuel 16:1213)

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42 Psalm 119:173-174 (NKJV) 173 Let Your hand become my help, For I have chosen Your precepts. 174 I long for Your salvation, O LORD, And Your law is my delight. Jesus goes much further and specifically states that people do not choose Him – rather He chooses those who follow Him (5 scriptures below) He goes even further in the last of the scriptures below (John 15:18-19) and He says that “because you are not of the world” we are hated in the same way that He is hated by the world (ref John 8:22-24 below and also John 18:36). The full implications of this statement by Jesus are not clear. However it does seem to imply that the ones that God calls, and Jesus chooses, appear to somehow have their citizenship in the Kingdom that Jesus refers to in John 18:36 where “Jesus said, My kingdom is not of this world.” The implication appears to be that Christians are only travellers in this world and are not citizens of this world as are most people as spoken by Jesus in John 15:19 below “If you were of the world, the world would love its own.” Mark 13:20 (NKJV) And unless the Lord had shortened those days, no flesh would be saved; but for the elect's sake, whom He chose, He shortened the days. Luke 6:13 (NKJV) And when it was day, He called His disciples to Himself; and from them He chose twelve whom He also named apostles: John 15:16-17 (NKJV) You did not choose Me, but I chose you and appointed you that you should go and bear fruit, and that your fruit should remain, that whatever you ask the Father in My name He may give you. John 15:18-19 (NIV) 18 "If the world hates you, keep in mind that it hated me first. 19 If you belonged to the world, it would love you as its own. As it is, you do not belong to the world, but I have chosen you out of the world. That is why the world hates you. John 8:22-24 (NIV) This made the Jews ask, "Will he kill himself? Is that why he says, `Where I go, you cannot come'?" 23 But he continued, "You are from below; I am from above. You are of this world; I am not of this world. The world around us and our own experiences show that none of us have an unfettered free will. What we have is the “free will” to make a choice from the individual “menu” of options that are presented to us at each decision point along the path of our lives. The choices that we make then show who and what each person is. The Biblical basis for this statement is in the book of Job. In the scripture passage below we have God saying to Satan that Job is an example of a person who does the right thing because that is his nature – and we have Satan saying that he only does the right thing because God protects him. In the following forty two chapters we see that through all the trials and tribulations that Job suffered as a result of this discussion between God and Satan, Job never really lost sight of his faith in God. He showed what he was by nature in the choices that he made in his replies to his counsellors. 42

43 It must be noted that Job had the free will to only select his answers from the “menu choices” of saying “God is bad” – or “God is trustworthy” – and he chose “God is trustworthy” However it must be emphasised that he did not have the free will to avoid the situations that God allowed Satan to bring on him for the purpose of demonstrating that God’s description of Job was correct. Job 1:6-12 (NIV) One day the angels came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan also came with them. 7 The LORD said to Satan, "Where have you come from?" Satan answered the LORD, "From roaming through the earth and going back and forth in it." 8 Then the LORD said to Satan, "Have you considered my servant Job? There is no one on earth like him; he is blameless and upright, a man who fears God and shuns evil." 9 "Does Job fear God for nothing?" Satan replied. 10 "Have you not put a hedge around him and his household and everything he has? You have blessed the work of his hands, so that his flocks and herds are spread throughout the land. 11 But stretch out your hand and strike everything he has, and he will surely curse you to your face." 12 The LORD said to Satan, "Very well, then, everything he has is in your hands, but on the man himself do not lay a finger." This is the Biblical image of the concept of free will. We demonstrate who and what we are by the choices that we make. These choices are a natural part of our nature – either “good” or “bad.” They are not the result of someone else’s words or actions that “convert us” to a new way of thinking. Nowhere is this more decisively shown than in what the Bible says about who can be a priest – which is what all Christians are described as. This question will be explored in a later chapter. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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The Tabernacle and God’s Kingdom Or A brief look at how God’s government in His Kingdom is organized according to the Bible In the New Testament all Christians are described as priests. This is a fundamental point in the portrayal of Christians and it is worth looking at the scriptures that say this. 1 Peter 2:4-6 (NIV As you come to him, the living Stone-rejected by men but chosen by God and precious to him- 5 you also, like living stones, are being built into a spiritual house to be a holy priesthood, offering spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ. 1 Peter 2:9 (NIV) 9 But you are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people belonging to God, that you may declare the praises of him who called you out of darkness into his wonderful light. Revelation 1:5-6 (NKJV) 5 and from Jesus Christ, the faithful witness, the firstborn from the dead, and the ruler over the kings of the earth. To Him who loved us and washed us from our sins in His own blood, 6 and has made us kings and priests to His God and Father, to Him be glory and dominion forever and ever. Amen. Revelation 5:10 (NKJV) 10 And have made us kings and priests to our God; And we shall reign on the earth." Revelation 20:6 (NKJV) Blessed and holy is he who has part in the first resurrection. Over such the second death has no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years. This question of the New Testament doctrine of the priesthood of the believers is central to our identity as Christians. In order to understand just what this means in Biblical terms we need to look at the Biblical description of what a priest is. The story of the Biblical priesthood starts with and is described by the Old Testament Tabernacle. The Tabernacle The tabernacle (Exodus chapters 25-28) was the predecessor and archetype of the later temples in Solomon and Herod’s time. The only common element in the succession of temples was the veil that separated the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place (Exodus 26:33). However it is the tabernacle rather than the later temples which provided the basis for the New Testament teaching on this subject. Although there are 121 references to the temple in the New Testament (NIV and NKJV) they nearly all refer to Herod’s temple that existed at that time. The New Testament description of the reasons for the existence of a temple of any sort are all referred to in Hebrews in chapters 8, 9 and 10. These all refer to the tabernacle – not to any of the later temples. 44

45 In addition to Hebrews the other important reference is in Revelation 15:5. This refers to the original and true Tabernacle in Heaven of which the one in the OT is but a pale reflection of. Revelation 15:5 (NIV) After this I looked and in heaven the temple, that is, the tabernacle of the Testimony, was opened. There are numbers of books that have been written about the Tabernacle for anyone who is interested. It is a huge subject in its own right and this book will not be going into it. However the central idea of it is described in the words, "Then have them make a sanctuary for me, and I will dwell among them.” (NIV, Exodus 25:8). This idea of the Tabernacle is a direct counterpart of the New Jerusalem where God will dwell among men after the final judgment. It is a significant concept in understanding the future role of Christians in God’s Kingdom and their role in God’s plan to save the world. Revelation 21:2-3 (NIV) 2 I saw the Holy City, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride beautifully dressed for her husband. 3 And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, "Now the dwelling of God is with men, and he will live with them. They will be his people, and God himself will be with them and be their God In this discussion we are only interested in the priesthood that was initiated with the Tabernacle as this is the model for the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers since the New Covenant instituted by Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection. This was shown by the curtain in the temple being torn in two as He became our Great High Priest and opened up access to God – through Jesus as the High Priest – to all the priests of his kingdom (e.g. the Christians) since that time onward. Matthew 27:50-51 (NIV) And when Jesus had cried out again in a loud voice, he gave up his spirit. 51 At that moment the curtain of the temple was torn in two from top to bottom. The earth shook and the rocks split. Moses We are interested in the part that Moses played in the setup and organization of the Tabernacle and its priesthood. We are not primarily interested in how he came to be in that position other than to say that he was chosen by God to fill the role of leading Israel out of Egypt into the Promised Land (Exodus chapter 3). It should be noted that God chose Moses – not the other way around. There are many parallels between Moses and Jesus, starting with the fact that Moses was chosen by God to lead Israel to the Promised Land, and Jesus was born to lead the Christians to the “Promised Land” of His Kingdom of God. The parallels go on from there and make very clear that Moses was the archetype of Jesus. An archetype is a person or model that foreshadows something greater to come later. The archetype is always a lesser version of the later appearance of the true type.

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46 In this regard Melchizedek the priest and king is an archetype of both Moses and particularly Jesus where it is said about Jesus that "You are a priest forever, in the order of Melchizedek.” (Psalm 110:4, Hebrews 5:6, Hebrews 7:17). It is worth briefly looking at Melchizedek. He appears out of nowhere in Genesis Genesis 14:17-20 (NIV) After Abram returned from defeating Kedorlaomer and the kings allied with him, the king of Sodom came out to meet him in the Valley of Shaveh (that is, the King's Valley). 18 Then Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. He was priest of God Most High, 19 and he blessed Abram, saying, "Blessed be Abram by God Most High, Creator of heaven and earth. 20 And blessed be God Most High, who delivered your enemies into your hand." Then Abram gave him a tenth of everything. He just as mysteriously disappears again with no further references to him apart from comparing Jesus to him. The important point about Melchizedek’s priesthood is that the Bible gives no genealogy of him – and more to the point, it gives no successors to his priesthood. This lack of a genealogy or successor to his priesthood is the main point that the Bible refers to when is says about Jesus, "You are a priest forever, in the order of Melchizedek.” There is no successor to the High Priesthood of Jesus – and never will be, thank goodness! Hebrews 7:1-3 (NIV) –(also Hebrews 7:14-17) This Melchizedek was king of Salem and priest of God Most High. He met Abraham returning from the defeat of the kings and blessed him, 2 and Abraham gave him a tenth of everything. First, his name means "king of righteousness"; then also, "king of Salem" means "king of peace." 3 Without father or mother, without genealogy, without beginning of days or end of life, like the Son of God he remains a priest forever.

Comparisons between Moses and Jesus Moses Jesus A king (Pharaoh) tried to kill him as a King Herod tried to kill the baby Jesus baby (Exodus 1:22) (Matthew 2:16) Moses protected in Egypt (Exodus Jesus was taken into Egypt to preserve His chapter 2) life (Matthew 2:13-15) He was saved by women (his mother Saved and helped by His mother, Mary Exodus 2:3 & Pharaoh's daughter 2:5) (Matthew 2:14 ) Moses became a prince of Egypt (Exodus Jesus is the Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9:5; 2:10 ) Matthew 28:18; Luke 2:14) Saved women at a well (Exodus 2:15) Saved a woman at a well (John chapter 4} Was a shepherd (Exodus 3:1) He is the Good Shepherd (John 10:11) Moses called to redeem Israel from Jesus came to redeem mankind from slavery slavery to Egypt (exodus chapter 3) to sin Jesus expands on the law during the Sermon Moses lays out God's law on Mount Sinai on the Mount (unknown which mountain) (Exodus chapters 20,21,22 & 23) (Matthew chapter 5 ) Moses face shines after coming down Jesus face shines in the transfiguration on a from the mountain (Exodus 34:29-30) mountain (Mathew 17:2) 46

47 Moses spent 40 days fasting on the Jesus spent 40 days fasting in the desert mountain (Exodus 24:18 & 34:28) wilderness (Matthew 4:2 ) Moses performs miracles (Exodus 14:16) Jesus performs miracles Moses offered his life to save his people Jesus gives His life for the salvation of the after the sin of the Golden Calf episode world (Isaiah 53:12; Romans 3:25, Hebrews (Exodus 32:30-33 ) 2:17, 2 Corinthians 5:14-15.) Moses is the great prophet and leader of Jesus is the great prophet and High Priest of the nation of Israel under the old the new and everlasting Covenant of the New Testament covenants Testament Jesus is the author of the Tabernacle in Moses implements the earthly Heaven and is the High Priest of the New Tabernacle and anoints the Aaronic Covenant with Christians as His Priests priesthood (Leviticus chapter 8) (Revelation 15:5, - Hebrews 8:1-2, 1 Peter 2:5 & 2:9 Revelation 1:6 & 5:10 & 20:6) The table above shows many of the comparisons between Moses and Jesus. Moses clearly represents an archetype of Jesus in many facets of his life. This is an important consideration when we come to think about the role of priests in the Kingdom of God. The relationship that the Bible lays out between Jesus as King and his ruling “royal priesthood” is the same as the model given and defined in the Bible between Moses (the ruler of Israel) and the Aaronic priesthood. This idea of Moses being an archetype of God is directly shown in the scripture below where God tells Moses that he has been made as God in relation to Pharaoh. He is also told in Exodus 4:14-17 that he will be “as God” in relation to Aaron his brother Exodus 7:1 (NIV) Then the LORD said to Moses, "See, I have made you like God to Pharaoh, and your brother Aaron will be your prophet. In addition to Moses role as the leader (e.g. the defacto king) of Israel he also in many ways acts a high priest as well. As such he is one of the types given by Melchizedek who was both a priest and king. Moses in turn foreshadows the true type – Jesus as Lord or lords and King of kings who is our great High Priest In Moses role as the archetypal Jesus he gives the law and sets up the priesthood under Aaron as the High Priest. In his role as the archetypal High Priest who setup the subordinate priesthood we see that only Moses talked face to face with God on the mountain.( Exodus33:9-11) Only he had access to God – all the rest had to stay behind barriers (Exodus 19:10-13 & 24:1-2) Moses was instructed by God to build the Tabernacle strictly according to the instructions that he received while he was on the mountain with God (Exodus chapters 25, 26 & 27). He was then instructed by God to anoint Aaron and his sons as priests to serve in the Tabernacle (Exodus chapter 28) Aaron Aaron was a member of the tribe of Levi (1 Chronicles 6:1-3 & Exodus 4:14 & 6:1920)

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48 When God chose Moses to be the person who would lead Israel out of slavery in Egypt into the Promised Land Moses raised all sorts of objections to God as to why he should not be the one to carry out God’s commands. One of his objections was that he was not a confident speaker and that no-one would listen to him. God then said:Exodus 4:14-17 (NIV) Then the LORD's anger burned against Moses and he said, "What about your brother, Aaron the Levite? I know he can speak well. He is already on his way to meet you, and his heart will be glad when he sees you. 15 You shall speak to him and put words in his mouth; I will help both of you speak and will teach you what to do. 16 He will speak to the people for you, and it will be as if he were your mouth and as if you were God to him. From this time on Aaron became the spokesman for Moses. Aaron’s next main appearance is at Sinai where he is one of the elders of Israel and was permitted to approach nearer to the Mount than the rest of the people were. He was also allowed to see the glory of God from a distance (Exodus 24:1-2 & 9-10). The next major moment in Aaron’s life is when he and his sons are chosen by God as priests (Exodus chapter 28 & 29). After the construction and dedication of the Tabernacle, Aaron is anointed by Moses as the High Priest (Leviticus chapters 8 & 9) From this point of time onward the priesthood in Israel was confined to the family of Aaron and his descendents. Numbers 18:6-7 (NIV) 6 I myself have selected your fellow Levites from among the Israelites as a gift to you, dedicated to the LORD to do the work at the Tent of Meeting. 7 But only you and your sons may serve as priests in connection with everything at the altar and inside the curtain. I am giving you the service of the priesthood as a gift. Anyone else who comes near the sanctuary must be put to death. Exodus 40:13-15 (NIV) 13 Then dress Aaron in the sacred garments, anoint him and consecrate him so he may serve me as priest. 14 Bring his sons and dress them in tunics. 15 Anoint them just as you anointed their father, so they may serve me as priests. Their anointing will be to a priesthood that will continue for all generations to come." Although the priesthood was confined to Aaron and his descendents, in an emergency those who were not in that priestly line did offer sacrifices to God and were accepted by Him.(Judges 6:24-26 – 1 Sam 6:14-15 – 1 Sam 7:9) – 2 Sam 6:17 – 1 Kings 18:22-24 & verses 32-38) Office and duties of the Priesthood Priesthood is an office setup by God. It has definite and specific purposes and encompasses very specific duties and functions. The essential concepts that underlie the O.T. Priesthood is given by Moses in Numbers 16:5

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49 Numbers 16:4-5 (NIV) When Moses heard this, he fell facedown. 5 Then he said to Korah and all his followers: "In the morning the LORD will show who belongs to him and who is holy, and he will have that person come near him. The man he chooses he will cause to come near him. It consists of three elements – being chosen by God – being made holy (set apart) by God as His own – and being allowed to come or bring near to God. Chosen – The first point lays out the basic condition of a priest. That is they are chosen by God. Priests, in the Biblical sense, hold their position by birthright. They cannot earn it, buy it or just decide that they wish to be a priest. This doctrine of “The critical issue of who has the right to be a Priest” will be examined in the next chapter. Holy –The second point specifies the qualification to be a priest. Just as Israel in the O.T under the old Covenant of the Law was the chosen people, so the Christian church in the N.T, under the new Covenant of Grace becomes a holy nation (1 Peter 2:9), and the individual Christian becomes a holy person (Colossians 3:12). The word “holy” is a general term that is used to signify sanctity or separation from that which is tainted by sin or moral imperfection. It is used throughout the Bible and refers to God as well as people, places and things that are set apart from the world by God for service to Him. Coming near to God – This third point describes the functions of the Priesthood. These functions are taken from the Bible and described briefly below A clear distinction must be made between the duties of the Levites as a tribe and the priests who were the descendents of Aaron from the tribe of the Levites. The Levites acted as administrators of the Tabernacle and carried out the tasks of maintaining the structure and as assistants to Aaron and the priests (Numbers 1:50-53). But they were not permitted to carry out any of the priestly duties – on pain of death (Numbers 18:38). The Levites as a whole were not priests and their detailed duties are not relevant to this discussion. The functions of the priesthood as described in Exodus and Leviticus are the same as those specified in Chronicles and Ezekiel. A listing of their ceremonial duties in relation to coming "near to the sanctuary and the altar" is given below Duties in the Holy of Holies place of the Tabernacle Only the High Priest is allowed into this area – and then only once a year. The duty of the High Priest (who is Jesus in the New Covenant) is to intercede with God and represent mankind who cannot approach God directly. The High Priest acts for mankind in all matters that pertain to the relationship between God and mankind. Duties in the Holy Place of the Tabernacle The ordinary priests serve under the High Priest and carry out the function of interceding between mankind and the High Priest. The main activities of the priests in this regard are given below. The essential idea that is pictured is that this is a privileged place that only the priesthood can enter as confidants of God as well as being members of His inner court. It corresponds roughly today to the place where a powerful ruler’s

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50 personal envoys meet with the ruler to receive instructions to be carried to other subordinate rulers, and to report back on the results. • The priests burn incense on the golden altar in the morning and the evening. This is symbolic of presenting the prayers of mankind that are offered to God on behalf of the people (Luke 1:10, Revelation 5:8 & 8:3) • The priests clean and trim the seven lamps on the seven branched golden candlestick stand and light them every evening. The lamps are symbolic of understanding (2 Samuel 2:29), guidance (Proverbs 6:23) life (Job 21:17) Jesus and the church as the “light of the world” (Mathew 5:14; John 8:12 & 9:5). This is directly related to the teaching functions of the priests referred to in the section below, so ensuring that God’s will is clearly made known to mankind. In this picture they are symbolically ensuring that their own “internal lamps” are trimmed and filled with “light giving oil” (Mathew 25:1-9) in order to be able to fulfil their role as “a light unto the world” as God’s representatives in His Kingdom • The priests make and put the showbread (also known as Bread of the Presence) on the table every Sabbath (Exodus 25:30 & 35:13, Leviticus 24:5-8). The bread symbolizes Jesus as the Bread of life (John 6:32-33). The Old Testament background to this is the manna God provided to the Israelites during their time in the desert to sustain them during the Exodus (Exodus 16). The priests are symbolically renewing their dependence on God and acknowledging that He is still sustaining his people (the priesthood). This idea of sustenance is shown by the fact that the bread belonged to the priests who were to eat it and sustain themselves (Leviticus 24:5-9). The final meaning is that God is giving life to His priests. Duties in the outer courtyard of the Tabernacle The High Priest as well as the ordinary priests meet the people at the entrance to the “Tent of Meeting” (e.g. the tent that houses the Holy Place as well as the Most Holy Place or Holy of Holies) to accept their animals and produce that have been brought for sacrifice. As such, this is a public place that is dedicated to making atonement for the sins of both national Israel as well as individuals. The sacrifices were part of the ceremonial laws given to Moses However there was a close connection between both the ceremonial law and the civil law in-so-far as both of these were given by God to Moses and were both designed as part of God’s plan for mankind. The ceremonial law regulated God’s relationship to mankind and the civil law regulates mankind’s relationship to each other. As is seen below, the priest’s activity in the courtyard is essentially a place where the ceremonial law is administered as well as the place where the priests receive and then pass God’s blessings onto the people. Essentially it is the place where people meet God through the mediation of the priesthood. The closest idea to this today would be the Parliament of the country where the people are represented in the government by their members of parliament – and where the decisions and actions of the government are supposed to be for the good of the people.

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51 On a world wide scale such as will exist on Christ’s return, this would correspond to the temple described in Ezekiel chapters 40-48 that describe in symbolic terms the new governing structure that will be at the center of Christ’s rule on the earth. • The priests keep the fire constantly burning on the altar of burnt offering and clear away the ashes from the altar. (Leviticus 6:9-13); and offer the morning and evening sacrifices (Exodus 29:38-43). The fire on the altar was used to consume the burnt offerings that the people made in accordance with the ceremonial law. These sacrifices were used for cleansing both the nation and individuals. The fire consumed the sacrifice and symbolically removed the sin that the sacrifice represented. This can be seen as when God uses fire to destroy evil (Numbers 11:1-3, 2 Thessalonians 1:7) and purify (Isaiah 4:4, Malachi 3:2-3). Fire was also a symbol of God’s presence as when God appeared in the burning bush and on Mt. Sinai (Exodus 3:2 & 19:18). The actions of the priests symbolizes the priest’s role in destroying sin by applying and administering God’s laws to the society and then removing the residual affects of the sin (e.g. in people’s minds) by removing the ashes after the fire had destroyed the substitutionary sacrifice for sin. It has a strong connection to the function of the priests as the law-givers referred to below. • The priests also performed the wave, or heave offering of different portions of the sacrifice (Exodus 29:24-26). Waving or heaving means to “lift up” the sacrifice before God. This action of waving symbolized the “lifting up of Jesus” as the Sacrificial Lamb (John 3:14 & 8:28 & 12:32). Here the priests are symbolically showing that the sin of the world – including that of the priests (then and now) – were responsible for Jesus being “lifted up” on the cross as the spotless sacrificial lamb to take away the sins of the world. • The priests sprinkled the blood of the sacrificial animals on the altar (Exodus29:16-20; Leviticus 1:11 & 3:2-8) The antecedent for this sprinkling of the blood of a sacrificial animal is when God instructed Moses to sprinkle the blood of a lamb on the doorposts of the Israelites houses in Egypt. This was to prevent the angel of death from killing the firstborn as he passed over Egypt in order to force Pharaoh to let the Israelites go (Exodus 11:45 & 12:6-7). The shedding of blood was also necessary for the remission of sins (Hebrews 9:22). The priests are here shown as God’s agents applying His protection for those whom He has chosen to save. At that time it was national Israel. In the larger sense it is all of mankind. The picture presented is very much that of God’s priests acting as the intermediaries between God and man and applying God’s instructions to protect mankind and ensure the reconciliation that God is applying to the affairs of man after the fall in Genesis. • The priests blessed the people after the daily sacrifice (Leviticus 9:22; Numbers 6:23-27; Deuteronomy 21:5). In the Biblical sense, blessing is the act of declaring favour and good things on others. In the Bible, important people blessed those with less power or influence. 51

52 God often blessed people (as one example only, Deuteronomy 15:4-18). In this case we see the priests acting as God’s spokespeople conveying God’s acts of favour and good will towards the people in God’s Kingdom. Duties outside of the Tabernacle in the civil society Not only did the priests perform the duties required by the ceremonial law, they were also an active group within the ruling elite in the national life of Israel. This included all the principal activities of the civil laws that governed the society as well as education. • As Spokesman for Moses – The priests were to blow the silver trumpets to summon the people to the Tabernacle where important announcements were to be made by Moses (Numbers 10:1-8) They were also to blow the Jubilee horn at the start of the Year of Jubilee (Leviticus 25:9) The action of blowing the trumpets is portraying the priests acting as the heralds of important announcements and events. Here again the office of “spokesperson” for the ruler is emphasised. • Command of both the lower courts and the High Court – The priests were to act as a high court of appeals in any difficult case as well as acting as judges in normal civil law cases (Deuteronomy 17:8-13 & 19:16-19 & 21:5). • Command and administration of the court of family affairs – The priests are to administer judgment in matters affecting family life. Their word is final (Numbers 5:5-31) • Command of the armed forces – The priests were to address the army in times of war and to address the troops before going into battle (Deuteronomy 20:1-4). In modern times the armed services also act as the bodies that take over in emergencies and take control of the situation and bring relief and safety to the people who are affected. In those days the army also acted as the police force to maintain law and order. In other words, the priests were in command of the civil authorities and responsible for all law and order and security matters. • Command and administration of the office of Public Health – The priests were required to act as public health officials by inspecting persons and places for possible disease. They were also responsible for enforcing public health regulations. (Leviticus chapters 13- 16). This is equivalent to the functions of the World Health Organization which is a branch of the UN on a world wide scale and the local state or country public health department on the national scale. • Command and administration of Education – The priests were to instruct the people in the law. (Deuteronomy 33:10, 2 Chronicles 15:3 & 17:7-9, Ezra 7:25, Jeremiah 18:18, Haggai 2:11) It is apparent that they were also teachers in the general sense in that they also taught about public health.(Leviticus 10:10-11, Deuteronomy 24:8, Ezekiel 44:23-24, Malachi 2:7). It can be inferred that because the priests taught both law and public health, that they also taught other subjects as well such as reading and writing to those who needed these skills. 52

53 • Control of taxation and valuations - The priests were in charge of all matters dedicated to the Tabernacle. This included setting the values of the tithes that were required to be given to the Tabernacle as well as judging the suitability of the offerings that were made. Effectively this is the function of taxation in order to support the governing structure (Leviticus chapter 27). The relationship between Moses and Aaron The office of the priesthood in Israel was of supreme importance and of very high rank. The high priest stood next to the ruler in both influence and dignity. Aaron, the High Priest, shared with Moses in the government and guidance of the nation. The priesthood which operated under the High Priests were responsible for all the main activities that regulated the national life of Israel. This included all the functions in the actual tabernacle (the parliament) as well as being the spokesman for Moses. They also controlled the law, taxation, education, the armed services (law enforcement, disaster relief and safety and external security) and public health. These seven functions are the backbone of any society. Those who are in control of those seven functions, run the country! It is important to understand the significance of this state of affairs. In the model presented by the Bible of the organization of national Israel we had Moses ruling with the priesthood co-ruling with him in control of all the important government functions. Stated more explicitly, we have Moses – as an archetype of God – ruling as the supreme leader in Israel with the priesthood co-ruling with him Exodus 4:14-17(NIV) Then the LORD's anger burned against Moses and he said, "What about your brother, Aaron the Levite? I know he can speak well. He is already on his way to meet you, and his heart will be glad when he sees you. 15 You shall speak to him and put words in his mouth; I will help both of you speak and will teach you what to do. 16 He will speak to the people for you, and it will be as if he were your mouth and as if you were God to him. 17 But take this staff in your hand so you can perform miraculous signs with it." This is the exact same picture presented in the N.T. where we have Jesus ruling as King of kings and Lord of lords co-ruling with the Christians of all the ages as his “royal priesthood” This concept of priesthood is a critical issue in understanding our position as Christians in the coming Kingdom of God. All believers are referred to in the N.T. as a “royal priesthood” – in other words a reigning (ruling) priesthood under Jesus. The archetype for the priesthood is given in the national organization of early Israel. That is the only Biblical source for understanding just who and what a priest is as far as the Bible and God are concerned. This question of “who can be a priest” is an important question that will be considered in the next chapter as it is an important issue in the debate over the creation of the world. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 53

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The critical issue of who has the right to be a Priest Or Can anybody decide that they wish to join the Biblical Priesthood which is described as a hereditary office according to the Bible. This question of “who can be a priest” is an important consideration in the motivations of many people who believe in a literal six day creation. Most people in this group appear to believe that anybody can become a Christian if they want to. They believe that if only “atheistic science” would stop influencing people then they would have at least a sporting chance of winning the battle of the hearts and minds of many people. They believe that at least some people who currently now choose not to believe in the Christian God of the Bible would then choose Jesus as their Saviour. Given that all believers are part of the N.T. priesthood of the believers – just how Biblical is this belief that we can persuade a given person to believe in Jesus as Saviour? This is what will be looked at below. The privileged position of the first-born in Middle Eastern societies The term “first-born” in the Bible refers to the first-born child or animal (Exodus 11:5). There is also a similar word from the same base that applies to the first-fruits of the harvest. (Exodus 23:16) Figuratively the term first-born or first-fruit stood for excellence and a privileged position. The first-fruits of the harvest represented the very best of the crops. The first-born possessed definite privileges which were denied to other members of the family. The law did not allow the first-born to be disinherited. The oldest son's share of any inheritance was twice as large as that of any of the other sons and he inherited the leadership of the family. (Deuteronomy 21:15-17). He was also the family's spiritual head and served as its priest. (Exodus 3:1) It is significant in this respect that the firstborn held this esteemed position of privilege purely on the basis of the birthright. It had nothing to do with their choice to be that position holder. They could not just decide one day that they would become the first-born. Israel, as God’s first-born, was entitled to special privileges over the surrounding nations. (Exodus 4:22) As a result of this privileged position in God’s plan for the salvation of the world, Moses was told by God to tell Pharaoh that if he would not let Israel (God’s first-born) go from their captivity in Egypt then God would kill Pharaoh’s first-born son. In three passages in the N.T Jesus is described as the first-born-among all Christians (Romans 8:29) and of all creation (Colossians 1:15, Hebrews 1:6)). This application of the term to Jesus may be traced back to Psalm 89:27 where King David is referred to as the first-born of God. God placed a special claim on the first-born of both people and animals (Exodus 13:1113) so the nation of Israel also attached a special value to the first-born son and assigned special privileges and responsibilities to him. This idea of the pre-eminence of the first-born is nowhere brought out more clearly than in the account of Jesus as the first-born of all creation and the special responsibility of redemption that he played out in the N.T. 54

55 The concept of redemption is that of paying a price to buy back, or redeem an article or person that has fallen into the ownership of another. The concept is illustrated in the Old Testament where God told Aaron that He had given Aaron charge of all the offerings to the Tabernacle as their ongoing inheritance to support them (e.g. they were supported by the tithing or taxation system, Numbers 18:8). However he was told that when the people presented their first-born sons as an offering when they were one month old, that the father of the child was required to redeem, or buy back the first-born child for the redemption price, set by the priest on duty. This could not exceed five shekels (Numbers 18:8-16). This idea of the first-born being offered to God is also clearly in operation in the N.T. (Luke 2:22-24 & Hebrews 12:23-24). We also see the concept of the redemption of the first-born in operation here as well. However in the New Testament the idea of redemption more closely resembles the idea of paying a ransom. This is seen when Jesus released mankind from the burden of trying to justify ourselves under the O.T. Law (Ten Commandments) (Galatians 3:13-14) and from sin itself (Romans 7:23). Jesus purchases our deliverance from the Law and sin by offering Himself as payment for our redemption (Ephesians 1:7, 1 Peter 1:18-19). 1 Corinthians 6:19-20 (NIV) 19 Do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; 20 you were bought at a price. Therefore honor God with your body. This purchase price is made on the basis of who God chooses. He didn’t simply ransom all people in the sense that all people would be saved as His first-born. The concept of God redeeming those who He chooses is shown in the two scriptures below. In them you see the concept of the first-born being the head of the family and ruling it according to God’s will as the basis of God’s plan for salvation for the whole world. This Biblical concept is looked at in more detail in a later chapter (The New Testament View of God’s Kingdom) Romans 8:28-30 (NIV) And we know that in all things God works for the good of those who love him, who have been called according to his purpose. 29 For those God foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the likeness of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brothers. 30 And those he predestined, he also called; those he called, he also justified; those he justified, he also glorified. (e.g. as rulers in His Kingdom) Ephesians 2:8-10 (NIV) 8 For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith-and this not from yourselves, it is the gift of God- 9 not by works, so that no one can boast. 10 For we are God's workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do. The Levites replace the first-born In order to see the progression that the Bible lays out for the priesthood we next need to briefly look at the Levites. The first point to be made is that God designated them as His choice as the replacement for the first-born as shown in the scripture below.

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56 Numbers 3:11-13 (NIV) (also Numbers 8:15-19) The LORD also said to Moses, 12 "I have taken the Levites from among the Israelites in place of the first male offspring of every Israelite woman. The Levites are mine, 13 for all the firstborn are mine. When I struck down all the firstborn in Egypt, I set apart for myself every firstborn in Israel, whether man or animal. They are to be mine. I am the LORD." The Levites as the Civil Servants of the governing structure of the Tabernacle The Levites were members of the tribe of Levi, one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Levi was the priestly tribe of Israel. They were set aside by God for service to the Tabernacle and were assistants to and were subordinate to the priests (Numbers 1:5053). They are sometimes referred to as "the Levitical priests" (Joshua 3:3, Ezekiel 44:15). Although the Levites were the priestly tribe, only Aaron (a Levite) and his sons and their descendents were allowed to act as the sacerdotal priesthood e.g. the priests who were allowed to serve and sacrifice at the altar and “draw near to God” (Numbers 18:6-7). The Levitical priesthood was divided into a number of divisions (1 Chronicles. Chapters 24 to 27). This covered both the ordinary Levites as well as the sacerdotal priests. Each division was organised as a hierarchical structure which had its leader (1 Chronicles. 24:6 and verse 31, 2 Chronicles 23:1-10, Numbers 3:32) The functions of the whole tribe of Levi – including the priests – were to preserve and administer the laws according to the instructions that Moses received directly from God. They were also required to ensure that the requirements of the law were complied with and to administer the justice system in accordance with the law, and to teach and transmit it to future generations (Leviticus 10:11; Deuteronomy 17:18-19 & 31:9-13 & 33:8-10, 2 Chronicles 17:8-9; Nehemiah 8:9; Ezekiel 44:23; Malachi 2:7-8). They were also the nation's regulators. This can be seen where they were responsible for maintaining honest and accurate weights and measures that were used in Israel (I Chronicles 23:29; Leviticus 19:35-36). It was the duty of the Levites to act as police to guard the Tabernacle and later the temple, to open and close it, to look after the cleaning of it and the furniture in its rooms and as keepers of the treasury (Numbers 18:23, 1 Chronicles 9:26-27 & 26:20). They also assisted the priests by preparing the Show-bread sacrifices and assisted the priests in slaughtering and skinning the animals for sacrifice The Levites were also given all the tithes from the people of Israel. (Numbers 18:2032). The tithes were a tax of one tenth of all that was produced in the land However the Levites were required to pay one tenth of the tithes that they received to the Tabernacle (or later the Temple) as their share towards the support of the governing structure. (Numbers 18:25-26) When you look at the duties of the Levites you see that they are divided into two groups. There were the sacerdotal priests who were in charge of the Tabernacle and the ordinary Levites who assisted the priests and who were responsible for all the administrative functions of the Tabernacle. Examining the organization and functions of the Levites, you find a hierarchical structure of civil servants operating under the overall control of the priests. They are 56

57 administering justice and enforcing the law, collecting taxes, controlling the treasury and administering the finances of the state. You also see that although the Levites were paid from the taxes (tithes) that they collected, they in turn were also required to pay their own taxes to the Tabernacle. This organization exactly mirrors the modern day system of government in most countries of the world. You have Ministers (the priests) setting policy and having overall control of the organization and a hierarchically organised civil service (the Levites) under their control who run the day-to-day functions of the government. The Priesthood The Aaronic priesthood is at the end of a line of succession that is based purely and simply on birthright. You either have the birthright – or you don’t. If you don’t have the birthright to be a member of the priesthood, then you cannot join it by buying your way in, being elected or being appointed. The N.T. priesthood of the believers is based on the O.T. Aaronic priesthood. All of the Biblical evidence is that only those who God calls can become Christians. Individuals cannot just decide that they can believe that Jesus died for their sins, repent and be saved. You see this in the statements of many people who say, “I would like to believe – but I just cannot” Summarizing the development of the idea of the priesthood we have the following. The archetype of the priests in the Old Testament The concepts of the priesthood in the N.T. are based on these key ideas that were laid out in the O.T. • Inheritance and privilege goes to the “first-born” – It was not based on anything other than the fact of literally being born first (Exodus 3:1 & 4:22 & 11:5 & Exodus 23:16, Deuteronomy 21:15-17) • God placed a special claim on the first-born of both people and animals – The father of the first-born was required to pay a redemption fee to buy back the firstborn child and animal from the offerings to the Tabernacle (Exodus 13:11-13 & 34:20, Numbers 18:14-16). • The tribe of Levi was substituted for the “first-born” – This had nothing to do with anything the tribe of Levi had done – or not done. It was purely on the basis of God choosing to give them this privileged position. (Numbers 3:12 & 3:41-45, Numbers 8:18) • Only Aaron from the tribe of Levi and his sons and their descendents were given the birthright to be priests – This had nothing to do with choice on the part of those who were to be the priests. It was God alone who decreed who had the right to be a priest (Exodus 28:1-3 & 28:43 & 29:1-46 & 30:30-31 & 31:10 & 40:12-15, Leviticus 6:16-18 & 8:1-9, Numbers 3:10 • The priests were that group that God had chosen to be in charge of the Tabernacle and to rule over Israel – The governance of Israel was not a matter of 57

58 choice. You either were born to rule in God’s chosen national instrument, or you fell into the class of people who were ruled over. Our Priesthood in the New Testament • Jesus is described as the first-born-among among all Christians (Romans 8:29) and of all creation (Colossians 1:15, Hebrews 1:6) and was offered to God as the law required (Luke 2:22-24) • The Priesthood of Jesus is of the order of Melchizedek – Like Melchizedek, Jesus as our High Priest has no successor (Psalm 110:4, Hebrews 5:6, Hebrews 7:1-3 & 7:17). • The Christian church is described as being made up of the first-born – Our status as members of the church (in general) is described in Hebrews 12:23 “to the church of the firstborn, whose names are written in heaven”. The picture is the church as representing a group of “first-borns” all gathering together • The Christians in the N.T. are described as the “elect” or “chosen” ones – Both elect and chosen imply a definite act on the part of someone other than the one who is “elected” or “chosen”. It precludes the idea that the person themselves have a direct say in the matter (“elect” Mathew 24:22 & 24:31, Mark 13:20 & 13:27, Romans 11:7, 2 Timothy 2:10, Titus 1:1, I Peter 1:1 – “chosen” Mathew 22:14, Mark 13:20, John 6:70 & 13:18 & 15:19, Acts 1:24 & 22:14, Romans 8:33 & 11:5 & 16:13, Ephesians 1:11, Colossians 1:27 & 3:12, 1 Thessalonians 1:4, James 2:5, 1 Peter 1:2 & 2:9 & 5:13, 2 John 1:1 & 1:13) • Saving faith is given by God – It is not a choice that an individual can make (Matthew 11:27 & 16:15-17, Luke 10:22, Ephesians 2:8-10) • Our Priesthood is of the order of the Aaronic priesthood – Christians are described in the N.T as a holy priesthood (1 Peter 2:4-6) a royal priesthood (1 Peter 2:9) and as kings and priests (Revelation 1:5-6 & 5:10) and a reigning priesthood with Jesus (Revelation 20:6) The Priesthood ruling under God as the Kingdom of God in order to bring salvation to the world The whole basis of God’s original plan for the world in Genesis was for mankind to run the world under God’s guidance and direction. After the fall in Genesis God set about redeeming (buying back) the world from the state of rebellion and sin that entered at the fall. The nation of Israel was created by God as His national instrument through which he would rule over the world. The governing structure of Israel was setup by God through the mechanism of the Tabernacle in the O.T. The Tabernacle was setup as a theocracy (God rules) and the priesthood was established as the governing body for the Tabernacle under God as ruler. The priests were chosen by God. This is not an office that can be left to people to corruptly buy their way into power – or to pander to the democratic choice of a political candidate who is pushing some unwise but popular political idea – or that worst 58

59 candidate of all, the celebrity, who is “famous for being famous”, but who otherwise has no common sense, idea of justice and for the most part, not much talent. Everyone who lives in 2010 all know just how essential it is that God – and God alone – chooses those who will govern His redeemed Kingdom of God. We have all seen and experienced the result of mankind freely running governments. This includes both democracy and dictatorships. I doubt that many people would like the idea of living in an eternal kingdom that was characterized by the sort of global poverty, hunger, slavery, war, crime, environmental disasters, climate change, corruption, incompetence and not to mention the global financial meltdown that we recently experienced caused by greed, stupidity, ignorance and incompetence. You have probably guessed that I am not too impressed by the present day rulers of the world. God himself declare that He alone chooses who will rule His people, and later the whole creation. 1 Kings 8:16 (NIV) Since the day I brought my people Israel out of Egypt, I have not chosen a city in any tribe of Israel to have a temple built for my Name to be there, but I have chosen David to rule my people Israel.' God will draw those He chooses and calls The priesthood was given to Aaron and his descendants when he was told by God that “I am giving you the service of the priesthood as a gift” (Numbers 18:7). He was also told that “Their anointing will be to a priesthood that will continue for all generations to come" (Exodus 40:15). Because the office of priesthood was hereditary the descendants of Aaron were required to accept the responsibility for this. Because the priestly succession depended on the accuracy of the genealogy of each person, these genealogies were required to be maintained and preserved. These genealogical records were referred to in disputed cases to establish whether a particular person qualified as a priest. (Ezra 2:62, Nehemiah 7:64) The important point about this is that if you were in the priestly line you had little to no choice about whether you would fulfil your responsibilities as a priest. The same idea of God’s “called” and “chosen” ones having little choice in the matter is also shown throughout the Bible. Not that anyone in their right mind would reject that privilege. It starts with Israel. God chose to form Israel as the national vehicle through which “all peoples on earth will be blessed” (Genesis 12:1-3 & 22:18). Try as hard as they could to disobey God and conform to the nations around them instead of following God’s commandment to act as a “light unto the world” (Isaiah 42:6 & 60:3, Zechariah 8:23), Israel had no choice. Whether they liked it or not, God had chosen and called them. God’s sovereign will was not going to be thwarted by the people of Israel exercising their “free will” to disobey His commands. When they obeyed Him, Israel prospered. When they disobeyed Him, which was most of the time, they suffered judgements on the land (droughts, crop failures etc.) and on the nation (war and invasions). The important point here is that the modern state of Israel today (national Judah in the Bible) has been resurrected just as God said it would be in the last times before Jesus returns. This happened quite apart from anybody’s wishes. In fact many people today 59

60 are trying to destroy Israel. They have zero chance of succeeding as God has determined that Israel is to play its role in the establishment of His Kingdom (Joel 3:13) Perhaps the best known example in the O.T. of someone who had no choice but to do what God had told him to do was Jonah. Try as hard as he might, he still ended up in Nineveh doing exactly what God had told him to do in the first place. Jonah was the original example of “You can do it the easy way – or you can do it the hard way – but you are going to do it whether you like it or not”. Saul who became Paul after his meeting with God on the road to Damascus was smart enough to realise when he was struck down on the way and heard God saying "Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?" (Acts 9:4), that it was wise to pay heed to God. He chose the easy way over the hard way that Jonah took. But the essential point is clear, if he had ignored God’s question (warning), then rough times lay ahead. There was no way that he was going to escape God’s call on him Also consider the case of Jeremiah where God reveals that He set him apart for His service before he was even born. Did Jeremiah have a choice here? Well undoubtedly he could have rebelled like Jonah – but God’s will is sovereign, in the end, like Jonah, he was going to do what God called him to do. Jeremiah 1:4-5 The word of the LORD came to me, saying, 5 "Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, before you were born I set you apart; I appointed you as a prophet to the nations." We then consider the words of Jesus who referred to himself as the good shepherd (John 10:11) who looks after His sheep. (Mathew 2:6 & 26:31, Mark 14:27, John 10:16 & 10:11, Hebrews 13:20, 1 Peter 5:4, Revelations 7:17) Many people picture a shepherd as simply tending the sheep out in the paddocks and on the hills. However in the Middle East, even today, you get a number of shepherds who all tend their individual flocks together in one common area. All you see is a great flock of sheep and goats all standing around eating. When you look at them all you have no idea which sheep belong to which shepherd. However as soon as one of the shepherds decides to move on he calls out to his sheep and says “right you lot – we’re moving on”. Then all of his sheep stop eating and start to follow him. They know his voice and when he calls them they follow him. There may be a few stragglers, but they eventually follow the rest of the flock behind the shepherd This is exactly what Jesus said. His sheep know His voice and follow him – but they turn away from a “strange shepherd” (the ways of the world) John 10:3-6 (NIV) 3 The watchman opens the gate for him, and the sheep listen to his voice. He calls his own sheep by name and leads them out. 4 When he has brought out all his own, he goes on ahead of them, and his sheep follow him because they know his voice. 5 But they will never follow a stranger; in fact, they will run away from him because they do not recognize a stranger's voice." 6 Jesus used this figure of speech, but they did not understand what he was telling them.

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61 This last statement of Jesus (in red above) is still true for many people today. They don’t see the picture that He was painting that His sheep (e.g. people) will in the end follow him – and not the world – because they have always belonged to Him from before they were born. He reinforces that point when he tells the Jews standing around Him why they don’t believe Him. John 10:25-27 (NIV) Jesus answered, "I did tell you, but you do not believe. The miracles I do in my Father's name speak for me, 26 but you do not believe because you are not my sheep. 27 My sheep listen to my voice; I know them, and they follow me. It is simply that they are not His sheep that have been predestined by God and chosen by God to co-reign with Jesus as King over the Kingdom of God as shown below. He reinforces that message by telling people that this call of God is not an act of free will on the part of the individual – it comes direct from God alone. Romans 8:28-30 (NIV) And we know that in all things God works for the good of those who love him, who have been called according to his purpose. 29 For those God foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the likeness of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brothers. 30 And those he predestined, he also called; those he called, he also justified; those he justified, he also glorified. (e.g. as rulers in His Kingdom) John 6:65 (NIV) He went on to say, "This is why I told you that no one can come to me unless the Father has enabled him." The picture of the flocks of sheep that belong to the Good Shepherd (Jesus) and the “worldly shepherd” (Satan – John 8:44, 1 Timothy 5:15, Revelation 12:9) responding to the voice of their shepherd is what is being referred to in the scripture below. Romans 10:16-18 (NIV) 6 But not all the Israelites accepted the good news. For Isaiah says, "Lord, who has believed our message?"17 Consequently, faith comes from hearing the message, and the message is heard through the word of Christ. 18 But I ask: Did they not hear? Of course they did: "Their voice has gone out into all the earth, their words to the ends of the world." Although we cannot tell from looking at all the sheep (people), the only ones who will respond to the gospel message are those people who have been chosen by God. Only those people who are His “flock of sheep” from the beginning of the world. The rest will only respond to the “worldly shepherd” because they belong to his flock. We don’t know – nor can we know – who belongs to God, therefore the preaching of the gospel is an important and essential part of the Churches calling in the world today. However it is totally unscriptural to believe that God is calling everybody to respond to the message. This is clearly seen in the fact that the vast majority of people who have ever lived and who know the message of the Bible, have never responded to it. More importantly, hundreds of millions, and probably billions, have never even heard the message of the Bible. Even today there are millions of people in many countries who are born, live and die without ever seeing a Bible, let alone reading what is in it. 61

62 God is sovereign. If he intended to “save” all those people in the sense of personal salvation, then there is nothing that would – or could – prevent that. It is simply inconceivable, and totally unscriptural to believe that mankind could thwart God’s will. It is just not possible! Why have I spent so much effort on this subject of who can be a priest From my personal observations of many Christians today, there is a belief that science is the enemy of God. This is despite the fact that there are many Christian scientists. There are some in the science community as well as in the church that see this as an “us versus them” battle between the “atheistic” science community and what some Christians believe that the Bible says about the creation of the universe. This subject of what the Bible actually says on the subject of creation will be explored in a later chapter (The Genesis account of creation). From my experiences and observations over many years on this subject both sides of the argument hold “less than complimentary” views of each other. The view from the non-Christian scientific side is that the commonly held view of at least some in the church is that they have to distort the facts in order to be able to justify a “blind faith” in an ancient text. The reason for the “atheistic” views of the science world will be looked at briefly in the later chapter entitled “The Scientific view of the Universe and Life”. But it is not what most Christians seem to believe The implicit belief from people in the church who believe in a literal six day creation is that science is atheistic and that scientists who are either agnostic (not sure) or plain atheists are somehow evil in their beliefs and intentions. Both sides think the worst of each other – and both sides are wrong. It is true that there are some zealots in science who do go out of their way to demonize Christians. But it is also true that some in the Christian community believe that to be an agnostic or atheist is showing that the person is evil to a greater or lesser extent. Most of us know that is not true. We can probably all think of some Christians who are “less than perfect” and we probably all know some agnostics / atheists who are “good moral” people Any person who God has not revealed Himself to still has to be able to make sense of the world that they live in. Naturally if the truth of the Bible has not been revealed to them, then they have no option but to form some other explanation for the world around them. This is the source of our different ideas of just what the truth is. However the idea that we are in a life and death battle for the souls of all individuals is simply not scriptural. All we are doing is speaking the message of salvation to the “sheep of the flock of Jesus” spread out in the world. They will know His voice and follow Him and will not be dissuaded by rival messages from the science community or other competing philosophies and “religions” (John 10:3-6). ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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Unifying the Old and New Testaments Or The Kingdom of God as the underlying theme that runs through the Old and New Testaments as the Gospel of Salvation for all mankind Many people are unsure of how to reconcile the Old and New Testaments as they appear to be very different in character. In some cases people simply ignore the O.T. altogether and just focus on the ideas of personal salvation that they see in the N.T. Given that we next turn our attention to the N.T, it is necessary to look at what the two Testaments have in common as it is this thread that we are tracing in this journey from creationism to the creation. God created mankind in the Garden of Eden to rule over the creation under the sovereignty of God. Mankind chose to rebel against God and rely on his own intellect and abilities. As history has shown, this has been a disaster for all mankind. From the beginning God put in place His plan to redeem mankind and reestablish the conditions of Eden – but this time without Satan to bring it undone. This plan is centred on the creation of the nation of Israel, which was designed to accomplish three things. First, Israel was to bring forth the Messiah, who would then give his life to atone for the sin of all those who would accept Him as saviour. Israel was also to be a role model for the surrounding nations. Finally, Israel is to be the national instrument through which God will ultimately rule all the nations of the world, and later the universe, in peace, justice and prosperity. The end of this redemptive plan will see Jesus return as Lord of lords and King of kings of the earth, ruling from the nation of Israel, with those people who have accepted Jesus as their saviour co-ruling with him as priests. Jesus will reign for a thousand years at which time all creation will have been brought under his control. This period of Jesus reigning over the earth is necessary in order to absolutely prove that by administering the world according to God’s laws, peace and justice for all are assured. He (God) will then be seen to have the undisputed and proven right to judge mankind. After this period, Jesus will hand the kingdom over to God the Father and the final judgement will take place. Once this is complete God declares that He will create new heavens and a new earth. He will then make His home with mankind in the New Jerusalem, with mankind ruling over the creation under His sovereignty. This then completes His redemptive plan and man is back where he started in the Garden of Eden. At this time He will have brought to pass the N.T. scripture 1 Timothy 2:3-4 (NIV) 3 This is good, and pleases God our Saviour, 4 who wants all men to be saved (NT:4982 “sozo” – delivered or protected) and to come to a knowledge of the truth. God’s vehicle for saving all of mankind is the Kingdom of God. This is the subject that connects (e.g. unifies) both the Old and New Testaments. 63

64 In the Old Testament we see a detailed description of how Israel (the chosen nation) was originally setup as a theocracy (God ruling) with the Aaronic Priesthood as the ruling body of the Tabernacle over the nation of Israel. The Aaronic Priesthood was likewise a chosen group inasmuch as it was a hereditary office. The whole nation of Israel was chosen by God as His nation through which Jesus would eventually rule over creation for all eternity. Israel of course was split into two kingdoms after the death of King Solomon. They comprised the ten northern tribes of Israel as the “House of Israel” and the southern tribes (Judah and part of Benjamin and later Simeon as well) as the “House of Judah” with both of the two houses known as the “Whole House of Israel” As is made clear in various scriptures in the O.T. this division of Israel was to accomplish two separate goals in the final Kingdom of God. Psalm 60:7 (NIV) Ephraim (Northern kingdom) is my helmet (the arm of power), Judah (Southern kingdom) my scepter. (symbol of the King) Psalm 114:2 (NIV) 2 Judah became God's sanctuary (part of the Tabernacle e.g. the ruling structure), Israel his dominion (the area that is ruled over). The title of Jesus in Revelation 17:14 & 19:16 is King of kings and Lord of lords. Given that description, it is clear that in this role, the national instrument through which He exercises these functions is national Israel. In the N.T. we find Jesus frequently saying Matthew 12:28 (NIV) But if I drive out demons by the Spirit of God, then the kingdom of God has come upon you. (e.g. the Kingdom of God is saving people from oppression) Luke 4:44 (NIV) But he said, "I must preach the good news of the kingdom of God to the other towns also, because that is why I was sent." Luke 8:10 (NIV) He said, "The knowledge of the secrets of the kingdom of God has been given to you, but to others I speak in parables, so that, "`though seeing, they may not see; though hearing, they may not understand.' Luke 9:1-2 (NIV) When Jesus had called the Twelve together, he gave them power and authority to drive out all demons and to cure diseases, 2 and he sent them out to preach the kingdom of God and to heal the sick. John 3:5(NIV) 5 Jesus answered, "I tell you the truth, no one can enter the kingdom of God unless he is born of water and the Spirit. There are also many other scriptures in the N.T. that refer to both the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Heaven. There are clearly two aspects to both of these references. 64

65 However first and foremost is the concept that God is setting up His Kingdom that was disrupted by the fall of mankind in Eden. The second aspect of it is that Jesus is choosing those people who are called to take part in the priesthood of the New Covenant of salvation that Jesus secured for mankind on the cross. The picture that unifies both the Old and New Testaments is the ongoing salvation of the world that started in the book of Genesis and ends in the book of Revelation. In the O.T. the national aspects of God’s Kingdom were emphasized along with its ruling structure of the Tabernacle and the hereditary Aaronic Priesthood. In the N.T. we still see the “Kingdom of God” as the overarching theme as the salvation of the world. However in the N.T. the emphasis is on the call to those who God has chosen as the new priesthood to replace the old Aaronic Priesthood. Jesus replaced the Aaronic Priesthood with Himself as the High Priest and the N.T. believers as the new priesthood. Hebrews 7:11-13 (NIV) If perfection could have been attained through the Levitical priesthood (for on the basis of it the law was given to the people), why was there still need for another priest to come-one in the order of Melchizedek, not in the order of Aaron? 12 For when there is a change of the priesthood, there must also be a change of the law. The idea of the Kingdom of God continues across the boundaries of the Old and New Testaments. The whole house of Israel still maintains its place as the preeminent national structure through which Jesus as Lord of lords and King of kings will in future rule over the creation. However now that Jesus is the High Priest, a new priesthood of the N.T. believers is required and has been instituted. This new priesthood does not supplant Israel the nation. It is the new governing body, under Jesus, of the eternal State of Israel and hence over all creation as shown by the scripture below. Matthew 19:28 (NIV) Jesus said to them, "I tell you the truth, at the renewal of all things, when the Son of Man sits on his glorious throne, you who have followed me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging (ruling over) the twelve tribes of Israel. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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The New Testament View of God’s Kingdom Or Luke 22:29-30 And I confer on you a kingdom, just as my Father conferred one on me, 30 so that you may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom and sit on thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. This question of just who has the freedom to choose God lies at the heart of what the Bible is about when we speak of the Kingdom of God or the Kingdom of Heaven. The big picture presented by the Bible is that God created the universe and all that is in it, including man. Man was to rule over the creation under God as the sovereign. Man rebelled and fell under the rule of Satan. God laid out a path to save all of His creation from Satan and to restore it to what he intended it to be. The final restoration is shown in Revelation chapters 21 and 22 where God has established the New Jerusalem that serves as His home among mankind and from where He – with the believers of all the ages – rules over the eternal Kingdom. Revelation 21:22-27 (NIV) 22 I did not see a temple in the city, because the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple. 23 The city does not need the sun or the moon to shine on it, for the glory of God gives it light, and the Lamb is its lamp. 24 The nations will walk by its light, and the kings of the earth will bring their splendor into it. 25 On no day will its gates ever be shut, for there will be no night there. 26 The glory and honor of the nations will be brought into it. 27 Nothing impure will ever enter it, nor will anyone who does what is shameful or deceitful, but only those whose names are written in the Lamb's book of life. Revelation 21:22-27 makes it very clear that the “kings of the earth” and “those whose names are written in the Lamb's book of life” are the only ones who will enter the New Jerusalem. However we also have the “kings of the earth” bringing “their splendor into it” which they do through the gates of the city which are always open. Immediately two questions arise! Who are the “kings of the earth” – and why does the city have gates that the kings use to “bring their splendor into it” These are not trivial questions and are directly related to “who chooses” – God or man. Clearly, the “kings of the earth” can only be from those whose names are written in the Lamb's book of life as they are the only ones who will ever be allowed to enter the New Jerusalem. This is shown in the scriptures below 1 Peter 2:9 (NIV) But you are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people belonging to God, that you may declare the praises of him who called you out of darkness into his wonderful light. Revelation 5:10 (NIV) 10 You have made them to be a kingdom and priests to serve our God, and they will reign on the earth." The history of mankind since the fall in Eden shows what happens when mankind chooses those who govern them. King Saul in the O.T was a perfect study. He was the popular choice of the people, He was good looking and “could get on well with people” 66

67 He was the “natural choice” (1 Samuel 9:2). However he – like just about all politicians – had strayed from the commands of God (1 Samuel 13:7-14) and was a total disaster for Israel. He was told that God had instead sought out “a man after his own heart and appointed him leader of his people, because you have not kept the LORD's command" (1 Samuel 13:4). This leader, chosen by God, was David. Under David Israel prospered. Throughout the entire Bible we have this picture of God choosing who He will allow to govern His Kingdom. This choosing extends to the N.T. priesthood that replaced the old Aaronic priesthood. And just as the O.T. priesthood were the rulers of Israel, so the N.T. priesthood are the rulers (under Jesus as High Priest) of the eternal Kingdom The second question is then why are the kings of the earth ”bringing their splendor into it” through the gates? There is only one answer to this; “gates” only exist to allow passage through them. This clearly says that there is something outside the city walls that requires the presence of the “kings of the earth” to attend to. Kings (and queens) rule and reign over a kingdom. Clearly these kingdoms exist outside of the city of the New Jerusalem. Who then lives in these kingdoms that the “kings of the earth” reign over? The Millennial reign of Jesus There are two different aspects to this question. The first part of the answer is found in the description of the millennial reign of Jesus. Revelation 20:1-6 (NIV) 1 And I saw an angel coming down out of heaven, having the key to the Abyss and holding in his hand a great chain. 2 He seized the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is the devil, or Satan, and bound him for a thousand years. 3 He threw him into the Abyss, and locked and sealed it over him, to keep him from deceiving the nations anymore until the thousand years were ended. After that, he must be set free for a short time. 4 I saw thrones on which were seated those who had been given authority to judge. And I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded because of their testimony for Jesus and because of the word of God. They had not worshiped the beast or his image and had not received his mark on their foreheads or their hands. They came to life and reigned with Christ a thousand years. 5 (The rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were ended.) This is the first resurrection. 6 Blessed and holy are those who have part in the first resurrection. The second death has no power over them, but they will be priests of God and of Christ and will reign with him for a thousand years. This then raises two questions – who are Jesus and the saints of all the ages ruling over during this thousand year period – and what purpose does this period serve? The answers are shown in the two scripture references below. Revelation 20:7-9 (NIV) When the thousand years are over, Satan will be released from his prison 8 and will go out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the earth - Gog and Magog - to gather them for battle. In number they are like the sand on the seashore. 9 They marched across the breadth of the earth and surrounded the camp of God's people, the city he loves.

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68 The scripture above shows clearly that there are nations of “un-saved” people who inhabit the earth after Jesus returns. These nations will be made up from those people and their descendents who are living in the world but who are not caught up to meet Jesus at the Second Coming. They will be all the non-Christians. These people form the nations that are reigned over by Jesus and the saints for the next thousand years. (Mathew 13:37-43, Mathew 24:31, Mark 8:38, & 13:27, 1 Thessalonians 1:7 & 4:1317) Revelation 15:1-4 (NIV) 1 I saw in heaven another great and marvellous sign: seven angels with the seven last plagues - last, because with them God's wrath is completed. 2 And I saw what looked like a sea of glass mixed with fire and, standing beside the sea, those who had been victorious over the beast and his image and over the number of his name. They held harps given them by God 3 and sang the song of Moses the servant of God and the song of the Lamb: "Great and marvellous are your deeds, Lord God Almighty. Just and true are your ways, King of the ages. 4 Who will not fear you, O Lord, and bring glory to your name? For you alone are holy. All nations will come and worship before you, for your righteous acts have been revealed." In order to set the context for the scripture above we need to recognise that it is talking about the seven final Bowl Judgements that lead to the return of Jesus and a summary of the things that will happen after Jesus Returns. The Seventh Bowl finishes with the return of Jesus and the setting up of His millennial Kingdom (Revelation 16:17). Revelation 15:1-4 (above) states that during the millennium, Jesus will clearly establish the fact that under His rule the world truly does run in love, peace, truth, beauty, justice, freedom and prosperity. At the end of this period at the final Judgment (Revelation 20:7-15) Jesus (as God) will be seen to have unquestioned authority because he has demonstrated for one thousand years that His rule is just and wise Now it is clear that in the millennial reign of Jesus we see Jesus ruling as Lord Of lords and King of kings with the saints under Him ruling over the “un-saved” rest of the inhabitants of the world. Although the “un-saved” do not form part of the ruling class, they non-the-less are “saved” from the ravages of the kingdom of Satan who has ruled this world for the last 6000 years or so. This then brings to pass the scripture below where “all men” are “saved” from Satan’s kingdom – but only the “saints” of all the ages form the ruling class under Jesus. 1 Timothy 2:4 (NIV) 4 who wants all men to be saved (NT 4982 – delivered or protected) and to come to a knowledge of the truth. The New Jerusalem We now return to the second part of the question of who the “kings of the earth” are that are going out of the gates of the New Jerusalem to reign over the kingdoms that lie outside the city (Revelation 21:22-27). It has to be clearly understood that we are now talking about the period after the end of the millennial reign of Jesus and on into the eternal Kingdom of God. On closely reading the Bible, it is crystal clear that the “kings of the earth” are the Christians and saints of all the ages – and they are reigning over a people that do not have access to the New Jerusalem. The picture is that of the New Jerusalem as the Capital City of all the Creation and where the central government of all creation is located. The kings (and queens) coming and going are 68

69 reporting back to the Lord of lords and King of kings on the state of their various kingdoms. Remember – Christians are the royal priesthood (e.g. the ruling priesthood who mediate between man and God) (1 Peter 2:9) who will rule over the nations (Revelation 2:26). Now we need to look at the identity of the people outside the New Jerusalem who are ruled over. The first thing to consider here is that the people in the Eternal Kingdom of God who live outside the wall of the New Jerusalem cannot be the Christians of all ages. First, the Christians have access to the city – whereas the people outside don’t. The second point is that all Christians will receive their eternal resurrection bodies at the time of the Second Coming. These are very different to our current natural bodies as shown in the scripture below. More to the point, they are not biological bodies that reproduce. This was simply a process by which we could populate the earth originally. Because there are a fixed number in the “royal priesthood” then the people who continue to reproduce and fill the unimaginably vast universe in eternity to come, must be people who live in biological bodies. Luke 20:34-36 (NIV) 34 Jesus replied, "The people of this age marry and are given in marriage. 35 But those who are considered worthy of taking part in that age and in the resurrection from the dead will neither marry nor be given in marriage, 36 and they can no longer die; for they are like the angels. They are God's children, since they are children of the resurrection. Similar statements are made in Mathew 22:23-30 and Mark 12:18-25. But both of these other accounts leave out the underlined red text in the scripture above. It appears very likely that all three of these accounts are talking about the first resurrection which only includes those Christians who had died by that time and those Christians who are alive on the earth on that day. The description of how our bodies are changed at that time is given in 1 Corinthians 15:42-54 and 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18. It is conspicuous that the description of the second resurrection at the end of the millennial reign of Jesus of all those who were not saved and who had died right up to that time does not talk about what their bodies are like. All the Bible says about this is found in Revelation 20:5 where it says, “The rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were ended” You can however form some opinions on the type of bodies that these people have by analyzing what the Bible says. In just the same way that there are huge numbers of unsaved people living on the earth on the day that Jesus returns, so it will almost certainly be the same at the time of the second resurrection. At the time of the second resurrection the people outside the earthly Jerusalem (the capital of Jesus’ millennial reign) are made up of the “un-saved” people from the beginning of the millennial reign of Jesus and their descendents. Many from this time period will probably live forever as a result of advances in science that allows the body to continually regenerate. As the scripture below says, death is the last enemy to be conquered and the context of that scripture appears to place this event sometime during Christ’s millennial reign. These “immortal” but apparently still biological bodied people would then forever expand out into this unbelievably large universe during the eternal Kingdom of God. However, in order for them to do this their bodies must be able to reproduce and fill the universe much the same as Adam and Eve did in the Garden of Eden. In that sense their bodies would be different to those of the Christians whose bodies are like the angels. 69

70 1 Corinthians 15:25 (NIV) 25 For he must reign until he has put all his enemies under his feet. 26 The last enemy to be destroyed is death. The Great White Throne and the final judgment At the final judgment (Revelation chapter 20) we have everybody standing before the Judgment Seat of God. The Christians of all ages do not come under condemnation – but are instead under the grace of God (Romans chapter 6). They are rewarded according to the way that they lived their lives. But not all Christians on that day will receive everything that they may think (1 Corinthians 3:1-15). All the non-Christians will be judged according to the law. Revelation 20:11-21:1 (NIV) Then I saw a great white throne and him who was seated on it. Earth and sky fled from his presence, and there was no place for them. 12 And I saw the dead, great and small, standing before the throne, and books were opened. (almost certainly the books of the Law) Another book was opened, which is the book of life. The dead were judged according to what they had done as recorded in the books. 13 The sea gave up the dead that were in it, and death and Hades gave up the dead that were in them, and each person was judged according to what he had done. 14 Then death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire. The lake of fire is the second death. 15 If anyone's name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire. Many, if not most Christians have interpreted the above scripture to mean that all nonChristians will be forever consigned to some sort of fiery Hell where they are tormented forever. Now I don’t know exactly what is going to happen to these people. However, a close study of the Biblical descriptions gives a somewhat different view. The first aspect of this is the idea of proportionality which is a central concept of justice according to God. This is shown in the scripture below Matthew 7:1-2 (NIV) Do not judge, or you too will be judged. 2 For in the same way you judge others, you will be judged, and with the measure you use, it will be measured to you. God is just. On this basis it would appear to be most unjust to treat many people who do not believe in Jesus – but are otherwise good moral people (in some cases better than some Christians that I know of) – the same as people such as Hitler (Germany), Idi Amin (Uganda), the Khmer Rouge leaders (Cambodia) and countless others from all countries and periods of history who truly are the scum of the universe. The Bible says that God will use the same measure that we use against others to judge each person. There is a crystal clear message here that God’s judgments are proportional to the sin involved. This is reinforced by the statement in Revelation 201:13 “and each person was judged according to what he had done”. It is also said that God will “weed” out all who are evil. The idea of “weeding” is that you leave the main crop – but remove the unwanted plants.

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71 Matthew 13:40-42 (NIV) As the weeds are pulled up and burned in the fire, so it will be at the end of the age. 41 The Son of Man will send out his angels, and they will weed out of his kingdom everything that causes sin and all who do evil. 42 They will throw them into the fiery furnace, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth We then consider the two scriptures that say that God wants all people to be “saved” and that the creation waits eagerly for God’s children to be revealed. When you take these references (shown below) and all the other facts that we have covered about the role of the N.T. “royal priesthood” and the ruling Tabernacle structure, it does not make sense that many otherwise “good” moral people who God had not revealed Himself to are to be eternally tormented in the same way as the real scum of the ages that have lived on the earth. The picture is that those who are “reasonable” people – but are not Christians because God had not revealed Himself to them – will be “saved” and come to understand His truth when they live in the kingdom ruled over by God and His “royal priesthood” that are revealed at the Second Coming 1 Timothy 2:3-4 (NIV) 3 This is good, and pleases God our Saviour, 4 who wants all men to be saved and to come to a knowledge of the truth. Romans 8:19 (NIV) 19 The creation waits in eager expectation for the sons of God to be revealed. The real scum of the ages will be “weeded out” by the angels (Matthew 13:40-42) and will find themselves locked up with Satan and his world. But here again, proportionality is preserved because these people will have demonstrated by their consistent choices and actions during their life that the kingdom of Satan is where they belong. We then have to consider a couple of other things as well. First, at the Second Coming, the living Christians have their bodies changed into immortal ones and they join the resurrected dead in Christ. Jesus and His “royal priesthood” then rule over the rest of “unsaved” mankind living on the earth for a thousand years and demonstrate the justness of His rule. Now consider the scripture taken from Revelation chapter 22 and which talks of the eternal Kingdom of God as shown below. Revelation 22:12-15 (NIV) "Behold, I am coming soon! My reward is with me, and I will give to everyone according to what he has done. 13 I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End. 14 "Blessed are those who wash their robes, that they may have the right to the tree of life and may go through the gates into the city. 15 Outside are the dogs, those who practice magic arts, the sexually immoral, the murderers, the idolaters and everyone who loves and practices falsehood. Here we see that the Christians have the right to enter the gates of the New Jerusalem, and that the people outside are described in terms of sinners. However we also remember that, “the kings of the earth will bring their splendor into it” through the gates in the walls. (Revelation 21:22-27. Clearly these kings rule over people who live

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72 outside the walls. Revelation 22:14-15 above tells us that these people are none other than the “unsaved” of all the ages. Here we have the final state of God’s plan to save all mankind. The nation of Israel is formed for the purposes of bringing forth the Messiah who would by his substitutionary death and resurrection pay the sin-debt of all mankind. The Whole House of Israel is also to be the national instrument through which Christ rules over all the creation with His “royal priesthood” ruling under Him. In the O.T. we see how God implemented the Tabernacle and put it under the Aaronic Priesthood – and that this hereditary priesthood ruled over Israel. In the N.T. we see the Aaronic Priesthood superseded by the High Priesthood of Jesus and the N.T. “royal priesthood” of the believers take its place. The scene moves on to the Second Coming when Jesus and His royal priesthood rule over the “unsaved world” for the purposes of showing that God’s rule is just. We have a partial “saving of all mankind” during this period. At the end of the millennial reign of Jesus everybody reaps what they have sown at the final Judgment. This judgment ensures that everyone’s final position in the eternal Kingdom of God accurately reflects what every individual demonstrated that they were in life. In the end we see God and His “royal priesthood” ruling over all creation and the “unsaved” in absolute truth, justice, peace, prosperity, freedom and beauty. Revelation 2:26 (NIV) 26 To him who overcomes and does my will to the end, I will give authority over the nations – 27 `He will rule them with an iron scepter; he will dash them to pieces like pottery' - just as I have received authority from my Father. 28 I will also give him the morning star. 29 He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. The fate of the unsaved In this final state we see come to pass the prophecy shown below. Truly justice has not only been done – but it has been seen to be done as well. Daniel 12:2 (NKJV) 2 And many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, Some to everlasting life, Some to shame and everlasting contempt. It should be noted that to be subjected to “shame and everlasting contempt” means that you must be in the presence of those whose status is everlasting “glory and honour” This could only occur in the situation where the “unsaved” of the ages are in contact with those – who by the grace of God – have had their sins washed away by the sacrificial death and resurrection of Jesus. Clearly the verdict of the people being ruled over will be that some of those amongst them demonstrated in their lives, that by comparison to the “saints” of Jesus, their former conduct truly was shameful and for which they should be held in everlasting utter contempt. This view that the people who form part of the NT royal priesthood (e.g. the Christians) can communicate with those who are “in hell” is clearly shown in the scripture and the corresponding concordance entry for “hell” below.

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73 Luke 16:19-26 (NIV) 19 "There was a rich man who was dressed in purple and fine linen and lived in luxury every day. 20 At his gate was laid a beggar named Lazarus, covered with sores 21 and longing to eat what fell from the rich man's table. Even the dogs came and licked his sores. 22 "The time came when the beggar died and the angels carried him to Abraham's side. The rich man also died and was buried. 23 In hell, (NT:86 Haides – see below) where he was in torment, he looked up and saw Abraham far away, with Lazarus by his side. 24 So he called to him, `Father Abraham, have pity on me and send Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue, because I am in agony in this fire.' 25 "But Abraham replied, `Son, remember that in your lifetime you received your good things, while Lazarus received bad things, but now he is comforted here and you are in agony. 26 And besides all this, between us and you a great chasm has been fixed, so that those who want to go from here to you cannot, nor can anyone cross over from there to us.' (Biblesoft's New Exhaustive Strong's Numbers and Concordance with Expanded Greek-Hebrew Dictionary. Copyright (c) 1994, Biblesoft and International Bible Translators, Inc.) NT:86 haides (hah'-dace); from NT:1 (as negative particle) and NT:1492; properly, unseen, i.e. "Hades" or the place (state) of departed souls: KJV-grave, hell. Notice in the scriptures above that although there was some type of barrier that prevented Abraham and the rich man from joining each other – they could talk to each other. It doesn’t actually say that they couldn’t physically mix together. Rather the picture is that of being unable to change their status from one group to the other. Although it is hard to believe that any of the Christians would want to go and join the “rich man” in the situation that he found himself in. However, if you look at it from the “rich man’s” point of view, he really was (and is) in some sort of “fiery hell” His whole earthy life was apparently one of power, influence and money. He had everything that his heart desired. And he had no time or interest in considering those who were much less fortunate than he was. But the one thing that he lacked was the ability to understand that he – like everybody else who has ever lived – was demonstrating just who and what he was, by the decisions that he took at every decision point throughout his life. All this comes back to haunt people at the final judgment at the Great White Throne of God where it is said: Revelation 20:11-21:1 (NIV) Then I saw a great white throne and him who was seated on it. Earth and sky fled from his presence, and there was no place for them. 12 And I saw the dead, great and small, standing before the throne, and books were opened. (almost certainly the books of the Law) Another book was opened, which is the book of life. The dead were judged according to what they had done as recorded in the books. 13 73

74 The sea gave up the dead that were in it, and death and Hades gave up the dead that were in them, and each person was judged according to what he had done. 14 Then death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire. The lake of fire is the second death. 15 If anyone's name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire. At this final judgment, people convict themselves by the thoughts, motives and the deeds they did in life as they are compared to the “books that were opened”. These are almost certainly the books of the law in the OT – notably the Ten Commandments. At this judgment, people’s own “free will” decisions that they made from the menu of choices that were presented to them at each point in the lives will show their true nature. Nobody will be able to say, “But God, we only have your word and judgment about whether I am a “good” person or not” Jesus – as God – will then say, “Angel 47 – play the tape again and let’s see what this person’s motives and decisions were at each decision point in their life” It will truly be a case of “give a person a long enough piece of rope and they will hang themselves” There are many fine, moral people who are agnostic, atheist, Hindu, Moslem, Jew, nominal Christian and every other religion and philosophy. There are also many others in all those categories whose personal motives and deeds “are not quite so good”. But each one of these people will be judged according to what they freely chose from the menu of choices at each decision point in the life (e.g. they consistently and wilfully chose either the “good” – the “neutral” – or the “bad” option on the menu at each decision point) The Bible makes it pretty clear that everybody’s choices in life – including the Christians – have eternal consequences. Their eternal position is fixed at either, death, the Second Coming or the Final Judgment (whichever comes first for each person) All people – including the unsaved along with the real scum of history – will all be saved from the kingdom of Satan as he will be locked away from mankind. However, imagine the “burning shame” and the “burning regret” as the unsaved mix with the rest of the unsaved people and see how much better their eternal lives could have been if they had demonstrated better and more moral judgment at each decision point along the way of their earthly life. Truly, these people will be in a figurative “lake of fire” More particularly, imaging the burning regret the unsaved will feel when they see that the NT Priesthood (the Christians) really have inherited the earth; and the glory and honour that is accorded to the Christians as they rule over the entire ever expanding Kingdom of God. These everlasting feelings of “shame and contempt” in the unsaved will be amplified by the very simple fact that they are forever in the company of the Christians and the “better unsaved” people around them. They will be forever reminded of what they threw away. Will some Christians get a shock at the final judgment? Mind you, many Christians are going to get a shock as well. The Bible makes it crystal clear that the NT Priesthood is based on the OT Tabernacle archetype which showed a 74

75 hierarchical structure to the priesthood. This meant that position and status ranged from the High Priest down through various levels to the very low status levels of priesthood. It is clear that the NT Tabernacle structure is going to be the same. More to the point, it very clearly demonstrates in the scripture below that each Christian is going to show what level they are suited to by the way in which they have lived their earthly lives. The Bible clearly shows that nobody in the eternal NT priesthood will be able to dispute about whether they should have had a higher position or not. Everybody – the saved and the unsaved – will all demonstrate at the Final Judgement just who and what they are – and that their final position in the eternal Kingdom of God is absolutely correct. 1 Corinthians 3:10-15 (NIV) 10 By the grace God has given me, I laid a foundation as an expert builder, and someone else is building on it. But each one should be careful how he builds. 11 For no one can lay any foundation other than the one already laid, which is Jesus Christ. 12 If any man builds on this foundation using gold, silver, costly stones, wood, hay or straw, 13 his work will be shown for what it is, because the Day will bring it to light. It will be revealed with fire, and the fire will test the quality of each man's work. 14 If what he has built survives, he will receive his reward. 15 If it is burned up, he will suffer loss; he himself will be saved, but only as one escaping through the flames. The whole Bible from the Old Testament right through the New Testament is consistent in the big picture that it presents. God is saving all mankind from the results of sin – and that this salvation is the restoration of the Kingdom of God – and that this Kingdom is ruled over by Jesus and His chosen “royal priesthood”. Romans 8:18-25 (NIV) 18 I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. 19 The creation waits in eager expectation for the sons of God to be revealed. 20 For the creation was subjected to frustration, not by its own choice, but by the will of the one who subjected it, in hope 21 that the creation itself will be liberated from its bondage to decay and brought into the glorious freedom of the children of God. 22 We know that the whole creation has been groaning as in the pains of childbirth right up to the present time. 23 Not only so, but we ourselves, who have the firstfruits of the Spirit, groan inwardly as we wait eagerly for our adoption as sons, the redemption of our bodies. 24 For in this hope we were saved. But hope that is seen is no hope at all. Who hopes for what he already has? 25 But if we hope for what we do not yet have, we wait for it patiently.

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The Biblical view of the New Testament Church Or The functions and responsibilities of the church and why it is important That the church has a clear view of what the Bible says As part of my journey from “Creationism to the Creation” I looked at just what the Bible had to say about the church – its reason for existence and its functions. The church’s reason for existence Volumes have been written about the church. Here I am only interested in what the Bibles says about its reason for existence. First, the church did not replace national Israel as so many people today claim. Israel was formed by God as the chosen nation that Jesus would head as Lord of lords and King of kings and would be the national instrument that Jesus would use as He ruled the creation (Zechariah 1:16 & 8:22 & 14:17-19, Revelation 19:16). Israel was governed by the priesthood during the times of the O.T. Tabernacle and the Tabernacle is what God refers to again in the N.T as the ruling structure after Jesus returns (Hebrews 8:2 & 9:8-11, Revelation 5:6). The Christians who make up the church are described as a “holy priesthood” (e.g. set apart) (I Peter 2:5) and also as a “royal priesthood” (I Peter 2:9) (e.g. a ruling priesthood). Even as the High Priesthood of Aaron in the O.T was replaced by the High Priesthood of Jesus (Hebrews 5:6 & 6:20 & 7:1 & 7:11-22) – so the new priesthood (the believers in the N.T. church) have replaced the O.T. priesthood as the rulers (under Jesus) of the restored whole nation of Israel after Jesus returns. In fact the apostles were specifically told by Jesus that they would sit on thrones at the head of the twelve tribes of Israel in the Kingdom of God. (Mathew 19:28-29, Luke 22:30, James 1:1, Revelations 21:12) As verse 29 shows (below), the same general promise appears to be extended to everyone who follows Jesus .e.g. they will be part of that ruling elite. Matthew 19:28-29 (NIV) 28 Jesus said to them, "I tell you the truth, at the renewal of all things, when the Son of Man sits on his glorious throne, you who have followed me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. 29 And everyone who has left houses or brothers or sisters or father or mother or children or fields for my sake will receive a hundred times as much and will inherit eternal life. It is probably not really correct to say that the church is described as the “bride of Christ” (John 3:29, Revelations 22:17) as this really refers to the New Jerusalem (Revelations 21:2 & 21:9-10). However, it does say in Revelations 19:7 “Let us rejoice and be glad and give him glory! For the wedding of the Lamb has come, and his bride has made herself ready.” Given that only the members of the church will ever enter the New Jerusalem it may be more correct to look at the “bride of Christ” as being the governing body of the Kingdom of God. This includes many from the O.T. as well. The believers are clearly referred to as the “Body of Christ” (1 Corinthians 12:27, Ephesians 4:12 & 5:23). It is also the case that the church is made up of the believers. From this it is reasonable to consider that the activities of the church should be considered in the context of “a body”. Specifically, two things should be taken into 76

77 consideration. These are the activities that are needed to maintain a living body and the activities that a living body would be normally expected to undertake. It is clear that the “body” that we are talking about here is the figurative “Body of Christ” From this it is crystal clear that this figurative “Body of Christ” was clearly intended to carry on the work that He started while He was on earth. The first thing that has to happen is to ensure that the “body” survives in a healthy state. It is to that task that we first turn. Feeding and maintaining the “Body of Christ” This is an essential task. But the purpose of sustaining and maintaining the body is to ensure that the body can carry out the functions expected of it. In order to carry out the functions that Jesus required of the church he has provided His figurative “body” (the church) with various “organs” that enable it to do His will. The “organs” set in the church are shown in the two sets of scriptures below 1 Corinthians 12:7-14 NIV) Now to each one the manifestation of the Spirit is given for the common good. 8 To one there is given through the Spirit the message of wisdom, to another the message of knowledge by means of the same Spirit, 9 to another faith by the same Spirit, to another gifts of healing by that one Spirit, 10 to another miraculous powers, to another prophecy, to another distinguishing between spirits, to another speaking in different kinds of tongues, and to still another the interpretation of tongues. 11 All these are the work of one and the same Spirit, and he gives them to each one, just as he determines. 12 The body is a unit, though it is made up of many parts; and though all its parts are many, they form one body. So it is with Christ. 13 1 Corinthians 12:27-28 (NIV) 27 Now you are the body of Christ, and each one of you is a part of it. 28 And in the church God has appointed first of all apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then workers of miracles, also those having gifts of healing, those able to help others, those with gifts of administration, and those speaking in different kinds of tongues. In order to maintain any “body” it has to be fed a “balanced diet” that contains all the elements needed to equip the “body” for its intended functions. As will be shown in the next section on the functions of the “Body of Christ” in the wider world all of these gifts (”organs”) that are set in the church are vital if the church is to carry out the great commission that Jesus set for it – and it is important that all of these functions are properly nourished. We see lots of attention given to the gifts (organs) shown above in red highlight in some churches. This is good as it assists the “body” by helping those people in the church who need help in their personal lives. However, in many cases we don’t see a corresponding focus on the items shown in blue highlight in the scriptures above. These are the critical items (organs) of the church that need to be properly nourished if the church is to fulfil all of its roles in the outside world. The reason that these items are neglected and outright ignored in many cases is summed up in what a number of people in the church have told me over a

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78 number of years. The reasoning goes something along the following lines. ”Dennis, most people in the church only want to have a simple understanding of the Bible. All they want to hear is that “Jesus loves them” They have absolutely no interest in looking at the deeper messages and teachings that may be in the Bible – and they are certainly not interested in things such as Bible prophecy relating to this time period – and even less interested in anything to do with science and the Bible” The sad fact of the matter is that the people who tell me this are correct. It is this lack of a “balanced diet” in the teachings of the church – and the lack of interest of many church goers – that prevent it from being as effective as it should be in the world. The “Body of Christ” and its functions in the wider world The church is called upon to be the hands and feet of Jesus in the world. (Mathew 25:34-36). It also made very clear in the Great Commission as shown in the scriptures below Mathew 28:18-20 (NIV) 18 Then Jesus came to them and said, "All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. 19 Therefore go and make disciples (students) of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 20 and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age." Luke 9:1-2 (NIV) When Jesus had called the Twelve together, he gave them power and authority to drive out all demons and to cure diseases, 2 and he sent them out to preach the kingdom of God and to heal the sick. Luke 10:9 (NIV) 9 Heal the sick who are there and tell them, `The kingdom of God is near you.' A disciple is a student. Its use in the Bible is confined to the Gospels and the book of Acts. It is always used to mean the pupil of someone else. In all the Biblical cases it implies that the student not only accepts the views of the teacher, but that the student also practices what they have been taught. The word disciple is a general word for a student of anybody. This is clearly seen when we look at the disciples of John the Baptist (Matthew 9:14, Luke 7:18, John 3:25) – the disciples of the Pharisees (Matthew 22:16, Mark 2:18, Luke 5:33) – the disciples of Moses (John 9:28) However it is most commonly used to refer to those who follow Jesus. (Matthew 8:21 & 10:42, Luke 14:26, John 13:23 & 19:38 and many more). Even the Twelve Apostles (literally = “one sent forth” e.g. an envoy) are called disciples (Matthew 10:1 & 11:1 & 12:1-2). In the book of Acts we find that the disciples were first called Christians at Antioch. (Acts 11:26) The commandant to “make disciples of all nations” was clearly a call to make all nations students of the Kingdom of God. However this does not necessarily imply that 78

79 everybody in those nations would be “saved” in the sense of personal salvation. Certainly some people in all nations would be “sheep” who belonged to Christ’s “flock” and would hear His voice through the words that the disciples spoke as the envoy of Jesus, and would turn and follow Jesus. However the wider sense of “making disciples of all nations” is that the teachings of God would be made known to these nations and the people of all nations would be set free from the oppressive conditions that commonly characterize the governments of non-Christian nations – as well as people in some so-called “Christian” nations. In other words, the Bible is commanding believers to bring the Kingdom of God to all people in the widest possible sense. Although it is very unpopular and politically incorrect to say so, the only nations that have a “reasonably enlightened” lifestyle are those where the Word of God has had a major influence in the development of the government. These are the Anglo-Saxon nations and Europe. Virtually all of these countries are “Christian” in name only in-asmuch as very few people in any of these countries are Christian in the Biblical sense. However, all these countries have had a strong Biblical influence on the political development of their governments. When you contrast these nations with the nonChristian world where the Word of God has not influenced their political development, there is a marked contrast in the political freedoms, public health and economic prosperity of these non-Christian nations. Making disciples of the nations involves the church doing two things. Evangelism is certainly one of these tasks (Ephesians 4:11) where the evangelists are calling Christ’s sheep into His fold. However the greater part of the ministry of Jesus was based around working for the betterment of the people in the country. This role is explicitly laid out in the scripture below. Matthew 25:34-40 (NIV) Then the King will say to those on his right, `Come, you who are blessed by my Father; take your inheritance, the kingdom prepared for you since the creation of the world. 35 For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you invited me in, 36 I needed clothes and you clothed me, I was sick and you looked after me, I was in prison and you came to visit me.' 37 "Then the righteous will answer him, `Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you something to drink? 38 When did we see you a stranger and invite you in, or needing clothes and clothe you? 39 When did we see you sick or in prison and go to visit you?' 40 "The King will reply, `I tell you the truth, whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers of mine, you did for me.' This is consistent with the Kingdom of God that Jesus constantly told people about. The Kingdom was to give life, justice, freedom, health and prosperity to all – but not everybody was part of the governance of the Kingdom. It is interesting to look at the words of Jesus in the Gospels when He spoke to the various people and groups and see what He actually said to them. There were only eight people that the Bible records where Jesus specifically said “follow me”. These were, Simon (Peter), Andrew, James and John (Mathew 4:1921, Mark 1:17, Luke 5:10-11, John 21:19) – Mathew (Mathew 9:9) – Levi (Mark 2:14, Luke 5:27) – another man (Luke 9:59) – Philip (John 1:43)

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80 There were clearly others as well, such as those who made up the rest of the 12 apostles (Mark 3:13-15, Luke 6:12-13). But the Bible does not specifically record Jesus calling them. However it is very instructive to look at just one of these instances were a specific person was called. In the case of Levi, Jesus was teaching a large crowd (about the Kingdom of God) – but He only selected one of them (Levi) that He called to “follow Him” Mark 2:13-14 (NIV) Once again Jesus went out beside the lake. A large crowd came to him, and he began to teach them. 14 As he walked along, he saw Levi son of Alphaeus sitting at the tax collector's booth. "Follow me," Jesus told him, and Levi got up and followed him. In the scripture above, Jesus is teaching a large crowd of people. We will shortly look at what Jesus was probably talking about. However the main point to note is that Jesus singled out just Levi and told him to “follow me” Note that Jesus did not ask him to follow – He told him. Notice also that it is not recorded that Levi had any specific desire to follow Jesus. He only followed Jesus after he had been specifically chosen by Jesus and called by Him. This was not a choice on the part of Levi – the same as it wasn’t a choice on the part of any of the eight that the Bible records as having been instructed by Jesus to follow Him. We find the call for people to repent of sin in their personal lives spoken of fourteen times in the N.T. By repentance is meant a turning away from sin towards God. According to the Bible a person can only repent if God gives the gift of repentance to that person (Acts 5:31 & 11:18, Romans 2:4). In the Bible both repentance and saving faith are seen as the two sides of the coin that God gives as the gifts to those who He has chosen and called. Repentance in the Bible is part of the big picture where we see Jesus calling the “sheep” of His “flock” out of the larger “flock” of the world. We are being called to follow the “Good Shepherd” In the rest of the instances of the words repent and repentance in the Bible we see the people being called to repent of the many and various things that brought misery and disaster on them. In this usage of the word we see God working towards saving the whole world from the effects of sin by calling them to obey His laws. This is brought out very clearly in most of the public ministry of Jesus. There are nineteen instances in the O.T. that talk of healing people and nations. When we come to the N.T. we find that much of the public work of Jesus consisted of healing people. There are fifty two instances recorded of healing in the N.T. It is conspicuous that in none of the recorded cases were the people asked to follow Jesus. This doesn’t mean that none of them did. But what it does mean is that the primary purpose of the healing was to “save” that person from the effects of the sin that entered into the world at the fall in Eden. It is also conspicuous that it was also the apostles and disciples who were involved in the many and various healings in the N.T. This clearly demonstrates that one of the roles of the church is to assist in simply relieving the pain of the world e.g. to “save the world from the effects of sin” The rest of the ministry of Jesus was spent talking about the Kingdom of God and the need to obey its laws both in the legal and the moral sense in order to deliver mankind from the effects of sin that entered at the fall in Eden. The best examples of the teachings of Jesus are given in The Sermon on the Mount which are recorded in 80

81 Matthew chapters 5 through 7 and in Luke 6:20-49. This latter address is sometimes called the Sermon on the Plain from the fact because it was given on a level space somewhere on the foot of the mountain. But The Sermon on the Mount is the main teaching. It covers many things such as keeping the law, personal morality and way of life, how to pray and the importance of seeking God ahead of the affairs and admiration of mankind. However the one thing that it does not do is specifically call people to follow Jesus. Here again, The Sermon of the Mount is consistent with the picture in the Bible that God calls individuals to follow Jesus – but one of the roles of the church under Jesus is to deliver the world from the effects of sin by calling for the world to keep the laws of God. This is clearly seen in the last verses of the sermon where it says Matthew 7:28-29 (NIV) When Jesus had finished saying these things, the crowds were amazed at his teaching, 29 because he taught as one who had authority, and not as their teachers of the law. In other words, Jesus was teaching the laws of God – not necessarily a call to personal salvation. That is reserved for those – and those alone whom God calls. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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The question of whether the church today fulfils its role Or Does any of the letters to the Seven Churches in the Book of Revelation apply to the churches of today? The Seven Churches of Revelation Jesus – through John – wrote letters to the Seven Churches that were located in the province of Asia (not the continent of Asia) (Revelation chapters one to 3). These represented the seven major Christian churches in the time that John wrote the book of Revelation around 95-100 AD. They were all located in what is now modern-day Turkey. None of them today have significant Christian populations. Many commentators have tried to connect these seven churches with seven distinct periods of time since John wrote the letters down to the time when Jesus will appear again at His Second Coming. (E.g. in our current times) There maybe some element of truth in this belief. The other probably more common view is that the seven churches were simply good examples of all that can go wrong with a church. In this view these seven churches were used to represent all the things that Jesus would find wrong with the churches across the ages. Throughout history and including today, you could (and can) find churches all over the place that fitted any and all of the descriptions. In light of this, the most likely interpretation is that these churches simply represented various church failings across history. This view is reinforced by what Jesus told John. In the context of the letters to the seven churches, Jesus said: Revelation 1:19 (NIV) 19 "Write, therefore, what you have seen, what is now and what will take place later. Below is a quick summary of the letters and the situation in the seven churches at the time of writing. 1. Ephesus (Revelation 2:1-7) – This church had forsaken its first love (2:4) This church generally held to the ideas of Paul and they disapproved of the teachings of the Nicolaitans who abused Paul’s doctrine of grace and allowed the eating of meat sacrificed to idols as well as licentiousness in the name of “freedom”. The city was the center of the cult of Diana worship and sorcery. These beliefs of Diana worship and other Greek philosophies infiltrated the church and led to controversies in the church instead of faith in the word of God (1 Timothy 1:3-7) 2. Smyrna (Revelation 2:8-11) – The persecuted Church (2:10).This was not a physically rich church. A combination of the Romans and the Jews of the city greatly persecuted the early Christians. But they kept God’s word. 3. Pergamum (Revelation 2:12-17) – The church that needed to repent (2:16).The city was a religious center. The reference to “Satan’s throne” is likely a reference to the cult of the Roman emperor worship in the general population – but which the church did not participate in. However, the church had those in it who held the ideas of Balaam (the O.T. figure). He was characterized by an attempt to promote the Kingdom of God by promoting an alliance with the world at large. The idea being that showing a tolerance of the world’s values gained you and the church the 82

83 respect of society. In reality all it did was to bring the church to conform to the spirit of the world around them. (2 Peter 2:10-22) They also tolerated the false licentious “freedoms” promoted by the Nicolaitans 4. Thyatira (Revelation 2:18-29) – The church that tolerated the false prophetess Jezebel (2:20). By allowing her to have influence in the church they were enticed to engage in various pagan practices 5. Sardis (Revelation 3:1-6) – The church that was dead (3:2) It was a rich city at the center of trade. It had a laid-back lifestyle. This attitude of wealth and privilege permeated the church there. As a result they did not challenge the society around them – rather they went along with it. It bears a strong resemblance to the churches of today that preach a “wealth theology” It is also – by definition – a church that does not want to look too deeply into the Bible – as the old saying goes “Keep it simple” The people don’t want to be bothered in really examining the various doctrines in the Bible. In many ways some of the modern day Evangelical churches fit the description of the church in Sardis 6. Philadelphia (Revelation 3:7-13) – The church that had kept God’s word and endured patiently (3:10) It was not a rich church in terms of either money or numbers. Only this church and the one at Smyrna got praised without any censure by Jesus. They obeyed and practiced all that they had been taught, God set an open door before them. In other words God gave them great opportunities to make a difference in their city. 7. Laodicea (Revelation 3:14-22) – The lukewarm church (3:16). The city was very wealthy and apparently the church was as well. The main characteristic of this church was they had everything in the way of material wealth. As a result they were very comfortable and saw no need to “rock the boat” by challenging any of the problems around them in society. After all they were part of the society and they were not about to challenge their own privilege. Today we see churches whose main emphasis is on ritual and the wealth of the church. They sooth people’s conscience by offering rituals to make people believe that they are participating in something worthwhile. However all that does is make the participants “feel good” – but never challenges them to get out and change the world around them. This church is characterized as being part of the “establishment” of their society. Another point that characterizes this church is that like the church in Sardis, the people want to keep their beliefs “simple” e.g. “Jesus loves me” that’s enough! It is not my intention to try and identify which churches today display various characteristics from the seven churches in the ancient province of Asia that Jesus railed against. But I think that we could all look around us and see similarities in some churches today. In the end it is up to each church to examine itself and decide if they are fulfilling their role in God’s Kingdom. It’s probably best summed up in the words of Jesus where He said: Matthew 5:13-16 (NIV) 13 "You are the salt of the earth. But if the salt loses its saltiness, how can it be made salty again? It is no longer good for anything, except to be thrown out and trampled by men. 14 "You are the light of the world. A city on a hill cannot be hidden. 15 Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a bowl. Instead they put it on its stand, and it gives light to everyone in the house. 16 In the same way, let 83

84 your light shine before men, that they may see your good deeds and praise your Father in heaven. The church of Sardis versus the role of the Church in the big debates in society The churches that are most opposed to the ideas of science today are undoubtedly the Evangelical style of church. It is significant that these churches are generally speaking also the ones whose members are most likely to want to keep the gospel message simple. It is often confined to just three main points – ”Jesus loves me” and “I am saved – that’s all the matters” and “all I want to know is how to live a better life within myself” The idea that they should examine the Bible in a deep and meaningful way appears to be an alien concept in these particular peoples and church’s mindset. In some of the Evangelical churches we also see the idea of “wealth theology” being taught. This is the idea that if only we will “get right with God” then material prosperity and success in our relationships with others and our health will automatically follow. I don’t know which version of the Bible these churches preach from, but I cannot find these ideas anywhere in any of the Bibles that I use. What I find is the idea of sacrifice in this age and a better world to come. I certainly don’t find the idea of paradise on earth under the rule of man anywhere – just the opposite in fact. The Biblical idea is summed up in the words of Jesus: Mark 8:34-36 (NIV) Then he called the crowd to him along with his disciples and said: "If anyone would come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. 35 For whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for me and for the gospel will save it. Paul was plagued by this sort of child-like attitude in the church at Corinth as well as with his Jewish converts. In the case of the Corinthian Church, it was also corrupted by the immorality that had infiltrated it and the influence of Greek philosophy that tainted the teaching of Christ crucified. But in the context of this chapter we are concerned mainly with the child-like approach to God that the Corinthian Church and the Jewish Christians displayed. Paul addresses this problem below. 1 Corinthians 3:1-3 (NIV) 1 Brothers, I could not address you as spiritual but as worldly-mere infants in Christ. 2 I gave you milk, not solid food, for you were not yet ready for it. Indeed, you are still not ready. Hebrews 5:11-14 (NIV) (Paul is believed to be the author of Hebrews and is believed to be addressing Jewish Christians) 1 We have much to say about this, but it is hard to explain because you are slow to learn. 12 In fact, though by this time you ought to be teachers, you need someone to teach you the elementary truths of God's word all over again. You need milk, not solid food! 13 Anyone who lives on milk, being still an infant, is not acquainted with the teaching about righteousness. 14 But solid food is for the mature, who by constant use have trained themselves to distinguish good from evil. This problem of some people in the church who only want a “simple gospel” is a significant factor that holds the church back from fulfilling its role as a “light unto the world”. 84

85 The N.T. church is called to be a light unto the world (Mathew 5:14-16, John 12:36, Acts 13:47, 2 Corinthians 4:4-6, Ephesians 5:8) – just as O.T. Israel was called to be a light unto the nations (Isaiah 49:6 & 51:4 & 60:3). In the same way that the O.T. Tabernacle priesthood was the respected leadership and the authority that the people of Israel turned to for guidance – so the N.T. priesthood of the believers are called to be the respected leaders that society should turn to for guidance in today’s world. Sadly the world regards the church and Christians as the last place that they will seek guidance from. There are of course many reasons for this lack of respect for the opinions of the church. Not least of these reasons is that people would have to turn away from many of their selfish and self-centered ways if they listened to – and heeded – the church’s teaching on the Ten Commandments which forms the basis of our legal system. However this is not the only problem that the church has in being heard. There are many important social and moral issues that confront the world today and which are debated in the public arena. Some of these issues are listed below. 1. The erosion of our liberties that we have traditionally enjoyed as a result of the Biblical influence in the framing of the Constitution. Items include the right of free speech and the freedom to pursue religious activities and public discussion without fear of law suits against us 2. The dangers to society of the libertarian agenda that is promoted by many groups that are intent on undermining the family as the root of an ordered society. Some results are increasing levels of abortion, marriage breakdown, and increase in both mental illness and drug addiction along with increases in crime and violence 3. Euthanasia. When is it permissible to end life in the case of terminal illness? 4. The stem cell debate currently under way. The possibility of major advances in the treatment of disease has to be weighed against various moral issues 5. The question of whether cloning should be allowed. This is a really deep and complex issue. There are a number of areas that are debated. These cover ethical and moral questions – legal issues – social issues – medical issues. The five points above cover just some of the issues in society that have to be faced and debated. By refusing to be involved in these debates, the church does two things. • It abdicates its God-given role of being the “salt” and “light” of the earth • By so doing, the church ensures that the “solutions” that society adopts are, by definition, devoid of any input from God or the church. But in order to be listened to in these public debates the church must be considered as a credible party that is worth hearing. Unfortunately the church is not considered by the general population as a credible partner. As I said earlier, this is partly because the church is telling people things that they don’t want to hear about with respect to their personal lives and behaviour. However in the case of the big public debates we are talking about issues that do not generally affect a lot of people directly in the manner that moral issues do, such as 85

86 drinking, gambling, abortion etc. These are issues that are more on the impersonal level – more intellectual if you like. But they are very important issues for the near and far future – and they are issues that are of critical importance if we want to live in a prosperous, fair, just and free society next year, next decade etc. Although these types of issues are subject to a lot of emotion, the outcomes are nonethe-less usually decided on the basis of rational, fact based decision making. Satan has a vested interest in destroying the world and creating misery. He has the ability to masquerade as truth and light and deceive even good Christians with falsehoods. If he can keep Christians from being taken seriously in the big debates in society then he has at least partially succeeded in wrecking the world around us – and as Christians we have helped him. 2 Corinthians 11:14-15 (NIV) And no wonder, for Satan himself masquerades as an angel of light. John 10:10 (NIV) The thief comes only to steal and kill and destroy; I have come that they may have life, and have it to the full. Matthew 24:24-25 For false Christs and false prophets will appear and perform great signs and miracles to deceive even the elect-if that were possible.

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Just what is a scientific theory? Or Are theories simply one person’s or group’s idea on a given subject or are they something different The debates on how the universe and life came into existence usually get bogged down in competing arguments about “theories” of how it all started. This chapter looks at exactly what a “scientific theory” is – and why some ideas are not considered to be “scientific”. In this chapter we are concerned with the philosophy of science only and we will not be concerned with looking at any particular “theory”. This subject was an important turning point in my journey from creationism to my current understanding of the creation I see around me. Without a clear understanding of just what a “scientific theory” is defined as – and why it is defined in that way – it is not possible to be able to assess the claims of both sides of the creation argument. I know that a lot of Christians will strongly disagree with this statement. But it is nonthe-less true and the reasons for this will be explored in the rest of this chapter For many people, the idea of a “theory” is that it’s simply some vague idea about a particular subject. The main idea that many have is that a “theory” is simply a guess and has no demonstrated factual basis. A good example of this sort of belief was given by US President Ronald Reagan in a campaign speech in Dallas in 1980 in answer to a question about evolution: Well, it is a theory, it is a scientific theory only, and it has in recent years been challenged in the world of science and is not yet believed in the scientific community to be as infallible as it once was believed. But if it was going to be taught in the schools, then I think that also the biblical theory of creation, which is not a theory but the biblical story of creation, should also be taught (Science, 1980, p. 1214). In the quotation above I have highlighted four items in different colours. These are the critical points in the discussion and they underlie the various legal trials that have been held in the USA on the subjects of evolution, creationism and intelligent design. The two most significant cases were the “Scopes Monkey Trial” in 1925. This trial was a challenge to the Butler Act, which was a 1925 Tennessee law that disallowed public school teachers to teach that man had descended from apes. At the end of this trial the teaching of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution was still prohibited in public schools. However, by 1958 this had changed and the teaching of evolution was encouraged in public schools. The last of the critical legal cases on this subject was the Kitzmiller v. Dover trial in 2005 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The judgement in this case was that the court found that "intelligent design" was in-fact the teachings of creationism in disguise. The critical finding of the court was that the underlying belief system of “intelligent design” does not fit the definition of a “scientific theory” – but was in fact a religious belief. As such, it was found by the U.S. District Judge John E. Jones to violate the constitutional separation of church and state. The ruling forbade the teaching of intelligent design in publicly funded schools as an alternative “theory” to standard evolutionary “theory”. 87

88 Many people who believe in creationism and intelligent design (ID) don’t understand the basis for this ruling that ID is not a valid scientific theory. They are not alone as many people in the general population also don’t understand what make a scientific “theory”. In the following sections we very briefly look at the philosophy of science and why some people think that it is atheistic, and what a theory in the scientific sense means – as opposed to common usage of the term (e.g. “I have an idea.”) and a very brief summary of why ID does not meet the criteria of being a scientific theory The philosophy of science and the development of the “scientific method” From earliest history, mankind has sought after knowledge about the world around him. This thirst for knowledge can be found in the writings of the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians and other races. It can be seen in the inexorable march of technology across the millennia right up to our present times. It will continue into the future as well. From the beginning, right up until today – and probably forever into the future – there have always been gaps in mankind’s knowledge. In the past it was common to assign these gaps to the action of God simply on the basis that mankind had no answer to what was observed in these cases. Not surprisingly, this has become known as the "God-ofthe-gaps” argument". A typical example of such a belief in the past was how people believed that God intervened in the universe to control the sky. In mediaeval times it was believed that angels pushed the planets around the sky because they had no explanation of why the planets would move and certainly no understanding of what controlled the paths that they were observed to follow. With the advent of Sir Isaac Newton (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) and his discovery of the three laws of motion and later his Law of Gravitation, we had a good working idea of why the planets behaved as they do – but no real understanding of the underlying mechanism that caused the behaviour.. This understanding has now been deepened with the insights of Albert Einstein’s theory of General Relativity which he published in 1916. It is a “theory” (backed by experimental evidence) that describes gravity as a property of the geometry of space and time, or what is known as space-time. Today, theoretical physicists are working on a further refinement of Einstein’s general theory. This expanded theory is called quantum gravity. It is not possible to tell exactly how the world will understand gravity and motion in a hundred years time. All that we can say now is that it will be different to our current understanding – and that is will be closer to a “full understanding” of these matters. The critical point in the description above is that God has now been squeezed out of this gap in medieval knowledge of what actually causes the planets to move. We now know that it is not angels. Rather it is “laws” of physics that cause and control the movement. As time goes on mankind’s knowledge of the laws will continue to deepen and broaden. In the future mankind will even get to understand what a “law” is at its fundamental level, where it came from and how it works at its deepest level. Science long ago realized that this idea of invoking God to explain the things that are currently not understood meant that as science progressed there would be no place left for God at all. Eventually He would be squeezed right out of the picture altogether. It 88

89 was also realized that if science accepted somebody’s assertion that “God is responsible for a particular matter – so mankind is not capable, nor allowed to investigate that” then it would be absolutely impossible for mankind to progress at all. In the general science community, the idea that mankind was not capable of, nor allowed by God to investigate the universe was clearly not consistent with the proven ability of mankind to investigate all these matters. The number of Christian scientists in the world-wide scientific community is about the same proportion as Christians are in proportion to the total world population. For all of these Christian scientists, the idea that mankind was prohibited from investigating all areas of the creation was not consistent with the statements in Genesis that said mankind was created in the image of God (e.g. a thinking creative being) and to rule over and subdue the earth and the creation in its wider sense over the fullness of time (Genesis 1:26-28) From this background came the understanding across the scientific community that in order to understand the world around us we first have to accept that it is understandable. This means that in order to seek knowledge of how the world works we need to understand that there are laws that govern how everything works. The quest for knowledge is to discover what these laws are and how they affect the workings of the world around us. Over the centuries a common idea of how best to go about discovering the laws that govern the universe has been developed. This method has been spectacularly successful in advancing the cause of science and is known as the “scientific method.” The general outline of this method of investigating any subject is given below 1. You observe a particular phenomenon, but don’t understand how it works 2. You form a hypothesis about how you think that it works. This will be in the form of a specific prediction that is possible to be shown to be false 3. An experiment is designed and setup to test your hypothesis 4. The data from the test is analysed to see: • If the specific prediction has not been shown to be true then the hypothesis has been shown to be false. In scientific terms, it is said to have been falsified. In this case you repeat steps 2 and 3 until the results agree with your hypothesis • If the experimental results agree with your prediction then it is possible that your hypothesis is correct. However, it is never possible to absolutely “prove” anything for reasons discussed in the next section. 5. If you believe that your experiment has confirmed your hypothesis, then you submit a paper describing your work and results to a peer reviewed journal that specialises in that area of work. Providing the peer review panel agrees that your work is professionally presented – and the methodology of the experiment – and the analysis of the data is credible – then the journal may agree to publish your paper.

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90 6. Other scientists will then read your paper and many of them will try and duplicate your results. The intention in this duplication is to attempt to find a situation that will falsify your findings. The work of these individuals and groups may then be published in a peer reviewed journal – providing the peer review panel finds that their work meets scientific scrutiny. Scientific research is a very hard area to work in because of this intense scrutiny of your work and the intensely competitive nature of science. But this cycle has shown over time that it is the best way of generating scientific knowledge. It is in fact a form of Darwinian selection – only those ideas and results that cannot be falsified make it into the accepted body of scientific knowledge. It makes for much controversy along the way – but it also leads to a useful, workable body of knowledge that advances mankind. What makes a scientific theory? We must start by differentiating the term “theoretical” from the term “theory” as used in science. Something that is “theoretical” is usually reserved for an idea that has not been tested by physical experimentation and confirmed to the extent that it is generally accepted by other scientists who are expert in the field. Hence we have people who have the title of “theoretical physicist” They employ mathematical models and abstract ideas in an attempt to construct a workable model of various phenomenon in the natural world. They work mainly in the realm of cosmology (the universe at large) and quantum mechanics (the world of the sub-atomic). However, their “theoretical” work does not become part of a generally accepted ”theory” until and if it is confirmed by many experiments and to the satisfaction of other physicists Turning to the idea of a “theory” it is commonly, but incorrectly believed that a scientific theory is an undeveloped idea that will eventually be upgraded into a scientific law (or set of laws) when enough evidence has been accumulated to “prove the theory”. This is not quite the same as mistaking a “theoretical concept” for a “theory”. A theoretical concept is generally the subject of a lot of well considered thought before an experiment is carried out. Whereas the common idea of a “theory” is that it is more-or-less an uneducated guess where someone says “I have a theory that all dogs like to eat fish” – but where they have just plucked the idea out of the air because their dog likes to eat fish. In reality the exact opposite is the case. A good definition of a theory is given by the United States National Academy of Sciences and shown below Some scientific explanations are so well established that no new evidence is likely to alter them. The explanation becomes a scientific theory. In everyday language a theory means a hunch or speculation. Not so in science. In science, the word theory refers to a comprehensive explanation of an important feature of nature supported by facts gathered over time. Theories also allow scientists to make predictions about as yet unobserved phenomena, A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment. Such fact-supported theories are not "guesses" but reliable accounts of the real world. The theory of biological evolution is more than "just a theory." It is as factual an explanation of the universe as the 90

91 atomic theory of matter or the germ theory of disease. Our understanding of gravity is still a work in progress. But the phenomenon of gravity, like evolution, is an accepted fact. Theories are created to explain various aspects of the world around us. A given theory will only be accepted in the science community if it is able to provide a consistent set of explanations about a given subject in science. Another critical requirement for a successful theory is that it is able to make predictions that can be tested to provide further insights in the subject. Stephen Hawking, the theoretical physicist who is the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge makes the statement in his book called “A Brief History of Time” that, "A theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements: It must accurately describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations." He also says in the book that, "Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis; you can never prove it. No matter how many times the results of experiments agree with some theory, you can never be sure that the next time the result will not contradict the theory. On the other hand, you can disprove a theory by finding even a single observation that disagrees with the predictions of the theory." Hawking’s second statement that any physical theory is always provisional and can never be proved is worth considering in more detail because it runs counter to what most people believe about the trustworthiness of any particular theory. It also runs counter to the statement on the first page of this chapter where former President Reagan said Well, it is a theory, it is a scientific theory only, and it has in recent years been challenged in the world of science and is not yet believed in the scientific community to be as infallible as it once was believed. The idea that President Reagan was presenting was that a theory – once established – was set in stone for evermore. This idea is totally contrary to science and the world around us. Science is continually making new discoveries about old subjects. A current very good example is the state of knowledge of gravity. The first law of gravity that Sir Isaac Newton announced on gravity was simply a law that described how bodies move in a gravitational field. It said nothing about what actually caused gravity. That explanation was left to Albert Einstein about 200 years later in his General Theory of Relativity. It is the current understanding of gravity of modern physics. It unifies Einstein’s other theory of about the same time that is known as Special Relativity and Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. It describes gravity arising from the local curvature of the geometry of space and time, or space-time from the existence of mass or radiation at any particular location within space-time. However there are still unanswered questions even with Einstein’s discoveries. Theoretical physics is trying to further unify Einstein’s tested theories with the fundamental forces of nature (electromagnetism, weak interaction, and strong interaction) that are described by 91

92 quantum mechanics. It can be confidently predicted that when quantum gravity becomes an accepted part of science, that further avenues of discovery will be opened up that will lead to a deeper understanding again. The essential point in this is that there will never come a time when challenges to any theory cease to appear. The day that happened would – by definition – be the end of science. In view of this, we next look at why Stephen Hawking made the statement that any physical theory is always provisional and can never be proved. . One of the problems that scientists realised in their quest for new knowledge and discoveries was that people looked to experiments to confirm their beliefs about any subject that they were investigating. However, there is a major logical flaw in this sort of reasoning, and this flaw can lead to a belief that you have confirmed “that this is so” when in fact all that has happened is that no one has found a case that contradicts all the “confirmations.” Human nature being what it is, people can – and do – present evidence that “confirms” their case, but do not look too hard for evidence that contradicts it. Sir Karl Popper (1902 to 1994) is one of the most influential philosophers of science from the 20th century. Popper is probably best known for his work in exposing the problems of the inherent logical and psychological problems of looking for experiments to confirm a hypothesis. His big idea was that the purpose of any scientific experiment was to show that the results were not as predicted by the hypothesis that was being tested by the experiment. The expression given to this idea is falsification of the hypothesis. The reasoning for this is shown below. Suppose somebody proposes a hypothesis that water boils at one hundred degrees Celsius. There is no problem in carrying out an infinite number of experiments that will confirm this hypothesis provided that the experiments are all carried out at sea level Hey presto! - “We have proved that water boils at 100º C.” The only small problem is that all we have shown is that under the conditions that the experiment was carried out at (e.g. standard atmospheric pressure at sea level) that water boils at 100º C Now let’s look at the purpose of the experiment being to disprove the hypothesis that water boils at one hundred degrees Celsius. This time we conduct the experiment at a variety of altitudes. If we try it high up on a mountain where the air pressure is lower than at sea level, we then find that water boils at a temperature below 100º C. If we try and boil water at the Dead Sea which is below sea level, we find that the boiling point is above 100ºC. By conducting the experiment on the basis that we are trying to disprove the hypothesis we have actually discovered the truth about the temperature at which water boils – namely that the boiling point is directly related to the surrounding pressure – lower pressure = lower boiling point and higher pressure = higher boiling point. Some examples of the temperatures that water actually boils at are given below.

Place

Altitude

Water boils

London, England Dead Sea Denver, Colorado Quito, Ecuador Lhasa, Tibet Top of Mt. Everest

Sea level minus 1,296 ft below sea 5,280 ft 9,350 ft 12,087 ft 29,002 ft

212.0ºF or 100ºC 213.8ºF or 101ºC 203ºF or 95ºC 194ºF or 90ºC 188.6ºF or 87ºC 159.8ºF or 71ºC

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93 It is not possible to say that a given scientific hypothesis or theory is absolutely true because we can never be completely sure that the next experiment – under slightly different conditions – will show that it is wrong. All that we know is which ones have not yet been proven to be false. The more times that a particular experiment is carried out by different researchers – all trying to falsify the previous researchers results – the more confidence that we can have that the hypothesis or theory is probably correct. By consensus the science community agrees that for any theory to be acceptable it must have the following characteristics. Failure to meet these standards automatically causes an idea or set of ideas presented as a theory to be rejected. 1. It must be consistent with pre-existing theory provided that the pre-existing theory was experimentally verified and has not been falsified by experiments. This pre-existing theory must also be accepted by the majority of the science community as valid. However the new evidence will often show that pre-existing theory is wrong in-so-far as it is only applicable to a restricted case (e.g. Newtonian gravity is only a restricted case of Einstein’s Theory of General relativity) 2. It must be supported by many strands of evidence, rather than a single line of reasoning. This ensures that any conclusions drawn from it are more likely to be correct. A good example of this is the dating of rocks and biological material which will be briefly looked at in a later chapter. 3. It must not assert that it is the final and certain word on the theory as there is no end to science and new discoveries about existing areas are always being made. It must allow for expansion and correction as more evidence and new facts are discovered. 4. It should be the simplest possible explanation of a given phenomenon. Experience and history have shown that this sort of explanation has always turned out to be the correct one (as far as it is possible for us to know with certainly.) This is commonly referred to as passing the Occam's razor test (e.g. cut right down to the minimum) 5. The theory must be able to make predictions about the phenomenon that is being investigated which can then be tested to see if these predictions can be falsified. The purpose of this is to enable the theory to lead to a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. Above all else, the really critical point is that the predictions must be capable of being falsified. Failure to satisfy this point leads to automatic rejection of it being classified as a scientific theory. 6. It must be heuristic. By this is meant that it must assist in the search for new discoveries by pointing the way towards new questions that need to be asked (and answered) A theory does not have to be completely accurate in order to be scientifically useful. As an example, the predictions that are made by the Newtonian Laws of motion and gravity are known to apply only to a limited class of cases. They are not completely accurate in situation where objects are moving at close to the speed of light relative to an observer. In this situation, many strange things happen such as time and distance dilation which stretch or compress both time and dimensions of objects from the observer’s viewpoint. However Newton’s Laws are sufficiently good approximations in 93

94 most circumstances and are widely used in the place of the more accurate but mathematically complex theory of General Relativity. An interesting aspect of science is that it is not bound by limits on what can be investigated. This should not be taken to mean that unethical experiments should be carried out as there are always ways to do things ethically. The idea of not being bound simply means that everything in the natural world has its origins in the laws that govern the creation and existence of the universe. As such, all these matters are the subject of legitimate exploration. This includes stretching back in time to before the beginning of the universe. Right at this stage mankind does not have enough information or equipment that would enable experiments to investigate reality before the beginning of our universe. However theoretical physicists are currently exploring concepts that may one day enable mankind to look into this matter. This desire and ability to investigate the natural world back into infinity past as well as on into future infinity is the hallmark of science. It is the fulfilment of the God-given command in Genesis 1:28 to “fill the earth and subdue it” To subdue the creation means that you have to explore the natural world and learn all about it. The more knowledge that science accumulates, the greater the wonder becomes of the intellect, subtlety, imagination, power and majesty of the God who created this. Science never diminishes God – it always magnifies Him. The limits of any theory There is no such thing as a “theory of everything”. All theories have limits to their explanatory ability. Trying to push the predictions past those limits results in nonsense statements that are not reflected in what is observed in an experiment to test the prediction. A very simple example from mechanics and physics is the formulation known as Hooke’s law of Elasticity. This states that the amount of linear extension of a spring is in direct proportion with the load added to it as long as this load does not exceed the elastic limit of the spring. What this means in practice is that by adding equal increments of load to a certain spring will cause the spring to elongate by equal amounts for each equal increment of load To put this into figures, we may have a certain spring that will extend in length by 1.00 mm for each 1.00 Kg of applied load (e.g. 2.00 Kg = 2.00 mm extension etc.) You are all familiar with this device in the form of a spring-balance weighing unit. At first glance it may look as if you could simply keep adding 1.00 Kg loads to the spring and stretching it by a further 1.00 mm with each load addition for as long as you liked. Now leave aside the fact that there is clearly a limit to how far a given spring could stretch out to if all the coils were straightened out. There is another more fundamental reason that you cannot go on forever adding equal increments of load and obtaining an equal increment of spring extension. As the spring extends the stress in the wire in the spring increases. Eventually it reaches a point that is greater than the elastic limit of the material. At this point the proportionality between the increase in the stress in the wire and the force that produces the stress no longer remains constant. After this point the amount of extension in the spring will become greater and greater for each

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95 increment in the load. As an example it may go to 1.5mm extension per 1.00 Kg of load then increase to 2.5 mm per 1.00 Kg of load and so on. You see the point – as soon as you reach the elastic limit of the wire in the spring the prediction of the spring extension per unit of load made by Hooke’s Law breaks down. You can no longer rely on the predictions of the theory of elasticity to give accurate answers. This same condition applies to any theory. There is a limit to how far it can go in explaining things or making predictions. One of the reasons for trying to falsify the hypothesis in experiments is to find the limits of applicability of the phenomenon under investigation. This becomes especially important in theories that try and probe how the universe began and more particularly, how life arose. We will look at this question in a later chapter when we look at the problem in science of differentiating between the process of natural selection in a species that adapts that species to a particular environment, and the much more difficult question of how different species may have arisen in the first place. Why Creation Science and Intelligent Design are not scientific theories Many people who believe in a literal six day creation about six thousand years ago and who subscribe to the ideas of Creation Science or Intelligent Design lament the fact that the science community will not accept their ideas as scientific. I have heard and read many times that, “You will not find this sort of evidence published elsewhere because scientists suppress it as it would prove that their ideas of the earth being about four and a half billion years old and life having arisen by evolution are wrong” The fact is that it is not only creationists that make the claim that the science community will not recognise their ideas as being scientific. There are many people who try and convince others that they have come up with a perpetual motion machine where, in-principle a motor drives a generator – and the output of the generator drives the motor – which in turn drives the generator. It sounds plausible at first glance. But it cannot happen even in theory as there are losses in both the generator and the motor which are not possible – even in theory – to overcome. These losses mean that one watt of power output from the motor into the generator will generate less than one watt of power out from the generator. Similarly one watt of power into the motor from the generator will produce less than one watt of power out to the generator. These unavoidable losses make the idea of perpetual motion impossible. There are many other such “scientific theories” that some members of the community promote that are likewise impossible. None-the-less, there are many people who complain that the science community will not take them seriously when they promote these ideas. Even within the credible science community there are many examples of people who have fought for years to get their theories accepted. A notable example was the two researchers, Dr. J. Robin Warren and Dr. Barry J. Marshall who were awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for showing that bacteria cause stomach ulcers. They started this work in 1982 and it took until 2002 before there was a consensus in the medical community that they were correct. This was despite the fact that a lot of scientific work was carried out by many researchers along the way This backdrop shows just how hard it is to get a consensus even when we are talking real science as opposed to non-science (e.g. perpetual motion). We can now look at 95

96 why the creationist movement has lost the recent legal battles to have Intelligent Design taught in American schools as a “scientific theory”. The answer to why the US Court decided that ID was not a scientific theory of how the universe came into being and how life appeared was given in the words of Dr. Duane Gish, of the Institute for Creation Research. He is one of the prominent creationist theorists. In his book “Evolution? The Fossils Say No!” (1973) and not retracted in his latest edition “Evolution? The Fossils Still Say No!” (2006) he wrote: "By creation we mean the bringing into being by a supernatural Creator of the basic kinds of plants and animals by the process of sudden, or fiat, creation. We do not know how the Creator created, what process He used, for He used processes which are not now operating anywhere in the natural universe. This is why we refer to creation as special creation. We cannot discover by scientific investigations anything about the creative processes used by the Creator." The two critical sections of his statement are highlighted in blue and red. These two assertions automatically rule out the ideas of creationists as being scientific because they assert that it is not possible to even begin to investigate the origins of the universe and life. As was discussed in the last section, the key criterion that is recognised as the line of demarcation between a scientific theory and a speculation is that a scientific hypothesis must be capable of being subjected to a test that can show that it may be false. If a statement, hypothesis, or theory is not falsifiable then – by definition – it is not scientific. In this discussion a clear distinction must be made between a “falsifiable” statement and a “false” statement. There is a big difference between the two. A “false” statement has already been proven to be false hence it does not need any further testing. On the other hand a potentially “falsifiable statement” must be tested by experiment to see if it can be shown to be false. The purpose is to test whether the hypothesis has some basis for being believable and also to explore the limits of applicability of the hypothesis. Duane Gish states in his book that testing of his “theory” of special creation is not possible – hence it cannot be falsified – hence by definition it is not scientific. It cannot be that those who hold creationist beliefs can have it both ways. Either they put up a hypothesis that can be tested to see if it can be falsified – or they cannot claim to have a scientific basis for their beliefs. In this latter case they would have to admit that they hold their views on the basis of a religious belief. A scientific theory must be open to investigation and modification (“What makes a scientific theory – Point 3)” From the Creationist viewpoint the idea of the original creation is now final and closed. Not only is it not able to be investigated – but the clear inference is that it is a forbidden subject to investigate. On this ground alone Creation Science and ID are ruled out as scientific theories of the creation as they will not allow any change in the fixed belief of a six literal day creation as a result of scientific advances in knowledge and new facts that have been discovered. There is another matter that makes the claims of the creationist’s beliefs unscientific. This is the idea of the evidence leading the search to wherever it may go. This is

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97 enforced by the rigorous testing and attempts at falsification of any hypothesis that is proposed. This is not the basis of research undertaken by the creationists according to their published papers and books. - nor according to various court cases, including the latest one on the teaching of ID in public schools in the US (Kitzmiller versus Dover Area School - 2005). The courts have found that the findings of creationist research is based upon first making a conclusion on a subject from a pre-existing view of what they believe the Bible says – and then finding and reporting only those cases that supports the pre-existing conclusion. It is the equivalent of only “looking for cases where water boils at 100º C” By neglecting to include any evidence that water can boil at other temperatures depending on the pressure, the conclusion(s) that are reached are simply not correct or reliable and have no predictive power. However, presented with such evidence, a person who is not knowledgeable in the subject would be convinced that water only boils at 100º C. Clearly such a person would have been misled. So it is with at least some of the “evidence” that is presented by the Creationists The creationist claim of loss of information over time in the genome as an example of hypothesis testing As an example of the creationist’s use of looking only for cases that confirm their hypothesis and neglecting the cases that show the hypothesis to be false, consider the following common assertions by various creationist authors. A quick read of creationist literature in books and on the internet will reveal statements to the effect that “information” in the genetic structure of all life forms started out in the “perfect” condition and have since then continually lost “information” over the intervening time period. These accounts state that mutations are the cause of the loss of information. The reasoning also continues that any mutation results in a loss of information in a pre-existing precisely coded system and that the results of this loss range from neutral to lethal for the organism. They claim also that there is never a gain in information as that would require an input from an external intelligent source. Since they believe that all this was set at the time of the original special creation and that God no longer intervenes in this manner, they do not believe that “information” increases in the genome can occur. At its most basic level, information theory talks about the amount of “information” that is carried in a given sequence of “code” In this case they are referring to the genome that each living thing contains within it. In modern molecular biology usage it refers to all of the hereditary information that is encoded in the DNA of that life form. In order to carry out a scientific exploration of this assertion that any change that occurs in the genome over time must only result in a loss of information, requires us to formulate a hypothesis that we can test. To be scientific this hypothesis must be in a form that allows the hypothesis to be shown to be false if that is indeed the case. If it is not in this form then it is by definition not a scientific experiment To meet this requirement of being able to show that the hypothesis may be false means that the hypothesis is usually framed as an If-Then statement. Three formal hypothesis examples in this format are given below

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98 If the boiling point of water is related to the surrounding pressure, then adding heat to water that is exposed to the prevailing atmospheric pressure at various altitudes above and below sea level, will result in different boiling temperatures at different altitudes. If skin cancer is related to ultraviolet light, then people with a high exposure to UV light will have a higher frequency of skin cancer. If leaf colour change is related to temperature, then exposing plants to low temperatures will result in changes in leaf colour. Formalized hypotheses contain two variables and the prediction that you are making based on your hypothesis. The first variable is the "dependent" one. This is the part of the If condition that is the subject of your investigation. It is expected that the value of this variable will change when the independent variable is changed. The second variable is the "independent" one. This is the variable that you change to see if it confirms or falsifies the prediction made in the then section of the hypothesis. The sample statements above show the dependent variable as blue and the independent variable as red and the prediction is shown in yellow highlight We will now formulate a suitable falsifiable hypothesis to test the assertion of the creationists that only a loss of information can occur in the genome over time. In order to carry out a scientific exploration of this assertion we define the potentially falsifiable hypothesis below. Formal Hypothesis If loss of information in the genome (from zero to 100%) is the inevitable result of the passage of time then examination of the DNA of current life forms will never show a genome that has had extra genes inserted into it by natural means when compared to the DNA from earlier organisms of that same type Discussion of the hypothesis Consider the sentences below as the total genome of an organism. Each word is considered to be a single gene within the entire genome (the sentence). 1. The cat sat on the mat (the original complete functioning genome) 2. The atc sat on the mat (the total information content in the genome remains the same – although it may be considered to have a “fatal mutation” as a result of the scrambling of the “gene” cat e.g. the sentence no longer “makes sense” in the local context – NOTE simply rearranging a “gene” does not result in a loss of information. What it means is simply that in the local context a “fault” has occurred. However, in some other coding system (e.g. in a virus or bacteria) this “corrupted” or rearranged gene information may well be a valid expression for a common function in that organism. The rearranged gene may also simply code for a different eye or hair colour in the host organism. This is not a fault – just a variation).

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99 3. The .... sat on the mat (This genome has lost a functioning gene (e.g. cat – as such it has “probably” lost information – but see section on epigenetics below for qualifications on this assumption) 4. The cat sat on the mat and purred (This genome has gained two extra genes and is a completely functional genome e.g. you can read it and make sense of it) 5. The cat sat urpder on the mat (This genome has gained an extra gene spliced into it (a corruption of “purred”) However it is not a completely functional genome e.g. you cannot read it and make sense of it in the local context – NOTE however that this gene has still gained information because in some other coding system this “rearranged” gene information may well be a valid expression) Out of the five examples above of the various possibilities for changes to the “genome” (the sentence) we see that only example three (3) represented a (probable) loss of information because one “gene” had been cut out of the genome. In example two (2) we see a rearranged gene which “may” cause a problem to the organism. It is also true that the extra gene in example five (5) “may” cause a problem to the organism. However in both examples four (4) and five (5) the genome has gained information The experiment then is to see if we can find any naturally occurring cases of genomes that show the results of examples 4 and 5 Experimental Results The hypothesis will be falsified (e.g. shown to be false) if a single case can be found of a naturally occurring instance of a genome that has gained extra genes from another organism. This sort of gene transfer is known to occur frequently in nature. It is well known and demonstrated that such gene transfers are often the results of viral infections. Refer to the website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer It is also well demonstrated that if this gene addition occurs in a cell that will become an egg or a sperm in the host organism, then the host's offspring will also have a copy of the extra gene in every single cell. – See links below (and many others on this subject of gene transfer and splicing into the host organism) http://www.trdrp.org/fundedresearch/Views/Grant_Page.asp?grant_id=384 http://cvr.bio.uci.edu/downloads/01_defil_lat_gene.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy Conclusions and discussion of the results • The hypothesis that it is only possible to have a loss of information in a genome set with increasing time is conclusively shown to be false. Many dozens of research results have demonstrated that various vectors such as viruses bring about the transfer of genes to other organisms and that these spliced-in genes can and do become a permanent heritable feature of the organism. In this way the genome is shown to increase internal genetic information by natural means. Many gene additions apparently “do nothing” (that we know of at this time) and some others are harmful. However some gene additions and/or mutations actually assist the organism to adapt to its environment. Just one such useful mutation is that 99

100 concerning Lactose tolerance discovered by UCLA and Finnish researchers. This is a painful digestive condition that afflicts some 30 million to 50 million North Americans, 75 percent of African Americans and 90 percent of Asian Americans. The findings are reported in the Jan. 14 issue of Nature Genetics. It is believed that all early humans were Lactose intolerant University Of California - Los Angeles. "UCLA And Finnish Scientists Identify Genetic Mutation That Causes Lactose Intolerance." ScienceDaily 15 January 2002. 26 February 2009 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/01/020115075427.htm • Gene splicing of extra genes into a host organism through viral infection is a naturally occurring mechanism. This contradicts the Creationist claim that only an external intelligent agent (God) can supply the input of the additional information. • The statement by Creationists that only information loss occurs over time as a result of harmful mutations is misleading. It neglects to take into account the opposite phenomenon of gene splicing by natural mechanisms such as viral infection. This misleading conclusion comes about solely because the Creationists look only for instances that confirm their pre-existing belief (e.g. mutations cause loss of information, which in itself is not necessarily true – see next note) and neglect to include the many cases that contradict that finding (e.g. gene splicing from viral activity) In other words they seek to “prove” their hypothesis rather than use the accepted scientific method of trying to falsify (disprove) the hypothesis • Mutation of a gene (e.g. a change in the order of its DNA sequence) is not a loss of information. It is simply a change of the coding. This may or may not affect the organism. Loss of information only occurs when a gene is cut out of the full genome. Even this may not necessarily be a loss of information as the new discipline of epigenetics shows. Studies in epigenetics show that the way in which information is encoded and read from the genome is not necessarily by reading from a linear section of the DNA code. Much more complicated ways of reading the DNA strand are the normal practice in a cell • People who only read Creationist material and who are not scientifically trained would be misled by such material into believing that evolution of the organism cannot occur by natural means The role of viruses in adding new information into the genetic structure Virtually everybody in the world has first-hand experience of the genetic code in their cells gaining information. This happens every time you become infected with a virus of any sort. A virus itself is an organism that straddles the fence between a living thing and nonliving. By themselves they can do nothing. It is only when they come into contact with a suitable living cell (depending on the type of virus) that they are activated. The virus itself is a sub-microscopic package of genetic material (DNA or RNA) contained in an outer coat. Once inside the host the virus takes over the host cell DNA. This take-over process is carried out by inserting their own genes (their DNA or RNA) and changing the function of the cell. The aim of this takeover is to cause the cell to

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101 become a factory for reproducing many copies of the virus. The cell now has new information that totally changes the way in which it functions. These viral copies that are produced by the now re-programmed cell quite frequently have some of the host cell DNA copied into the DNA structure of the virus. It is also frequently the case that this remains as a permanent addition to the host’s genome in the infected cells. If this gene addition occurs in a germ cell such as an egg or a sperm in the host organism, then the host's offspring will also have a copy of the extra gene in every single cell in the organism. In this way viruses act as couriers and transfer genetic information from one host to another. The process is known as transduction. In addition, viruses continually mutate into new versions with slightly different capabilities. Each new successful mutation then adds “new information” into the viral DNA. This new information is then mixed with and incorporated into the genomes of the succeeding hosts that the virus infects as well as the viruses that the infected host cell manufactures. This process of transduction has gone on throughout the history of life. It has resulted in a continuous shuffling of genes across the species in each category of life – that is animal, plant, bacterial (using bacteriophage – a virus that infects bacteria) and viruses themselves through viruses that infect other viruses (virophages). Far from the genetic structure of organisms losing information across time, it has become mixed up with new information from other organisms through the action of viruses. The genetic code of DNA is far from understood at this time. Most of the functions of the DNA in the genome are not understood. In fact some of it is referred to as “junk DNA” People understand that is not true – but are still at a loss to understand how the genetic structure works. However some understanding is beginning to dawn and it is now apparent that the way that the genetic code functions is not necessarily simply by reading sequential sections of DNA code. The discoveries are published in the discipline known as epigenetics History tells us that a genome is remarkably stable as far as maintaining the basic shape and structure of an organism. It is clear that these new genes don’t necessarily work in the entire genome the way that it has been assumed in the past e.g. add some new code – and you disrupt the function and hence the organism. Mankind is still learning the complexities and wonders of the intellect of God. A summary of the main points in the Court Judgement in the ID trial A quick final summary of the main points of the judgements in various court cases involving Creation science and Intelligent Design as they relate to the validity of Creation Science (CS) and ID not being a scientific theory are given below. This judgement confirms in the legal sphere that the beliefs of CS and ID do not fulfil the requirements of being a scientific theory. If any individual wishes to believe the ideas that CS and ID teach then it should simply be on the basis of a religious belief. It should not be promoted as scientific. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District

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102 • The evidence at trial demonstrates that ID is nothing less than the progeny of creationism. (page 31) • The overwhelming evidence at trial established that ID is a religious view, a mere re-labelling of creationism, and not a scientific theory. (page 43) • After a searching review of the record and applicable case-law, we find that while ID arguments may be true, a proposition on which the Court takes no position, ID is not science. We find that ID fails on three different levels, any one of which is sufficient to preclude a determination that ID is science. They are: (1) ID violates the centuries-old ground rules of science by invoking and permitting supernatural causation; (2) the argument of irreducible complexity, central to ID, employs the same flawed and illogical contrived dualism that doomed creation science in the 1980's; and (3) ID's negative attacks on evolution have been refuted by the scientific community. (page 64) • [T]he one textbook [Pandas] to which the Dover ID Policy directs students contains outdated concepts and flawed science, as recognized by even the defence experts in this case. (pages 86–87) • Accordingly, we find that the secular purposes claimed by the Board amount to a pretext for the Board's real purpose, which was to promote religion in the public school classroom, in violation of the Establishment Clause. (page 132) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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Scientific Dating Methods Or To be reliable as a dating method you must have agreement between multiple methods of dating a sample The controversy One of the main points of disagreement between scientists and creationists is the question of the age of the earth. Creationists insist it is only in the order of 6,000 years old. The view of science is that it is around 4.6 billion years old. The question of dating techniques is deeply technical. Very few people outside of the specialists involved in carrying out the measurements understand the technicalities involved. It is not my intention to attempt to get involved in a deep technical discussion on matters that I am not expert in – and on a subject that very few people have any deep interest in. However because this subject is critical in the question of how old the earth really is we have to look at it in overview. Fortunately this is easily done Clearly if science can show that the earth is much older than the creationist estimate of about 6,000 years, then the views of science must prevail in the debate. There are currently over forty (40) methods of dating samples – including rocks. Contrary to some creationist statements, these dating methods do not rely on using the circular dating argument that goes like this: • How old is that rock? – Well it was found with fossil “X” in it – and we “know” that fossil “X” is 2 million years old so the rock must be 2 million years old. • How old is that fossil “X”? – Well it was found in that rock which we “know” is 2 million years old so fossil “X” must be 2 million years old. The dating methods are all solidly based in theory and practice and have been well established and accepted by the science community. A list of the main types and links to them are shown below for those who are interested in further information on how they work Radiometric dating methods (radioactive decay of various chemical elements – valid up to billions of years) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometric_dating Dendrochronology (study of tree rings – Fully anchored chronologies extend back more than 10,000 years for river oak trees from South Germany. Another fully anchored chronology extends back 8500 years for the bristlecone pine in the Southwest US. Furthermore, the mutual consistency of these two independent dendrochronological sequences has been confirmed by comparing their radiocarbon and dendrochronological ages. In 2004 a new calibration curve INTCAL04 was internationally ratified for calibrated dates back to 26,000 Before Present (BP) based on an agreed worldwide data set of trees and marine sediments. Evidence from tree growth rings alone go back well beyond the 6000 year age of the earth claimed by creationists http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrochronology 103

104 Ice core dating (the accumulation of snow and ice layers with trapped air bubbles and other atmospheric inclusions - valid up to hundreds of thousands of years) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_core The various dating methods all have their own range of acceptable usage. Provided that the correct method is used you will get an accurate result. This last point regarding using the correct method is spoken about in Page 25 of the internet article below. It is referring to an assertion made by a creationist group where the author quoted clearly incorrect data on a particular rock dating method. People who are not technically trained in radiometric dating methods – and who took that assertion at face value – would have been misled by the author. The science community is very sceptical. They have to be. Simply because a particular dating method gives a certain date for a sample under test is not sufficient for that date to be accepted. It is the equivalent of making a prediction that “this sample is “X” years old” As covered in great detail in the last chapter, the whole idea of hypothesis testing is to try and show that the prediction made by the hypothesis is false. In order to try and falsify the date given by a particular dating method, the sample is dated using a variety of other methods that are accepted as being applicable to the sample in question. Using this method of multiple dating techniques the results from all of them will converge to a single small range of dates for the sample in question. This is an accurate and reliable result that can be relied on with reasonable certainty. Using many different appropriate radiometric dating techniques of ancient rocks, the results all converge to a date for the age of the earth of about 4.6 billion years old. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth This is the accepted age for the earth that has been verified many times. How reliable is it? Well to answer that, it must be understood that science is very competitive. All scientists put in a great deal of effort in trying to show that the results of their competitors are wrong. There are two reasons for this. First is a simple matter of personal pride that “they were correct” and that “their competitor was wrong” This is also motivated by the fact that their position and pay scale is also directly linked to how successful they are as a scientist. The other factor in science is that the money for scientific work comes from government grants and some money from private sources. The success of any particular scientist or research department in attracting grant money is directly tied to their success in their field. A good part of that success is judged on how many peer reviewed papers that the individual scientists have published in the various recognised and respected professional journals. To get a paper past the peer review panel is not easy as your work is being scrutinized by recognised experts in the field of the paper that is being submitted. The peer review panel does not have to agree with a given paper – indeed they often don’t. But for the panel to recommend that the paper be published it has to demonstrate sound scientific experimental methods and conclusions that are supported by the data from the experiments. The science community is made up of Christians, other religious beliefs, agnostics and atheists in about the same proportion as you find these various groups represented in 104

105 the general community. As said above, they are all competing for personal recognition as well as recognition for their group. As part of this competition – as well as for the science reasons – they are all trying to falsify the hypotheses put out by others. This is a form of Darwinian selection in its own right. Only those ideas that can show that they cannot be falsified will be accepted. Looked at another way, the only ideas that are accepted are those which the data forces them to accept – whether they like it or not. It is this very hard-to-pass test that leads to confidence in the facts and theories that are finally accepted. The creationists are known to assert that “The science community censors and suppresses the ideas of CS or ID because it shows that the science community are wrong” As discussed above, papers fail to get past a peer review panel because they are not good science – not simply because they are controversial. The Darwinian nature of science itself ensures that censorship cannot work in the long run. It never has and it never will! A good example is the earlier discussion about the Catholic Church and the ideas of Galileo. In the end – because it was true – Galileo won. He won against the power and influence of the Catholic Church. Scientists today don’t have to battle against the odds that Galileo did. It might be hard to get a new idea accepted – but if the science is good, then any new idea will succeed as in the example in the previous chapter where Dr. J. Robin Warren and Dr. Barry J. Marshall were finally awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for showing that bacteria cause stomach ulcers. The rest of this chapter is a direct copy of a website by a Christian scientist on rock dating. It is non-technical and well worth reading as it makes a very clear and compelling case that explains why the evidence clearly shows that the earth is very old NOTE – For reasons of space only selected sections from pages 11, 12, 20, 21 & 25 from the thirty three (33) page article have been included below. These sections are sufficient to show conclusively that the earth is around 4 and a half billion years old. The web link for the full article is shown in the header of the article below for those who wish to read the full article ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The explanation from the world of science

Radiometric Dating A Christian Perspective Dr. Roger C. Wiens http://www.asa3.org/ASA/resources/Wiens.html Dr. Wiens has a PhD in Physics, with a minor in Geology. His PhD thesis was on isotope ratios in meteorites, including surface exposure dating. He was employed at Caltech's Division of Geological & Planetary Sciences at the time of writing the first edition. He is presently employed in the Space & Atmospheric Sciences Group at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. First edition 1994; revised version 2002. Radiometric dating--the process of determining the age of rocks from the decay of their radioactive elements--has been in widespread use for over half a century. There are over forty such techniques, each using a different radioactive element or a different 105

106 way of measuring them. It has become increasingly clear that these radiometric dating techniques agree with each other and as a whole, present a coherent picture in which the Earth was created a very long time ago. Further evidence comes from the complete agreement between radiometric dates and other dating methods such as counting tree rings or glacier ice core layers. Many Christians have been led to distrust radiometric dating and are completely unaware of the great number of laboratory measurements that have shown these methods to be consistent. Many are also unaware that Bible-believing Christians are among those actively involved in radiometric dating. This paper describes in relatively simple terms how a number of the dating techniques work, how accurately the half-lives of the radioactive elements and the rock dates themselves are known, and how dates are checked with one another. In the process the paper refutes a number of misconceptions prevalent among Christians today. This paper is available on the web via the American Scientific Affiliation and related sites to promote greater understanding and wisdom on this issue, particularly within the Christian community. Page 11 There is another way to determine the age of the Earth. If we see an hourglass whose sand has run out, we know that it was turned over longer ago than the time interval it measures. Similarly, if we find that a radioactive parent was once abundant but has since run out, we know that it too was set longer ago than the time interval it measures. There are in fact many, many more parent isotopes than those listed in Table 1. However, most of them are no longer found naturally on Earth-they have run out. Their half-lives range down to times shorter than we can measure. Every single element has radioisotopes that no longer exist on Earth! Many people are familiar with a chart of the elements (Fig. 6). Nuclear chemists and geologists use a different kind of figure to show all of the isotopes. It is called a chart of the nuclides. Figure 7 shows a portion of this chart. It is basically a plot of the number of protons vs. the number of neutrons for various isotopes. Recall that an element is defined by how many protons it has. Each element can have a number of different isotopes, that is, atoms with different numbers of neutrons.

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107 7. A portion of the chart of the nuclides showing isotopes of argon and potassium, and some of the isotopes of chlorine and calcium. Isotopes shown in dark green are found in rocks. Isotopes shown in light green have short half-lives, and thus are no longer found in rocks. Short-lived isotopes can be made for nearly every element in the periodic table, but unless replenished by cosmic rays or other radioactive isotopes, they no longer exist in nature. So each element occupies a single row, while different isotopes of that element lie in different columns. For potassium found in nature, the total neutrons plus protons can add up to 39, 40, or 41. Potassium-39 and -41 are stable, but potassium-40 is unstable, giving us the dating methods discussed above. Besides the stable potassium isotopes and potassium-40, it is possible to produce a number of other potassium isotopes, but, as shown by the half-lives of these isotopes off to the side, they decay away rather quickly. Page 12 Now, if we look at which radioisotopes still exist and which do not, we find a very interesting fact. Nearly all isotopes with half-lives shorter than half a billion years are no longer in existence. For example, although most rocks contain significant amounts of Calcium, the isotope Calcium-41 (half-life 130,000 years does not exist just as potassium-38, -42, -43, etc. do not (Fig. 7). Just about the only radioisotopes found naturally are those with very long half-lives of close to a billion years or longer, as illustrated in the time line in Fig. 8. The only isotopes present with shorter half-lives are those that have a source constantly replenishing them. Chlorine-36 (shown in Fig. 7) is one such "cosmogenic" isotope, as we are about to discuss below. In a number of cases there is evidence, particularly in meteorites, that shorter-lived isotopes existed at some point in the past, but have since become extinct. Some of these isotopes and their halflives are given in Table 2. This is conclusive evidence that the solar system was created longer ago than the span of these half lives! On the other hand, the existence in nature of parent isotopes with half lives around a billion years and longer is strong evidence that the Earth was created not longer ago than several billion years. The Earth is old enough that radioactive isotopes with half-lives less than half a billion years decayed away, but not so old that radioactive isotopes with longer half-lives are gone. This is just like finding hourglasses measuring a long time interval still going, while hourglasses measuring shorter intervals have run out.

Figure 8. The only naturally-occurring radionuclides that exist with no presentday source have half-lives close to 1 billion years or longer, which still exist from the creation of the Earth. Isotopes with half-lives shorter than that no longer exist in rocks unless they are being replenished by some source. 107

108 Cosmogenic Radionuclides: Carbon-14, Beryllium-10, Chlorine-36 Table 2. Extinct parent isotopes for which there is strong evidence that these once existed in substantial amounts in meteorites, but have since completely decayed away. Extinct Isotope

Half-Life (Years)

Plutonium-244

82 million

Iodine-129

16 million

Palladium-107

6.5 million

Manganese-53

3.7 million

Iron-60

1.5 million

Aluminum-26

700,000

Calcium-41

130,000

Page 20 Beyond this, scientists have now used a "time machine" to prove that the half-lives of radioactive species were the same millions of years ago. This time machine does not allow people to actually go back in time, but it does allow scientists to observe ancient events from a long way away. The time machine is called the telescope. Because God's universe is so large, images from distant events take a long time to get to us. Telescopes allow us to see supernovae (exploding stars) at distances so vast that the pictures take hundreds of thousands to millions of years to arrive at the Earth. So the events we see today actually occurred hundreds of thousands to millions of years ago. And what do we see when we look back in time? Much of the light following a supernova blast is powered by newly created radioactive parents. So we observe radiometric decay in the supernova light. The half-lives of decays occurring hundreds of thousands of years ago are thus carefully recorded! These half-lives completely agree with the half-lives measured from decays occurring today. We must conclude that all evidence points towards unchanging radioactive half-lives. Some individuals have suggested that the speed of light must have been different in the past, and that the starlight has not really taken so long to reach us. However, the astronomical evidence mentioned above also suggests that the speed of light has not changed, or else we would see a significant apparent change in the half-lives of these ancient radioactive decays. Some people have tried to defend a young Earth position by saying that the half-lives of radionuclides can in fact be changed, and that this can be done by certain little108

109 understood particles such as neutrinos, muons, or cosmic rays. This is stretching it. While certain particles can cause nuclear changes, they do not change the half-lives. The nuclear changes are well understood and are nearly always very minor in rocks. In fact the main nuclear changes in rocks are the very radioactive decays we are talking about. There are only three quite technical instances where a half-life changes, and these do not affect the dating methods we have discussed. 1. Only one technical exception occurs under terrestrial conditions, and this is not for an isotope used for dating. According to theory, electron-capture is the most likely type of decay to show changes with pressure or chemical combination, and this should be most pronounced for very light elements. The artificially-produced isotope, beryllium-7 has been shown to change by up to 1.5%, depending on its chemical environment (Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 171, 325-328, 1999; see also Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 195, 131139, 2002). In another experiment, a half-life change of a small fraction of a percent was detected when beryllium-7 was subjected to 270,000 atmospheres of pressure, equivalent to depths greater than 450 miles inside the Earth (Science 181, 1163-1164, 1973). All known rocks, with the possible exception of diamonds, are from much shallower depths. In fact, beryllium-7 is not used for dating rocks, as it has a half-life of only 54 days, and heavier atoms are even less subject to these minute changes, so the dates of rocks made by electron-capture decays would only be off by at most a few hundredths of a percent. Page 21 2. Physical conditions at the center of stars or for cosmic rays differ very greatly from anything experienced in rocks on or in the Earth. Yet, self-proclaimed "experts" often confuse these conditions. Cosmic rays are very, very high-energy atomic nuclei flying through space. The electron-capture decay mentioned above does not take place in cosmic rays until they slow down. This is because the fast-moving cosmic ray nuclei do not have electrons surrounding them, which are necessary for this form of decay. Another case is material inside of stars, which is in a plasma state where electrons are not bound to atoms. In the extremely hot stellar environment, a completely different kind of decay can occur. ' Bound-state beta decay' occurs when the nucleus emits an electron into a bound electronic state close to the nucleus. This has been observed for dysprosium-163 and rhenium-187 under very specialized conditions simulating the interior of stars (Phys. Rev. Lett., 69, 2164-2167; Phys. Rev. Lett., 77, 5190-5193, 1996). All normal matter, such as everything on Earth, the Moon, meteorites, etc. has electrons in normal positions, so these instances never apply to rocks, or anything colder than several hundred thousand degrees. As an example of incorrect application of these conditions to dating, one young-Earth proponent suggested that God used plasma conditions when He created the Earth a few thousand years ago. This writer suggested that the rapid decay rate of rhenium under extreme plasma conditions might explain why rocks give very old ages instead of a young-Earth age. This writer neglected a number of things, including: a) plasmas only affect a few of the dating methods. More importantly, b) rocks and hot gaseous plasmas are completely incompatible forms of matter! The material would have to revert back from the plasma state before it could form rocks. In such a scenario, as the rocks cooled and hardened, their ages would be completely reset to zero as described in previous sections. If this person's scenario were correct, instead of showing old ages, all the

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110 rocks should show a uniform ~4,000 year age of creation. That is obviously not what is observed. 3. The last case also involves very fast-moving matter. It has been demonstrated by atomic clocks in very fast spacecraft. These atomic clocks slow down very slightly (only a second or so per year) as predicted by Einstein's theory of relativity. No rocks in our solar system are going fast enough to make a noticeable change in their dates. These cases are very specialized, and all are well understood. None of these cases alter the dates of rocks either on Earth or other planets in the solar system. The conclusion once again is that half-lives are completely reliable in every context for the dating of rocks on Earth and even on other planets. The Earth and all creation appears to be very ancient. Page 25 Refer to the notes at the beginning of the chapter regarding one of the assertions of creationists using incorrect data 14. A young-Earth research group reported that they sent a rock erupted in 1980 from Mount Saint Helens volcano to a dating lab and got back a potassium-argon age of several million years. This shows we should not trust radiometric dating. There are indeed ways to "trick" radiometric dating if a single dating method is improperly used on a sample. Anyone can move the hands on a clock and get the wrong time. Likewise, people actively looking for incorrect radiometric dates can in fact get them. Geologists have known for over forty years that the potassium-argon method cannot be used on rocks only twenty to thirty years old. Publicizing this incorrect age as a completely new finding was inappropriate. The reasons are discussed in the Potassium-Argon Dating section above. Be assured that multiple dating methods used together on igneous rocks are almost always correct unless the sample is too difficult to date due to factors such as metamorphism or a large fraction of xenoliths.

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The Scientific view of the Universe and Life Or How do scientists view this question in light of their personal beliefs and exactly what do they say about the origins of life Do the ideas of the science community contradict the Biblical account of creation? This is too large of a question to be answered in one hit. We need to break it down into the views of “science” as a body and “scientists” as individuals. The question of whether science as a community agrees with the Genesis account of creation will be answered in a later chapter (“The Genesis account of creation”). The views of individual scientists Individual scientists are people just like anybody else. Apart from their work in science they hold a great variety of personal belief systems. They are Christians, Hindus, Buddhists, many other religions, humanists, agnostics (don’t know), atheists as well as “really don’t care” The proportions of each belief system within the science community would almost certainly be much the same as the proportions of those beliefs throughout the rest of the wider community. It is against this backdrop that we have to try and see the motivations of all the people who make up the science community. At a personal level many scientists hold various religious views. All of this group will have some form of belief of how the world was created. However they don’t – or shouldn’t – allow these beliefs to influence their scientific work. A professional scientist will follow the science wherever it goes with the assurance that whatever is discovered will simply deepen their understanding of how God really created the universe and all that is in it. A good example of this is the furore that Galileo created in the Catholic Church around 400 years ago when he published his findings that supported the ideas of Copernicus who said that the sun was at the center of the solar system and the earth rotated around the sun – not the other way round as had been believed up until that time. As a result of that controversy, today everybody has a much deeper view and understanding of the grandeur of the universe. “Religious” scientists know that whatever the findings in the current search for the origins of the universe – and all the current controversies – in the end, the final picture that emerges will enlarge our understanding of our origins and increase our awe at the complexity and intellect of the God who created it all. The important point is that “religious” scientists don’t seek to confirm their pre-existing ideas. They understand that unless they follow the scientific method of trying to disprove their own hypotheses, then they run the very real risk of putting themselves in the position of the Catholic Church when it opposed the evidence of Galileo. In this case they end up rejecting the truth of creation and leading themselves, and those who look to them for guidance, up a dead-end path. In previous chapters we have explored the Biblical claims that God chooses who He will reveal himself to. In the case of Christian scientists, God has placed in them a basic belief that He created everything. While it is true that science still does not have anywhere near the full answers, at least Christians have a “vague idea” that God is behind it all. However those scientists who are agnostic or atheist have not had this revelation that God created the universe. It is human nature that we all like to have 111

112 some overall sense of “how things are” even if we don’t know the full details. Somehow agnostic and atheist scientists have got to form an opinion on how everything came into existence in order to fulfil that “need to know.” In the current scientific state of knowledge that “grand idea” is that which was proposed by Charles Darwin in his 1859 book “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection: Or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life” and his later book and better known book, “The Origin of Species by means of natural selection” http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/ Darwin’s ideas of the evolutionary process are the scientific equivalent to Newton’s ideas on gravity – a good beginning, but a long way to go One critical issue needs to be emphasised at this point, and this understanding is often missed – even by a lot of evolutionary biologists. Darwin’s ideas are the biological equivalent to Newton’s ideas on gravity. Both of these learned gentlemen describe what is observed to happen in nature. However, neither of them give – or attempt to give – an explanation of the deep mechanisms that underlie their observations. In Newton’s case this was left to Einstein to explain the deeper aspects of gravitation and is now being expanded with the ideas of quantum gravity – which in turn will in the future give way to an even deeper understanding of gravity, space, time and mass. In the case of Darwin we have a very curious situation. Even very prominent evolutionary scientists such as Richard Dawkins has openly stated on TV that he believes that “all the big questions” in science are now close to being answered. (Excerpt below from interview with Andrew Denton on Australian TV show called “The Elders” 21 December 2009 – transcript available at: http://www.abc.net.au/tv/elders/transcripts/s2757522.htm) ANDREW DENTON: What would you like to live long enough to know the answer to? RICHARD DAWKINS: I'm not a physicist but physicists talk about a theory of everything, talk about understanding those corners of physics, of the universe, of the cosmos, which we still don't yet have a grasp of. And it's not impossible that that will come in the next few decades, even in the next couple of years perhaps. ANDREW DENTON: That concept to me is my small brain is starting to explode thinking about that... RICHARD DAWKINS: Well me too, yes, I mean I agree with that, and I'm pretty pessimistic that I would personally understand the theory of everything. I don't know enough physics or mathematics to do that, but I think if the theory of everything said, we now understand where the laws of physics come from, where the physical constants come from, why there is a universe at all, how it started, if indeed "started" means anything. I think physicists are not far from that now and it may just need one more little push and they might they might be there. It is strange to me that many biologists don’t appear to understand that natural selection is simply a mechanism that adapts an organism to an environment. They appear to believe that the description of the natural selection mechanism is very close to a full 112

113 understanding of the complete story of the emergence of life in all its spectacular glory and wonder. They appear to think like many did in the time of Newton, that he had “explained gravity” with his mechanistic law that described how objects move in a gravitational field. But like many then – and still today with biology – they don’t seem to understand that these simple explanations (e.g. natural selection and Newtonian gravity) only describe “what happens”, but give no clues as to “how” or “why” Even more amazing is the apparent dismissal by many biologists of the question of the nature of, and the emergence of, consciousness and intelligence and its apparent connections to the quantum world. Surely if something as “simple” as Newton’s ideas of gravity have now become enmeshed in the quantum world (quantum gravity) – surely something much more complex like consciousness with its observed connections to the quantum world would logically mean that there is much more to discover about life? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind I think that there are very few physicists who believe like Richard Dawkins that they are about to reach the end of physics anytime within the foreseeable future. I agree that life clearly evolved over huge periods of time because that’s what the evidence unquestionably shows. In that respect Darwin was correct. However, I have to say that much of the evidence in the writings and utterances of many biologists shows that they have the same limited view of life as many scientists did in Newton’s time in regard to gravity. This is a serious shortcoming on the part of those scientists who seem to believe that there are no more “big ideas” to be discovered yet about the emergence and development of life. It erodes their credibility. In many ways these biologists are just as much fundamentalists in science as many Christians are fundamentalists in their beliefs about the origin of the universe and life. The Creationists take a very simple and naïve view of the Bible and the world around them. As a result, their views are discounted by those people who think about the real facts of science. However many fundamentalist biologists are really not a lot different to the Christian fundamentalists. These Darwinian fundamentalists take the relatively simple observations of Darwin and then insist that a simple adaptation mechanism (natural selection) is all that is needed to explain the origin and development of species and complex phenomenon such as life and consciousness. This despite the fact that there is no satisfactory explanation of what life or consciousness is. As an example of what I mean, think about why an animal or a person is alive “now” but dead “a “few moments later” What exactly is it that changed so that they are dead – but was alive a few moments earlier? Think also about the huge intellectual gap that exists between humans and animals. There is still today no real idea of what brings about this intellectual gap. Some people say it is because we are “a conscious being” But what does that mean in concrete terms? We can all recognise “consciousness” but so far no one can define it. The evidence of the truth of this statement is simple. If we could actually define and describe consciousness – then we could program it into a computer program. Science is currently nowhere near being able to do that But still despite all these currently unanswerable questions we still have some “true believers” in the “Gospel according to Darwin” – who say, “natural selection” is the answer to all these mysteries” They apparently, don’t believe – or can’t understand – that there are more “big ideas” to come before we unravel the mysteries of life. In the 113

114 eyes of most critical thinkers they are just as discredited as Creationists as they cling to their primitive and outmoded ideas. The rest of this book will look at Darwin’s ideas and the attempts by Creationists to undermine them. It will also look at some of the emerging ideas that attempt to explain some of the diversity and shapes of life on the planet Charles Darwin and his ideas I don’t think that any single book has created more controversy – and confusion – than Charles Darwin’s books on his theories on how life evolved. Darwin himself anticipated and understood the problems that his books were going to throw up and wrote in 1872, "it is always advisable to perceive clearly our ignorance.” This is advice that should still be followed today. It has to be realized that from the day that “On the Origin of Species” was published even the science community was divided on the claims in it. This situation still exists to this day. It must also be clearly understood that if Darwin came back today he would be hard-pressed to recognise much of his original theory as science has advanced so much since he published the book. One aspect of this is the science of genetics and inheritance as well as the structure of the genome made up as it is with DNA. This new knowledge has given the scientists of today a much better understanding of how the mechanism of natural selection works. Still it was a remarkable insight that Darwin had. Darwin’s theory rests on two main pillars which he announced in his books. They are the ideas that all life has descended from a common ancestor with modification along the way, and the idea of natural selection as being the mechanism of the modification. The concept of natural selection is indisputably correct. Decent from a common ancestor is less certain and is the subject of dispute. Descent from a common ancestor Darwin believed that all present-day life forms have descended from much simpler ancestors. While molecular biology supports this theory up to a point it has a major problem with what is known as the Cambrian Explosion which we will very briefly look at below. Briefly, there are several reasons that science believes that all life forms today have a common ancestor. The two top level reasons are: All known life shares a common biochemistry and genetic code – The form of the genetic code is essentially identical for all known life-forms, from single celled organisms such as bacteria to humans. Analysis of the genes of many organisms also provides support for the idea of descent from a common ancestor. As examples, about 97.5% of the genes in both humans and mice are the same. For chimpanzees, we share about 99% of the same genes. The Tree of Life – This is a phylogenetic tree diagram that is constructed using genetic information. In biology, phylogenetics is the science of tracing evolutionary relationships among various groups of organisms such as different species. The method 114

115 used is to trace through the molecular sequence in the various genes. It also uses morphological (shape) information, such as all dogs look like dogs and all birds look like birds to help trace out the branches on the Tree of Life. Traditionally, these trees were only constructed using morphological methods that took into account the appearance of the animals in a given type (e.g. wolves, dogs etc.). It is now possible to compare the genetic structures of a line of creatures running back through time. The morphological trees and the genetic trees all produce similar results. This is considered to be strong evidence that all life forms do have a common ancestor. The real problem that arises in the idea of a common ancestor comes from the fossil evidence of what has become known as the Cambrian Explosion. This is a time about 500 million years ago, which lasted for about 40 million years, when the majority of the major groups of animals first appeared in the fossil record. There are fossils that extend back to earlier periods, but the majority first appear during the Cambrian Period. By far and away the majority of these life forms occur in the ancient seas. It is generally accepted that no significant land plants existed at this time. However it is probable that there were simple precursor life forms to complex plants such as fungi, algae and lichens on the land. These fossils represent the grouping of animals based on the general body plan of each group of animals that eventually made its appearance in later time periods. However it must be noted that these fossils are only the precursors of animals and most plants today. For instance you will not find a fossil of a rabbit or an elephant – only the distant precursor forms that eventually led to these later animals. This is an important statement as some groups today specifically state that fossils of all animals – or at least similar animals – appeared in the Cambrian Era fossil records. This sudden “explosion” of life forms during this period is the single greatest problem for the idea that all life came from a single common ancestor. The existence of these fossils was known by the middle 1800’s and Darwin himself recognized the problem and said that it was one of the main objections to his theory. Even today, there is still great scientific debate on this subject of a common ancestor. In the interest of good science it must be clearly stated that some scientists today are starting to question whether the “explosion” of fossils during this period is real – or whether it just looks as if an “explosion” of life forms occurred at the time. Only time will give the answer to this question. We will look at this sudden explosion of life in a little more detail in the chapter, “Observations of the Natural World” and see that this sort of sudden expansion of complexity is very closely related to the concept of fractal mathematics. As that chapter will explain, the natural world is fractal by its very nature. The ideas behind “fractal” will be explained in the preceding chapter entitled, “Did God need a special act of creation for each different living organism?” Natural selection Most people when they think of Darwin’s idea of “natural selection” think of the saying “the survival of the fittest” or the “the survival of the strongest” The idea suggested here is that of a fight between a stronger animal and a weaker animal where the strongest animal wins the battle and probably ends up eating the weaker animal. The idea is that there is a constant “war” and the strong live at the expense of the weak. 115

116 However this is not what he meant. In order to get the flavour you need to read the actual account in his book. The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection - Page 53 http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/ Can it then be thought improbable, seeing that variations useful to man have undoubtedly occurred, that other variations useful in some way to each being in the great and complex battle of life, should occur in the course of many successive generations? If such do occur, can we doubt (remembering that many more individuals are born than can possibly survive) that individuals having any advantage, however slight, over others, would have the best chance of surviving and procreating their kind? On the other hand, we may feel sure that any variation in the least degree injurious would be rigidly destroyed. This preservation of favourable individual differences and variations, and the destruction of those which are injurious, I have called Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest. Variations neither useful nor injurious would not be affected by natural selection, and would be left either a fluctuating element, as perhaps we see in certain polymorphic species, or would ultimately become fixed, owing to the nature of the organism and the nature of the conditions. Page 62 Natural selection acts only by the preservation and accumulation of small inherited modifications, each profitable to the preserved being Page 82 But if variations useful to any organic being ever do occur, assuredly individuals thus characterised will have the best chance of being preserved in the struggle for life; and from the strong principle of inheritance, these will tend to produce offspring similarly characterised. This principle of preservation, or the survival of the fittest, I have called natural selection. It leads to the improvement of each creature in relation to its organic and inorganic conditions of life; and consequently, in most cases, to what must be regarded as an advance in organisation. Nevertheless, low and simple forms will long endure if well fitted for their simple conditions of life As the quotations above, taken directly from “The Origin of Species” shows, Darwin’s concept of the “the survival of the fittest” is quite different to the savage jungle-like “dog-eat-dog” idea that creationism casts this expression as. The idea behind natural selection is very simple. Any plant or animal that has a particular characteristic that makes it more successful at surviving in a given environment will be more likely to breed and pass on that heritable characteristic than other less well adapted plants or animals. Over time, the general population will contain more animals or plants that have this “desirable” characteristic than those who don’t. It is an example of Darwin’s statement (above) “This principle of preservation, or the survival of the fittest, I have called natural selection.” Hence, over time we will see a change in the species as it adapts to the changing environment around it. Given that the environment has, and is, constantly undergoing changes it would be a very “poor design” that did not have an inbuilt mechanism that allowed the plants and animals living in it to adapt to changes in their environment.

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117 Natural selection is at work all around us constantly. However the best known example is the Galapagos finches that Darwin studied on the Voyage of the Beagle (1831 to 1836). During that voyage he visited the Galapagos Islands. On 14 different islands he found finches that – although they were similar to other finches on the mainland of South America, about 600 miles to the east – all had various changes to their beaks. These changes allowed the birds to take advantage of different food niches on the island. Some of the finches had beaks that were adapted for eating large seeds – others were adapted for small seeds. Some of them had beaks similar to parrots for feeding on buds and fruits. Others had thin beaks for feeding on small insects. One type was observed to use a thorn to probe for grubs in tree trunks and wood on the ground in the same way that some types of woodpeckers do. Six species of the finches lived on the ground. The other eight lived in trees. These islands did not have other birds already filling these various food niches. This enabled the original finches from the mainland to diversify and fill these niches instead. If this diversification had not occurred, then the total population of finches on the islands would have remained limited by the original food types that the mainland finches lived on. This would have meant that the total finch population would have been much smaller. More importantly, many of the islands would never have been suitable for the finches to live on as the ecology of each island in the group varied from the others. A “species” is defined as a group of organisms that cannot breed with other closely related versions of the organism. There has been – and still is – much argument about how a separate species arises and splits off from a parent population. It is not proposed to get into a discussion of how speciation is believed to occur as anybody who is interested can easily find many documents on the internet that describe the general process. Suffice to say for this discussion that it is strongly believed to occur simply as a result of an accumulation of specific useful characteristics – that are preserved in a species by natural selection – as the environment changes around them. As an example, consider what would eventually happen if an environment went from a very dry to a flooded environment over many decades and generations of the animals. Any animals that had small naturally occurring variations in their feet that would help them to swim and hence get to food sources in the new wetter environment would have a natural advantage over animals who could not swim as well. The better swimmers would be “naturally selected” by the environment by the simple fact that they would be the most successful breeders (e.g. you can’t breed if you don’t survive or are in poor condition). By breeding, the useful changes in their feet that allowed better swimming would be preserved in the population made up of their offspring. Eventually you would probably see animals that actually developed webbed feet so that they could swim, whereas their older relatives were adapted to walking on hot dry sand. The above general description of how a species can split off from a parent population is only one of a range of known speciation mechanisms. A more detailed discussion of speciation can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciation The main point here is that natural selection is an easily identifiable mechanism in nature that allows animals to spread out and fill all of the available food niches that exist throughout the environment – as well as adapting to any climate changes that 117

118 occur. It is a direct fulfilment of God’s command for the living plants and creatures to “fill the earth” (Genesis 1:20-28) Although it cannot be “proved” that natural selection was a design feature that God built into the creation, it can certainly be inferred that it is the case. Any good human machine designer who makes something such as the small interplanetary mobile robots that we send out to explore the planets, strives to design and build into these robots the ability to adapt to strange and unknown conditions. If mankind does that with “primitive” mobile robots – then would we expect God to do less with the marvellous diversity of life that He created and that would need to adapt to an ever-changing world in order to survive and prosper in the long term? You also see a modified form of the process in the “human selection” that occurs when people deliberately intervene in nature. This happens whenever people use selective breeding to produce plants and animals that have certain characteristics that can be used in commercial farming operations. Genetic tracing methods can follow gene trails back along the “Tree of Life”. This is an international web based project that is sponsored by the US government agency the National Science Foundation (NSF) The goal of the project is to reconstruct the evolutionary origins of all living things. http://tolweb.org/tree/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project It started in 1995 and it still has a long way to go. However it is making progress. The big problem that it will eventually run into is the Cambrian Explosion that we discussed earlier in this chapter. In summary, the theory of evolution is very well grounded in the idea of a common ancestor, mutations and natural selection. However at this stage the support for the formation of different species arising from a single common ancestor by the process of natural selection would have to be considered to be on “shaky ground”. Being on “shaky ground” does not rule out mutations and natural selection as the mechanism. All it means is that at this time there is not enough hard evidence to make a concrete judgment one way or the other. How this will eventually be resolved is far from clear. However one idea is that the tree of life is fractal by its very nature (see later chapters). If this is true, then the answers as to how different species arose may lie in the now well known mathematics of fractal geometry. The questions that arise from trying to account for all types of life forms (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, viruses etc.) having arisen from a single common ancestor by the mechanism of natural selection highlights a problem with some scientists. When Darwin first suggested this, it seemed to be a “reasonable” idea. Although certainly still not ruled out today, it is far less certain that all the various classes of life arose through natural selection. For instance, there does not appear to be fossils – or genetic evidence – that show animals turning into plants. There is however the curious situation of the carnivorous plants. Not a lot is known about them as there are very few (close to zero) fossils of this class of organism. The tantalizing question about these plants would have to be – are we seeing a plant evolve towards a carnivorous animal? It’s an interesting question. The answer may go some way towards understanding whether natural selection could have accounted for all the various classes of life forms arising from a single common ancestor. Even if they really 118

119 are showing plants evolving towards a carnivorous animal, it is not necessarily the case that the only mechanism of change between different classes of organism is natural selection. You are still left with the possibility that you are seeing an unfolding of events that are programmed into the genetic structure of this particular class of plant. An example is the changes in the body shape and the type of body that a butterfly goes through in its life cycle. We will look at this in a little more detail in the later chapters on “Did God need a special act of creation for each different living organism?” and “Observations of the Natural World” Some scientists have spent their entire career pursuing the idea of “natural selection” all the way back to the common ancestor. This huge investment of time in a single idea has left some of them unable – or unwilling – to realize that there may be other mechanisms that gave (and still gives) rise to different life forms. In effect, these scientists become like many of the people that they criticise who hold ideas about a literal six day creation. They neglect to consider the accumulating evidence that the many different life forms found in the world may not be best understood by natural selection. In effect their thinking becomes fossilised. It has “died” and becomes “fossilized” (frozen in time) in their writings that are left for later people to read – just the same as an organism dies and is preserved as a fossil in the ground for later generations to see. Is evolution still occurring today? The basic premise of evolution is that life forms are constantly changing and adapting to a changing environment. Because the world is constantly changing we would expect – and do – see new species constantly arising to take the place of species that can no longer survive in a given area. A more fundamental question is whether the body of man is still evolving. This is an interesting question that brings about many different opinions. It is certainly true that natural selection is still at work. In hot equatorial regions people tend to have a body shape that maximises their surface area in relation to the total mass and volume of their body. The greater the surface area of the skin, the more heat you can radiate. This means that they tend to be leaner per unit of height and weight than people who live in colder regions. This is because the thinner a shape is in relation to its volume, the greater the surface area required to enclose that given volume. People in colder regions need to conserve body heat. Consequently their body shape tends to be “rounder” as a sphere has the smallest surface area for a given volume. Likewise, the lung capacity of people who are born to parents who live at high altitudes are more likely to inherit genes that give them a larger lung capacity than a person whose parents and grandparents lived at sea level. These body shape changes are examples of beneficial evolutionary changes that are preserved by natural selection in their respective populations. However the answer to the wider question as to whether humans will develop two heads or three arms, is that this is not a likely scenario for reasons of “sexual selection” Quite simply, it is hard to envisage a time in the future when having two heads, or a single eye in the middle of your forehead, is likely to be considered to be such an attractive attribute that it would give anybody an advantage in finding a partner with whom to have children with.

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120 The far more likely scenario is for “human selection” to take over as far as humans are concerned. We are already doing this when some people decide not to have children and so pass on harmful genetic disorders such as haemophilia. We are also seeing people resort to plastic surgery to “improve” their body image. With gene therapy now beginning to become a reality, it is probably only a matter of time to when people elect to gain various physical bodily attributes by way of gene manipulations in their bodies. The jury is still out – but it would appear that the human body will continue to evolve, but in a way that is guided and controlled by “human selection” There is another interesting aspect of the issue as to whether we see evolution still occurring today. This is the question as to whether at least some viruses and other single celled organisms are not examples of life forms that have started from scratch in the “near” geologic past, and are in the process of evolving into more complex life forms. It’s not a question that we can answer today. But maybe in say, ten thousand years from now, science will be able to look back at our records today and trace the evolutionary path of these entities into new life forms. A summary of the scientific view of the appearance of life on earth The definition of “life” itself is even controversial. It depends on the class of organisms that are being considered e.g. human, the lower animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, viruses etc. Leaving aside humans for a moment, “life” can be defined at one level by the structure of the cells that make up the life form. But this still does not really answer what “life” is as opposed to non-life (dead) or that strange in-between world that viruses inhabit. In the case of humans the definition becomes really difficult as we have an animal body – but we have a conscious being that inhabits that biological body. This takes us into both theological considerations which we have looked at in earlier chapters and some of the deeper aspects of theoretical physics (quantum mechanics) that probe the nature of consciousness. For this section we have no interest in pursuing these definitions of life (interesting as they may be). We will simply accept that “life” exists and then look at a summary of how the science world sees the start and progression of life. The reason for this summary is to compare it to the Biblical account in Genesis to see how they compare. If a good match is obtained with the Genesis account, then it would be very strong evidence that Genesis is actually describing the evolutionary account that science has since come along and discovered quite independently from the Bible. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_evolution The Big Bang – Observations suggest that the universe as we know it began around 13.7 billion years ago The basic timeline is a 4.6 billion year old Earth, with (very approximate) dates: NOTE – Mya = millions of years ago Hadean eon – 3800 Mya and earlier. • 4567.17 Mya – The planet Earth forms from the accretion disc revolving around the young Sun. • 4100 Mya – The surface of the Earth cools enough for the crust to solidify. The atmosphere and the oceans form 120

121 First appearance of life on the now cooled planet Archean eon - 3800 Mya to 2500 Mya • 3500 Mya – Lifetime of the last universal ancestor; the split between the bacteria and the neomura occurs. Bacteria develop primitive forms of photosynthesis which at first do not produce oxygen.. • 3000 Mya – Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolve The oxygen concentration in the atmosphere subsequently rises3.8 billion years of simple cells (prokaryotes), Proterozoic eon 2500 Mya to 542 Mya • By 2100 Mya – Eukaryotic cells appear. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles with diverse functions • 1200 Mya –Simple multicellular organisms evolve, mostly consisting of cell colonies of limited complexity. • 580–500 Mya – Most modern phyla of animals begin to appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion. • Around 540 Mya – The accumulation of atmospheric oxygen allows the formation of an ozone layer. This blocks ultraviolet radiation, permitting the colonisation of the land. Phanerozoic eon –542 Mya to present time The Phanerozoic eon, literally the "period of well-displayed life", marks the appearance in the fossil record of abundant, shell-forming and/or trace-making organisms. It is subdivided into three eras, the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, which are divided by major mass extinctions. Paleozoic era – 542 Mya to 251.0 Mya • 530 Mya – The first known footprints on land date to 530 Mya, indicating that early animal explorations may have predated the development of terrestrial plants. • 475 Mya – The first primitive plants move onto land, having evolved from green algae living along the edges of lakes. They are accompanied by fungi, which may have aided the colonisation of land through symbiosis. • 363 Mya – By the start of the Carboniferous period, the Earth begins to be recognisable. Insects roamed the land and would soon take to the skies; sharks swam the oceans as top predators, and vegetation covered the land, with seedbearing plants and forests soon to flourish. Four-limbed tetrapods gradually gain adaptations which will help them occupy a terrestrial life-habit. • 251.4 Mya – The Permian-Triassic extinction event eliminates over 95% of species. This "clearing of the slate" may have led to an ensuing diversification. Mesozoic era – 251.0 Mya to 65.5 Mya • From 251.4 Mya – The Mesozoic Marine Revolution begins: increasingly welladapted and diverse predators pressurise sessile marine groups; the "balance of power" in the oceans shifts dramatically as some groups of prey adapt more rapidly and effectively than others. • 220 Mya – Gymnosperm forests dominate the land; herbivores grow to huge sizes in order to accommodate the large guts necessary to digest the nutrient-poor plants. • 200 Mya – The first accepted evidence for viruses (at least, the group Geminiviridae) exists. Viruses are still poorly understood and may have arisen before "life" itself, or may be a more recent phenomenon. 121

122 • 130 Mya – The rise of the Angiosperms: These flowering plants boast structures that attract insects and other animals to spread pollen. This innovation causes a major burst of animal evolution through co-evolution. Cenozoic era – 65.5 Mya to present time • 65.5 Mya – The Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event eradicates about half of all animal species, including all dinosaurs except the ancestors of modern birds • 35 Mya – Grasses evolve from among the angiosperms; grassland dominates many terrestrial ecosystems. • 200 kya (200,000 years ago) – Anatomically modern humans appear in Africa. Around 50,000 years before present they start colonising the other continents, replacing the Neanderthals in Europe and other hominins in Asia. The Holocene epoch starts 10,000 years ago after the Last Glacial Maximum, with continuing impact from human activity. • Present day – With a human population approaching 6.76 billion the impact of humanity is felt in all corners of the globe. Overfishing, anthropogenic climate change, industrialization, intensive agriculture, clearance of rain forests and other activities contribute to a dramatically rising extinction rate. If current rates continue, humanity will have seen the eradication of one-half of Earth's biodiversity over the next hundred years. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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Self-organising systems? – Or do we need a Special Creation? Or Psalm 90:2 (NIV) Before the mountains were born or you brought forth the earth and the world, from everlasting to everlasting you are God The conflict between religion and society Religion and the state and society in general have had a long, and for the most part, uneasy relationship throughout the history of mankind. While the details of each instance of the battles between the parties differ, the root of these conflicts remains the same. For all people who believe in some form of “god”, religion is a personal belief system. The essential underlying idea is that their eternal destiny depends on remaining true to the teachings of their particular religion. This applies irrespective of whatever “god” they believe in. For the most part, people do not question the opinion leaders in their particular religion or belief system. They are content to accept the “conventional wisdom” that is taught. Often, religious leaders have their own agenda in any society. These agendas are usually based in some “spiritual” values. For whatever reasons, these values are often at variance with those of the political leaders, or the society at large. This inevitably leads to the religious organizations being pushed to the sidelines of the society. Sometimes this sidelining is warranted and sometimes it is not. The rights and wrongs of this are not the subject of this discussion. All we are interested in is the fact that the beliefs of religious groups often cause the members of that group to hold a contrary view to that of the general population. More to the point, because these views are often – but not always – based on the “internal feelings” (emotions) of the individual member of the group, they are not necessarily based on hard, observable and testable facts. Is evolution consistent with Genesis? Many people who believe in a literal six day creation about six thousand years ago appear to think that belief in Genesis and in science are incompatible with each other. There also appears to be a common belief in both the Christian and non-Christian camps that the science that demonstrates the reality of evolution also “proves” that there is no God. The reasoning goes that as the process of natural selection in its dayto-day operation does not require the intervention of a “god” for it to operate – so the world can be explained without using God as the original cause. This reasoning of some people that “if evolution is a fact – then there is no God” is the direct equivalent to those religious and non-religious people who cannot accept that life started independently on this planet. This group insist that life had to have been planted here either by “aliens” from another civilization, or from meteorites that contained the “seeds of life” that landed on the earth. For reasons that I simply cannot understand, these groups are apparently unable, or unwilling to understand that far from answering the question of how life started – all they have done is to avoid the question altogether. 123

124 They simply push the question of the origins of life out to a remote point in space and time so that (at this stage) they have no hope of finding an answer. At best it is an intellectually lazy approach. At its worst it is intellectually dishonest because they insinuate that it is not possible for life to arise independently on any given planet – but they refuse to give any sort of answer as to how life did arise. There are well known laws that govern the operation of the universe. At this stage we are almost certainly not aware of all these laws. If we were, this would mean that we are at the end of science – and that is plainly not true. Even if natural selection, and not some other mechanism, is eventually shown to be the mechanism that gives rise to different classes of organisms e.g. trees, dogs, fishes etc. then the process of “natural selection” is still operating as a law of natural selection. At the law level it is no different to Newton’s and Einstein’s laws of gravity or the law of conservation of energy that states that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant. For reasons that elude me, the “if evolution is a fact – then there is no God” camp apparently don’t (or won’t) recognise that all the laws that govern the universe came into existence at the instant of creation of the universe. Now science freely admits at this time, that nobody has the slightest idea of exactly what a law is composed of as you cannot pick up a “gram weight of law” and physically examine it. All you can do is infer that the law exists because you can reliably carry out experiments anywhere in the universe (as far as is known) and consistently predict the outcome on the basis of the law in question. Science also freely admits that nobody has the slightest idea of how a law causes the things that we predict to actually happen. Take Fermat's Principle as an example of the operation of a law. He proposed that a light beam will always travel along a path that ensures that it takes the least time to travel between two points on that path. We experimentally know that it does because all lenses that guide and focus light work on this principle. Much is understood about the mathematical relationships of why this happens – but nobody has an answer (at least yet) as to why a photon will always “obey the law” Is there for instance a “light beam policeman” who enforces this path on each and every individual photon in existence? If there is, then what does the “policeman” look like – and why has “he/she/it” never been observed? Snowflakes, salt and sugar - Crystals that self-organise and self-assemble Some people have difficulty believing that the many and various life forms that fill the earth, and apart from humans, probably also fill much of the rest of the universe. In particular, these groups have trouble believing that life could have arisen by the operation of the natural laws that govern the universe. But everyday most of us would come into contact with two common materials that self-assemble into their characteristic shapes. These are common table salt which has a cubic structure and common table sugar which has a multi-faceted polygonal shape that is characteristic for particular sugars. This self assembly process is built in by the shape of the individual molecules of the substance. These molecular shapes cause the self-assembly of larger crystals as each molecule packs into the growing structure. Of course there are deeper atomic forces in the atoms that help align all the molecules as well in ways that are not completely understood yet. But the essential point is that these are non-living 124

125 chemicals that self-assemble into their characteristic shapes purely under the influence of the natural laws. There are many other crystals that do the same. Snowflakes are a good example of self assembly that show beautiful and very complex structural shapes and patterns. One example of a snowflake is shown from the website below. This and many more different naturally occurring shapes can be seen at http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals Snowflakes start out life as water vapour in a cloud. As the temperature drops the vapour condenses. If the temperature is low enough the water super-cools – that is it drops below the freezing point of water, but is does not crystallise (freeze). In order to freeze it usually requires the presence of a microscopic nucleus particle around which the ice begins to form. This can be anything from other water molecules if the super-cooled water is down to about minus 35ºC or dust particles, even bacteria in the air if the water temperature is say around minus 1 to 10ºC. All flakes initially start out as a small hexagonal (6 sided) prism of ice. This is the first critical point in the growing architecture of a snowflake. The hexagonal form is set entirely by the atomic structure of an ice crystal. The atomic structure of each element is entirely determined by the natural laws that define and govern the universe. At a certain point branches begin to sprout and grow from the six corners of the base hexagon. Again, this is not a random process. The growth takes place at the corners because that is the section in the atomic structure of the ice crystal that the natural laws require the new water molecules to attach onto. It is this operation of the basic laws of nature which give the final crystal its basic hexagonal shape irrespective of the infinite variety of shapes that snowflakes have. As the snowflake blows around inside the cloud it moves through different temperature regions as it continues to grow. It is known that the final shape of the snowflake depends on the temperatures at each stage of the crystal growth. But the full details are not completely understood as it is a very complex business. All the six arms grow quite independently to each other under the same apparently “random” conditions. In the natural world most snowflakes are not totally symmetrical. But in a surprising number of cases you find that all six arms end up looking surprisingly similar. This demonstrates the ability of “random” events to produce very orderly and complex structures simply by the natural laws “self organising” molecules into those complex entities. Did this self organization of salt and sugar crystals (and others) and the beautiful and complex shapes of snowflakes come about from pure random chance? Well of course they didn’t! Everybody who is familiar with physics understands the basic laws and general process that brings these crystals about. Most people who look at the science understands that the natural laws that brought this self-organising and selfassembly process about are the direct result of the fundamental laws that came into existence at the moment of the creation of the universe. Most people who think

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126 deeply about science understand that the existence and fundamental operation of these laws is one of the great mysteries of science today. These natural laws are clearly the work of God when He created the universe. Without these laws the universe would not exist, or certainly not in the form that we know and could exist in. God has always used these laws to self-organise and self-assemble all aspects of the natural world. This includes both inert solids as well as biological entities. Increases in information in the self-organized and self-assembled entity The subject of information theory has, as one of its branches, the study of how many “bits” of information it takes to code a given set of information. As a simple example, we will look at the number of lines of information needed to code (describe) how to draw a square. For simplicity sake we will consider that each line of instructions corresponds to one “bit” of information. These lines of information would be. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Start at the bottom left hand (LH) corner of the square Draw a horizontal line 100mm long to the right hand (RH) lower corner From the lower RH corner draw a vertical line 100mm long to the top RH corner From the top RH corner draw a horizontal line to the top LH corner From the top LH corner draw a vertical line down to the start position of the lower LH corner.

As the example above shows, we need five (5) “bits” of information to code the drawing of a simple square. Now look at the picture of the snowflake on the previous page – and then think about how many lines (bits) of information would be required to draw that. I have enlarged the picture and looked at all the branches in greater detail. What you find are smaller sub-branches. Without even attempting to describe how to draw that geometric shape, we can confidently assert that it would take many dozens and maybe even hundreds of lines of instructions to explain how to draw the snowflake. This is a critical observation. The “information” that is coded into the shape of the snowflake is many times greater than the simple rectangle example that we used. It is worth considering how this “information” that is finally found in the snowflake is built up. 1. The snowflake starts as amorphous (without shape) water vapour in a cloud. 2. It freezes and crystallizes around a microscopic “seed” of some type or another. The shape of the seed can be anything 3. A small hexagonal ice crystal begins to grow around the seed. At this point the first increase in information occurs as the hexagonal shape has a definite “coding” that is determined by the natural laws that govern the world. 4. Random changes in temperature in the cloud and random wind velocities and directions and random variations in the water vapour concentrations in the cloud – along with the natural laws then combine to continue the increase in complexity of the coded shape of the final snowflake. 126

127 In the case of a snow flake, we see the natural laws that govern the world take an amorphous (shapeless) patch of water vapour and turn it into a very complex form that has an infinite variety of shapes that finally appear in the countless billions of snowflakes that form every year. With crystals such as salt and sugar you see a consistent and regular crystal shape appear as the crystals form out of a pool of shapeless liquid as it evaporates. These increases in complexity – hence information content – are the direct result of the operation of the underlying natural laws. At this point we need to revisit that idea of a “random” event that we looked at in the earlier chapter, “Choosing to be a Christian” in the section on “Free will”. We will also look at this subject of randomness again in a little more detail in the chapter on, “Did God need a special act of creation for each different living organism?” As is shown in those chapters, there is no such thing as a truly random event at the most fundamental level of nature. It is certainly true that mankind does not have at this time the ability to measure to an infinite level of precision the “initial conditions” at the instant of the start of the universe. Nor do we have the ability at this time to follow the trail of events back to the instant of the start of the universe when the “initial conditions” of interest existed. However simply because we don’t have the ability to follow this all back does not mean that the universe itself did not have all that information available to “guide” it as it unfolded. By definition the universe did have the absolutely precise values of the initial conditions. Unless each and every particle and molecule “knew” what the exact initial conditions are in each and every interaction that it was involved in it would not have been possible for any interaction to have proceeded at all. As an example, think of two billiard balls colliding with each other. The exact path that each ball will follow after the collision is determined wholly and solely – and only – by the initial conditions that existed at the exact instant of contact between the balls. These initial conditions include such things as:• The exact mass of each ball • The exact angles between the paths of the two balls in relation to the centers of mass of each ball • The exact velocities of each ball • The exact geometric shape of each ball in relation to the center of mass of each ball at the point of contact with each other • The exact elasticity value of each ball at the point of actual contact • The exact position that each ball impacted on the other ball in relation to the two centers of mass of the two balls • The exact coefficients of friction that existed on the exact point of contact on each of the two balls • The exact coefficients of friction that existed on the exact point of contact on each of the two balls and the billiard table • The exact angle that the plane of the table at the point of contact of each ball makes with respect to the local gravitational field • The exact value of the local acceleration due to gravity In the initial conditions above, the word exact means to an infinite level of precision. If you could measure all those parameters then you could specify precisely – to an infinite level of precision – exactly what each ball would do after the collision. We can’t do 127

128 that. However the fact that the balls “know” exactly what path to follow and what the required velocity is of each ball after the impact is only because they are affected by the exact values of all the parameters listed above as they are operating at the time of impact. Although their behaviour seems “random”, in fact it is precisely controlled by all those factors – which if you knew the values, you could precisely compute the behaviour yourself. You can extend this out to include those two balls colliding with other balls that were moving on the table at the same time. Although the resulting paths and collisions of all the balls appear to be totally “random” they are in fact precisely calculated and predicted by the natural laws. This means that you could – in principle – predict exactly what each ball will do as their paths and velocities have been “programmed” in at the instant of the collisions. The point in this is simple! The “random” events from our perspective were – and are – anything but random. In a very real sense the universe has “run on rails” from the instant of the creation. These unbelievably complex and beautiful shapes of snowflakes were “programmed in” at the very instant of the start of the universe. Not only have individual snowflake designs “run on rails” since the instant of the beginning of the universe – but everything else that you see around you has also “run on rails”. The original DNA molecules – an example of self-assembly At the heart of all life is the genome that determines the shape and functions of each cell in an organism. The genome itself is made from DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) The short DNA segments along the length of the genome that carry the coded genetic information are called genes. From the chemical viewpoint, DNA consists of two long side chains that form the structural backbone that hold the cross chains. These “rungs” on the “ladder” are made up of two different molecules of amino acids called bases. Because each “rung” has two bases they are called “base pairs”. There are only four different amino acid bases, Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine. The coding of the genetic information is carried by the sequence of these four bases along the length of the entire genome. The latest estimate of the total length of the DNA in a human cell is about three meters long if it was stretched out. It has approximately 220 million base pairs along its total length Just for the moment leave aside the actual number of base pairs along the DNA strand and the complexity that the actual code in the DNA molecule represents. Look instead at the structural complexity of the molecule. It is essentially a long “rope ladder” where each of the “rungs” is made up by joining two base pairs of amino acids together and then joining the other ends of the base pair to the main structural side members. The self-assembly of a structure such as this is not anymore difficult – and is probably easier – than assembling the structure of an intricately shaped snowflake. 128

129 Self-assembly of molecules relies on two basic mechanisms. First, the individual molecules must have sites on them that act as “attractors” for other molecules that have matching (opposite) attractors. A simple example is a set of small bar magnets that have north and south poles at opposite ends of each of the magnets. As we all know, like poles repel each other (e.g. two N poles or two S poles will repel each other) – whereas opposite poles attract each other. (e.g. a N pole and a S pole will attract each other). All chemicals have atomic bond sites of various types on them that act as “attractors” for other molecules. The second requirement for self assembly is that the molecules must be moving around in “random” patterns of movement. Over time the molecules will touch in various positions. Whenever they contact at a point of mutual attraction, the molecules will tend to stick together. Over time, more such collisions occur and the molecules grow in size. They have now self-assembled into a much larger compound molecule. To see self-assembly in action all you need to do is make some “artificial molecules”. You can easily do this by making some small wooden blocks in various shapes such as rectangles, squares, hexagons, triangles, and small cylinders etc. Into the sides of the “molecules” and the ends of the cylinders, you then drill some small holes into which you insert small weak cylindrical magnets to act as the “attractor sites” To demonstrate self assembly of a DNA molecule you would also need two longer rectangular strips with holes along one side only of their length into which the attractor magnets can be inserted. When putting the magnets into the holes in the “artificial molecules”, you need to ensure that one side of the “molecule” has a north pole facing outward and on the other side of the “molecule” that you have a south pole facing outwards. This duplicates the atomic structure of real molecules. To demonstrate the self-assembly process all you need to do is first ensure that all the “molecules” are separated, then the gently shake the tray on which they are sitting so that the “molecules” all start moving around. Then watch how they begin to selfassemble into the various shapes that are essentially pre-programmed into them by virtue of the individual block shapes and the locations and polarities of the magnets that are set into the sides of the individual “molecule” shapes. In the real world, the actual shape of the final self-assembled molecule is dependent on both the types of chemicals that are present and the distribution of the attractor and repelling sites on the individual molecules. This self-assembly at the molecular level is a basic everyday occurrence. Whenever you mix two or more chemicals together and a chemical reaction occurs that results in changes to one or more of the original chemicals or the formation of a new compound chemical – you are seeing a form of self assembly, or maybe disassembly, taking place In science, self-assembly is generally taken to mean that the self-assembled structure has certain defined properties. These are: • The self-assembled structure must have a higher order of organization than the individual components. This can either be in the final shape of the structure or any tasks that the self-assembled entity may be able to perform. • In self-assembly, the key bonding forces are generally considered to be the “weak” interactions (e.g. Van der Waals, capillary, hydrogen bonds) instead of the more 129

130 "traditional" covalent, ionic or metallic bonds. The “weak” forces are the ones that determine the physical properties of the materials and are the ones that determine the organization of molecules in biological membranes. • In self-assembled structures the building blocks are not only confined to atoms and molecules. They can, and do include a wide range of material building block sizes from the atomic scale up to scales that can be described without having to resort to discussing their atomic properties. (mesoscopic) The whole world is a good example of self-assembly. This includes our own bodies which are examples of self-assembly of complex structures out of simpler components. It is not some vague pie-in-the-sky concept. Without self-assembly the universe would just not exist. This is the mechanism that God used in creation. However the deeper foundation of self-assembly are the laws of nature that God put in place at the start of the universe. It is these laws (whatever they are – and however they work at the deep fundamental level) that is the guiding mechanism that allows self-assembly to take place. The process of natural selection in evolution could not occur at its deepest level without relying on the process of self-assembly – which in turn is not possible without the fundamental natural laws that came into existence at the creation of the universe itself. Having dealt with the “relatively” minor problem of self assembly we now have to consider the self-organization aspect of the total design of the genome. One of the very real problems that many people have about self-organization is that they see this as saying that there is some sort of “intelligence” that is doing the “organization” This is not what is meant by the expression. The earlier example of the snowflake is a good example of the expression. It has a very self-organised complex shape – but neither it, nor “anybody” else actually made the snowflake. It came about as a direct result of the natural laws operating on the molecules of water that made it up. The snowflake as an “entity” (non-living and nonknowing) then “self-organised” its own final shape simply as a result of the fact that its water molecules have a certain shape set by atomic considerations with “attractor” points at certain positions – and this interacted with the conditions it encountered in the cloud where it grew. As I have said earlier, no two snowflakes are exactly the same as each other. They range from fairly similar to completely different to each other. Because over history there have been countless billions and zillions of snowflakes then there will have been a huge number of individual shapes that have been formed just by “chance”. This then brings us to the next question of how DNA could have formed to start off life in the beginning. After all, I quoted a figure earlier of the human genome having approximately 220 million base pairs along its total length. People say, well how could you get that sort of complexity by “random” chance? Well the answer is that it would be most unlikely. However that is not how it started. The first “living” cell (what is life anyway? This is a deep question that still has no answer) was just that, a single very simple cell. The DNA for that cell would have been much shorter. The process of “bootstrapping” then occurred over billions of years where the world pulled itself up by its own bootstraps (so to speak) from very simple 130

131 cells into much more complex systems over huge periods of time – and absolutely countless replications that covered all possible variations. The only variations that survived were those that were suited to the local environment that they found themselves in. The better suited to the local environment – the more likely a given cell or organism is to survive and divide or breed – and hence pass on its characteristics. By this mechanism we see Darwin’s principle in action in which each slight variation, if useful to the organism, is preserved by the process of Natural Selection" A common objection to even having a simple cell arise by natural means is that even a simple cell has a huge variety of chemical needs that have to be met in order for a cell to function. The claim is made that the number of bits of information needed to produce a working cell is far too large to have come about by chance. The claim is worth looking at. For the evolutionary scenario to be realistic, experimental evidence will have to be produced that demonstrates a realistic pathway for a cell to arise by natural means. At this stage in the search for the origins of life a realistic pathway has not yet been found. However what needs to be kept in mind is the old saying that, “Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence” This is the basis of the scientific method of investigation where you are constantly looking for the case which shows that the hypothesis, as it has been formulated, is wrong – not looking for cases that “confirms” the hypothesis, As an example, take the “common knowledge” about swans that European zoologists believed before Australia had been discovered. They believed that all swans were white, simply because all the swans that they saw were white. There was no shortage of corroborating evidence that “all swans are white” – until black swans were found in Australia. So it is with the search for the beginning of life – it hasn’t been found yet – but that does not mean it won’t be. A lot of work is being done on the subject. Various groups have calculated that a minimal cell would require somewhere between 200 to 250 genes to exist and function. They made this calculation by what is known as the top-down approach. The aim was to simplify existing simple organisms to arrive at what is considered to be the minimal genome possible for the cell to exist. The idea is to then find a way to self-assemble such a minimal cell. Other biologists have taken a wider viewpoint and believe that it is not necessarily the case that the original cells were in the exact form that we know them today. The biologists who work on this path are taking the bottom-up approach. This group make the assumptions that originally what are referred to as proto-cells (e.g. a forerunner) existed. These cells may have been much, much smaller than bacteria and with much smaller genomes. A number of laboratories are currently working on building these proto-cells. They are making steady progress towards their goal of actually producing a functioning basic cell. A question that must be asked There is a very simple question that must be asked in the debate about whether God really did create the entire universe about six thousand years ago in a literal six day period. To my knowledge, this question appears to have never been thought about by either side of the debate. If it has, I have never read or heard about it.

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132 God says that He has existed from everlasting past and will exist to everlasting in the future. He also says that time has no meaning to Him in the sense that we commonly understand time. Micah 5:2 (NKJV) 2 "But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, Though you are little among the thousands of Judah,Yet out of you shall come forth to Me The One to be Ruler in Israel, Whose goings forth are from of old, From everlasting." Psalm 90:2 (NIV) 2 Before the mountains were born or you brought forth the earth and the world, from everlasting to everlasting you are God Psalm 90:4 (NIV) 4 For a thousand years in your sight are like a day that has just gone by, or like a watch in the night. 2 Peter 3:8-9 (NIV) But do not forget this one thing, dear friends: With the Lord a day is like a thousand years, and a thousand years are like a day. The question then is simple. If God is eternal and time in our sense has no meaning to Him, then why would He have been in such a hurry to create the universe and all therein in just six literal days? This is especially strange when you consider that for eternity past the universe had not existed – then hey-presto! In six days everything comes into being in essentially the form that we know today – then the universe starts its journey on into eternity future, slowly but surely changing (evolving) from the Stone Age conditions 6000 years ago into unknown and currently unimaginable complexity in future ages to come. This idea of the sudden appearance of the completed universe in one stroke does not fit with the scientific knowledge of the age of the universe. Nor does it fit with the observations of life around us where we see things slowly evolve from one state to another becoming more complex as the changes progress. This includes not only biology, but also geological changes in the planet. It especially applies to events that we see happening in space. It also encompasses the slow evolution of the affairs of man from the Stone Age about 6,000 years ago right through until the present science age of mankind. Included in the affairs of mankind is the slow progressive unfolding of revelation in the Bible over the period of about the sixteen hundred years that it took for all the books in the Bible to be written. By comparison, it is clear that “six days” out of all of eternity is not even equivalent to one grain of sand on all the beaches on all the planets in the universe. It is utterly and totally insignificant! Nothing that we see in the world and universe around us or in history is characterised by a sudden appearance. Empires rise and fall over long periods of time. God himself is timeless. The idea then that God “needed” to act in an instant in time to create the completed universe is simply not consistent with the Bible or the observed world around us – or a reasonable understanding of how God would act. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 132

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Don’t mention the war Or The real battle between science and creationism is not about science Rather it is a war for the supremacy of competing philosophies – one based in science and one based on a literalist view of the Bible. Much thought went into whether I should include this chapter I realize that most people who read this chapter will be Christians and it is certainly not my intention to offend anybody. For that reason I considered whether I should not just skip over this section of my journey from creationism to the creation. However, I simply cannot pass over this as the subject discussed here was an early central point in my turning away from my earlier belief in creationism. As such, it must be included. There is a second reason as well. I did not write the Bible – but I have read it (very deeply). One of the stand-out commands in the Bible from Genesis to Revelation is that God commands His people to speak the truth. Doing so, cost both Paul and John the Baptist their heads and caused great pain and death to virtually all the other major figures in the Bible. Below are some (only) of the scripture references that I have been aware of since I started my journey some years ago from creationism to the creation. It is these scriptures that have made me decide to include this chapter. Proverbs 16:2 (NIV) 2 All a man's ways seem innocent to him, but motives are weighed by the LORD. Ezekiel 13:8 (NIV) 8`Therefore this is what the Sovereign LORD says: Because of your false words and lying visions, I am against you, declares the Sovereign LORD. Matthew 12:36-37 (NIV) 36 But I tell you that men will have to give account on the day of judgment for every careless word they have spoken. 37 For by your words you will be acquitted, and by your words you will be condemned." Proverbs 16:13 (NIV) 13 Kings take pleasure in honest lips; they value a man who speaks the truth. Zechariah 8:16 (NIV) 16 These are the things you are to do: Speak the truth to each other, and render true and sound judgment in your courts; John 4:24(NIV) 4 God is spirit, and his worshipers must worship in spirit and in truth." Ephesians 4:25-26(NIV) 25 Therefore each of you must put off falsehood and speak truthfully to his neighbour, for we are all members of one body. I ask everybody who reads this chapter to read it right through before making a judgement. I suspect that many people will be shocked at the contents. I wish it was not 133

134 so. However, in the end I must stand before God and give account of my life. As such, I am duty bound to present the situation as I have found it. One of the reasons that I changed my belief from creationism The debate between science and those who believe that the Bible teaches a literal six day creation about six thousand years ago is in fact not a debate – but a literal war. It is between those people who want a religious philosophy to dominate the life of a nation and those who wish to live in a secular society. As in any war we have two groups on each side – the planners and leaders – and those who follow the leaders. In all walks of life, the great majority of people are followers. As such, very few of the people in this group will ever question what the leaders are telling them. They also very rarely check-up on the accuracy of the statements that the leaders make. This is a major reason for many of the controversies that arise in the public debates on evolution versus special creation. I firmly believe that most people in the Creation Science and Intelligent Design camps are sincere in their beliefs. But if people actually did some simple due-diligence checks on the accuracy of some of the leader’s statements in the debate we would, I believe, see a very different picture than the current war-like state of affairs My change in belief from creationism to the reality of the creation came about in large part from actually investigating the claims of creationism in some detail. It happened as the result of the probing and investigation that I began after the day I went into cardiac arrest. I discovered that “all is not as some people in the creationist camp are saying” In fact some creationists are making statements that simply cannot be supported by the facts. Even worse, some of them are publishing quotations that have been changed from the original publications. The effect is to twist the original meaning of the texts in question to the exact opposite meaning as clearly stated in the original text. In addition, some creationists appear to be leaving out material data (e.g. of importance) in their publications about the results of scientific experiments – which if it had been included, would have shown their “conclusions” to have been false. While these people may have good intentions, they appear to be resorting to the political stance of the writer and Italian politician Niccolò Machiavelli (1469 –1527). He is considered to be the founder of modern political science. His most famous assertion is that “The end justifies the means” By this he meant that “if something is considered to be good” then it is acceptable to pursue any means – fair or foul – to achieve the “good goal”. As a Christian, I simply cannot accept that the aims of Christians can ever be achieved by distorting the truth. Quite apart from the moral aspect of this – and the fact that those who knowingly engage in this must give account to God for their actions – it destroys any credibility that these people may have. Once you have been caught out in an untruthful statement, then every assertion that you make is scrutinized to see if it can be relied upon. Quite apart from the damage that this sort of thing does to the effectiveness and credibility of the church, is the question of why some people who claim to be Christian think that they have to resort to untruthful and deceptive claims to get the Biblical 134

135 message across. Everybody is entitled to their viewpoint. But if people have to distort the truth to “prove” their case then they don’t have a case at all. The Discovery Institute The Discovery Institute is a conservative think tank based in Seattle, Washington. Bruce Chapman (a former Reagan administration official) established the Institute in 1990. According to its website its reason for existence is to research and lobby governments on a number of public policy areas. These include religion and its expression in public life, science and technology, defence issues, law reform, environmental issues, the economy and foreign affairs. However its “flagship” project is that of being the driving force behind the Intelligent Design (ID) movement. It sees Intelligent Design as the head issue of a political program which the Institute has created as its way of restoring what it sees as a loss of direction in the world from godless forces. In particular they single out Charles Darwin, Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud as three particularly insidious individuals whose ideas – in their opinion – have been particularly influential in destroying a belief in God and promoting a materialistic philosophy in its place. Because ID has been chosen to head this public campaign, the principal target of the ID movement is Charles Darwin. In order to implement the campaign the Institute compiled a strategy that is detailed in a document entitled “THE WEDGE” Unfortunately for the Institute this paper found its way onto the internet in February 1999. After initially denying that the document was a statement of their strategy, the Vice President of the Institute (Stephen Meyer) eventually admitted that the strategy document did originate in the Discovery Institute. A copy of the document can be found at http://www.antievolution.org/features/wedge.pdf The Wedge document lays out a strategy for a public relations campaign that is designed to influence public opinion, public policy makers and opinion leaders in all fields. The intent is stated in the opening paragraph of the document. • "To defeat scientific materialism and its destructive moral, cultural, and political legacies" • "To replace materialistic explanations with the theistic understanding that nature and human beings are created by God" It intends to achieve this through both short and long term plans that are referred to as phases in the strategy • Phase I: Scientific Research, Writing & Publicity, • Phase II: Publicity & Opinion-making • Phase III: Cultural Confrontation & Renewal. As in any battle the planners have an overall strategy, or plan, that they have laid out in order to achieve their objectives. However in order to translate that plan (the strategy) into effective actions on the ground a series of tactical steps are also needed. There are many political tactics that any political scientist uses to put their strategies into action. However the main requirement is a large pool of “grassroots” supporters to act as the political pressure group that push governments to implement the strategy’s plans. 135

136 Without this “popular” grassroots support to pressure politicians it is almost impossible to implement a political program of any sort. This aspect of the tactical side of the Wedge strategy is covered in the Wedge document in the following statement. Alongside a focus on influential opinion-makers, we also seek to build up a popular base of support among our natural constituency, namely Christians. We will do this primarily through apologetics seminars. We intend these to encourage and equip believers with new scientific evidences that support the faith, as well as to “popularize” our ideas in the broader culture. The phrase “apologetics seminars” simply means seminars that are run by “apologists” for the cause. In other words, people who are known for, and sympathetic to, the points of view being presented. The first thing to be noticed in the quote from the Wedge document above is the term “our ideas”. In other words, the people who attend these seminars are being indoctrinated into believing the ideas of the leaders of the Discovery Institute – not ideas from the Bible, but “our ideas” It is worth visiting the Discovery Institute website and also the Wikipedia entry on the Institute to discover what their ideas are – particularly the Wikipedia entry shown below http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Institute#Technology_.26_Democracy "Though the Discovery Institute describes itself as a think tank 'specializing in national and international affairs,' the group's real purpose is to undercut churchstate separation and turn public schools into religious indoctrination centers." In order to recruit good-intentioned and well-meaning people in the churches into supporting “their ideas” the Institute needed an effective focal point to influence Christians. For a focal point to be effective it must grip people’s emotions. The evolution versus special creation debate is about the most emotional – therefore the most effective – focal point that you can find in the churches since the time of the publication of Darwin’s ideas. Naturally this was selected. However in order to make it the rallying point against “atheistic” science they had to take the opposing viewpoint to science on the one subject that matters to many Christians. Namely, how did life in general and humans in particular arise? In order to achieve this goal of setting Christians against science they took advantage of the simple fact that most people have little or no background in science – and for the most part, very little real interest in the subject either. The planning question then became how to achieve the tactic. As all political science students know, one very effective weapon in any political campaign is to try and discredit your opponents. Given that very few people know much about science it was decided that they would attempt to discredit any part of science which was in conflict with the ideas that the Discovery Institute was promoting. In the next section and in the rest of this chapter we will see exactly how they decided to do this. The methods they have selected should raise serious questions about the motivations of the people who engage in the selected tactics. They have certainly been successful in misleading many people. However I wonder if the people who engage in these tactics – and if they know of the underlying trickery involved – ever think of the scriptures at the start of this chapter?

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137 While the Discovery Institute serves as the intellectual wellspring for the Intelligent Design movement and underpins much of the promotion of ID, it is also true that ID has taken on a life of its own at the grassroots level. But many of the big-ticket promotional items such as books, DVDs and seminars on the subject all appear to be associated with the Institute as part of their Wedge strategy. This year (2009) marks the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin’s birthday. The scientific community is using this as a reason for a year-long celebration of the ideas that he presented to the world. Personally, it leaves me rather cold – but to each their own. Leaving aside my opinion of the merits or not of a year-long celebration, the ID movement have taken advantage of the celebrations to mount their own PR program designed to attempt to discredit evolution in the eyes of their supporters and potential supporters. A significant part of that public program is the release in 2008 of a DVD entitled, “EXPELLED – no intelligence allowed”. It is narrated by a man called Ben Stein. I could have used many other examples in the rest of this chapter to show how the systematic trickery that is employed in the war against science works. However the DVD “EXPELLED” is current and more people will be familiar with it than would be the case in some of the other less publicly known examples. The same techniques are used and there are more than enough examples to show how the system works. For that reason I will concentrate mainly on the DVD. As always, everyone is free to make up their own mind about the claims on the DVD. My only comment would be to remember that it was when, over the last decade or so as I became aware of how creationists were blurring the truth that I began to look much more deeply into the claims of these people. The end result was that I have now totally rejected their version of how the universe and life began. General philosophy of the creationist viewpoint Before proceeding, we need to first lay out the general propositions of the creationist belief system. Creationism as a general body is a movement which claims to use scientific means to prove that their particular interpretation of the Genesis account of creation is correct and that the generally accepted scientific view is wrong. Creationists believe that Genesis teaches that a literal six day creation occurred about six thousand years ago as opposed to the observational evidence of science that the universe and the earth are billions of years old. In order to “prove” their beliefs they try and cast doubt on and/or disprove the accepted scientific theories on cosmology (the universe) the origins of the earth, and the appearance of life on the earth. There are two main groups within the general creationist school of beliefs today. These are Creation Science (CS) and Intelligent Design (ID). The main beliefs of the creationists as a whole are summarized below. • Creationists reject the evolutionary theory of descent from a single common ancestor by undirected mutation and the mechanism of natural selection. They claim that each class of organism, which they call "baramin" were the focus of an act of special creation that occurred on the days specified in Genesis. The creationists claim that these baramin are the common ancestor of all the different classes of life forms on the earth today

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138 • The concept of catastrophism such as the world-wide flood of Noah and earthquakes etc. are used to account for the earth's geological formations. The role of plate tectonics in shaping the earth does not appear to be recognised • Creationists usually reject the evidence of the Big Bang cosmological model of the origins of the universe because it shows the universe to be very old. Likewise they reject the data and methods of scientific dating which measure radioactive decay, tree rings and ice-cores as they do not support the creationist ideas of a young earth. • Creationists claim that the processes that God used during His week of special creation are no longer at work in the universe – hence it is not scientifically possible to investigate how the universe was created. The creationists techniques of camouflaging the truth For anyone who is not familiar with science and the requirements and principles used in the scientific method it is very easy to become confused as to who is telling the truth about what science actually shows in a particular case. This is the point that the leaders of both CS and ID exploit in their public presentations in order to attempt to discredit the evidence from science that proves creationism’s ideas wrong. There are three main tactics used by the leaders of the creationist movement to disguise the truth and present it as something else to people who have no background or real interest in science. These are:• Manipulation of the scientific method in order to “prove” their pre-existing ideas. • The consistent denial of counter evidence – and the acceptance and publishing of only that evidence that “proves” their pre-conceived ideas • Telling scientifically untrained people that “science is in crisis” over some point of debate. It is the consistent use of the three tactics above that leads scientists to make the claim that CS and ID are pseudo-science (pretend science). Scientists say that creationists start off with an idea from the Bible that they wish to “prove” – then they only accept evidence that can be used to support that idea. They do not follow the scientific method of trying to find cases that would disprove the hypothesis. Because most theories cover a range of possible outcomes, then it is often possible to find a restricted case that – if taken in isolation – will “prove” your hypothesis. Tactic one – misuse of the scientific method A classic case of how to manipulate the scientific method to mislead people who are untrained in science is the example I have given earlier about the boiling point of water. The actual boiling temperature of water depends (mainly) on the surrounding pressure that the water is exposed to. (It also depends to a lesser extent on the impurities in it as well as how much “heavy water” is present) At sea level the boiling point is 100ºC. Lower air pressures = lower boiling point and higher air pressures = higher boiling point. That is the actual situation that has been shown repeatedly to be true and has not (so far) been able to be falsified (and is not likely to be – the “theory” is now well established). 138

139 Now suppose that someone needed to “prove” that water actually boiled only at 71ºC as proof of some larger “theory” that was based on a pre-existing conclusion that they had an interest in presenting to a particular audience. As we all know now, it would be easy to “prove” the pre-existing conclusion to an audience who were not trained in science by simply carrying out a water boiling experiment on the top of Mount Everest at an altitude of 29,000 feet where water does boil at 71ºC – and then simply neglect to report that if the experiment was carried out at lower altitudes the boiling point would have been higher. Note that in this case the “experimenter” has not directly lied – this was the result that they obtained. However any reasonable person understands that they have effectively misled an untrained audience by violating the first rule of evidence (Ref the chapter “Interpretation and Mental Templates”) and shown again below It also means that presenting a “fact” that has had certain information withheld about it, and that would otherwise change the interpretation if that information was disclosed makes the “fact or evidence” unreliable. If that information is knowingly withheld in order to mislead the reader (for whatever reason – even “good intentions”) then the evidence is fraudulent. People will have to make up their own minds about whether a particular publication uses this technique of selective reporting of results with the consequent misleading of a scientifically untrained audience. However reputable scientists claim that at times they do. An example of this claim is given in the last page of the chapter on dating (Scientific Dating Methods) where a creationist group appears to have misled scientifically untrained people into questioning dating methods in order to “prove” their assertion that the earth is only 6000 years old. Tactic two - continue to use discredited ideas to mislead people Many reputable scientists regularly complain that some creationists knowingly and habitually misquote them. The say that despite bringing these blatant misquotes to the attention of the offenders they continue to misquote them. They also claim that the same people knowingly mislead their audience by altering the original text to “prove” their point. In fact if the original text had been presented, the exact opposite conclusion would be drawn. On top of this, these scientists also state that creationists often claim support from the general scientific community on a given point, when in fact no such support exists The main difference between the two creationist groups (CS & ID) is that Intelligent Design people assert that certain naturally occurring structures that are found in living organisms are so complex that it is inconceivable that they could have arisen by evolution. These structures are called irreducibly complex. The reasoning being that if just one of the parts was missing, then the structure as a whole could not function – hence it would not have had any evolutionary advantage that would have led to its preservation across multiple generations. A commonly quoted example is the Flagellum molecular motor found in some bacteria. Below is an excerpt giving both the ID view and the science view of the debate of these motors. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreducible_complexity#Flagella The flagella of certain bacteria constitute a molecular motor requiring the interaction of about 40 complex protein parts, and the absence of any one of these proteins causes the flagella to fail to function. Behe holds that the flagellum 139

140 "engine" is irreducibly complex because if we try to reduce its complexity by positing an earlier and simpler stage of its evolutionary development, we get an organism which functions improperly. Mainstream scientists regard this argument as having been largely disproved in the light of fairly recent research. They point out that the basal body of the flagella has been found to be similar to the Type III secretory system (TTSS), a needle-like structure that pathogenic germs such as Salmonella and Yersinia pestis use to inject toxins into living eucaryote cells. The needle's base has ten elements in common with the flagellum, but it is missing forty of the proteins that make a flagellum work. Thus, this system seems to negate the claim that taking away any of the flagellum's parts would render it useless. This has caused Kenneth Miller to note that, "The parts of this supposedly irreducibly complex system actually have functions of their own." Further down in that same article we find the following finding of the court in the case of teaching ID in public schools in the US In the 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial, Behe gave testimony on the subject of irreducible complexity. The court found that "Professor Behe's claim for irreducible complexity has been refuted in peer-reviewed research papers and has been rejected by the scientific community at large." Nonetheless, irreducible complexity continues to be cited as an important argument by creationists, particularly intelligent design proponents. The creationist claim is that the motor itself could not have evolved all of its parts separately – hence it must have been created in one hit as an act of special creation. However they ignore the published findings in respected peer-reviewed journals that conclusively show that parts of the motor are found in other organisms. They ignore these findings that falsify their hypothesis that an act of special creation was necessary to create the entire motor in one act. They do this because to accept the finding of “parts of motors” elsewhere would mean that their hypothesis is wrong. The persistent use of claims that have been shown to be false such as the one above seriously erodes the credibility of the creationist’s claims on how life came into existence. Tactic three – claims that science “is in crisis” over some point of debate Science is an ongoing endeavour as we will never reach the “end of science” A scientific theory consists of those facts that have been solidly established by the inability of repeated (and determined) attempts to show that they are false. These facts are accepted by all genuine scientists. As explained earlier, there is no such thing as a “final theory” There are always areas that the theory is being extended into. It is in the extension of the limits of any theory that scientific controversies arise. These controversies continue until a consensus is reached that any particular disagreement has been settled to everybody’s satisfaction. One of the great complaints of the genuine science community is that the CS and ID people point out these areas of “theory extensional controversies” and say to their scientifically untrained audience, “See – science is in a crisis! The theory of evolution is failing” They create a false impression in the minds of the scientifically untrained 140

141 that “science is in crisis” and so is not even believed by scientists themselves. In so doing, these creationist authors and speakers are misleading the people who look to them for guidance. It is not for me to judge the individual people who distort and mislead. But I do believe that I am required to make known what the Bible says on this matter and shown in the scriptures on the first page of this chapter. It is this selective reporting of results that are incorrectly used to “prove” the preexisting ideas of the creationists that cause them to be dismissed by the science community. This leads to creationists being excluded from the big science debates and from being allowed to publish their “creationist reports” in peer-reviewed journals. There are two important things that flow from this attitude of selective reporting of results in order to “prove” the ideas of the creationist camp. 1. People who are untrained in science are misled into believing something that is demonstrably not true by people who have a particular agenda to pursue 2. By being misled, people in the church are automatically excluded from the large debates in society where they should in fact be the opinion leaders in order to help overcome the huge injustices and problems in the world. Freedom and the religious state In the DVD, “EXPELLED – no intelligence allowed” Ben Stein starts off with a statement about the need to preserve all varieties of freedom in the US – and by extension everywhere in the world. However the rest of the DVD is essentially a plea to put religion at the center of the modern state. There is a strange dichotomy between his opening address and the rest of what he advocates. The discerning viewer is left with the very strong impression that he and the producers of the DVD had not really thought out the full implications of what they were saying. Or if they had, then their motivations really have to be brought into question as will be discussed below. If you ask many Christians – particularly those associated with the Evangelical branch of the church – whether the laws of the land should be shaped by religious beliefs, then they will say “Yes!” By “religious”, they of course mean “Christian religion”. I think that everyone understands that the Ten Commandments from the O.T. related only to the secular (non-religious) governance of Israel. They had nothing whatever to do with the religious aspects of the national life of Israel. Given that western style democracies already have their legal systems grounded in the secular Ten Commandments, we already have our legal system based on the Bible. It’s not perfect. But it’s a lot better than many countries in the world – and many of those countries have legal systems that are based on religion. Leaving aside non-Christian religion for the moment, consider the following and then decide if having a religious influence on the legal system leads to a free and just society For instance, hands up all those people would like to go back to the pre-reformation days when the Catholic Church ruled supreme. Historians estimate that somewhere between ten (10) and fifty (50) million people lost their lives because they did not hold 141

142 beliefs that were in conformity with the teaching of the Church of those days. I suspect that I won’t find many people who wish to return to those times! Coming into the present, consider the situation as it was in Northern Ireland until recently (and looks as if it may yet return) Both Protestants and Catholics were maimed, murdered and terrorised just because they held the “wrong religious” views according to the “enforcers of purity of the religion and its associated politics” from the other side. Do we have any takers for bringing in a “them and us” atmosphere like the Northern Island religious environment? (I certainly hope not) Still keeping with “Christian religion” let’s examine the “Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ... Report 2: Religious Beliefs & Practices / Social & Political Views” The full report covers 210 pages. A summary of the report can be found at http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2religious-landscape-study-key-findings.pdf http://religions.pewforum.org/reports This survey in the U.S examined religious beliefs in the country. It could be confidently expected to show a similar result if conducted in most other western countries. Below is a small part of the summary from the website above. All those in favour of letting the “Christian” believers” in the US or in their own country decide “what the Bible says” – and then have the laws adjusted accordingly, please stand up. How strange – nobody is standing up. I wonder why? Perhaps the answer is given in the summary from the report below Religion in America: Non-Dogmatic, Diverse and Politically Relevant Most Americans agree with the statement that many religions – not just their own – can lead to eternal life. Among those who are affiliated with a religious tradition, seven-in-ten say many religions can lead to eternal life. This view is shared by a majority of adherents in nearly all religious traditions, including more than half of members of evangelical Protestant churches (57%). Only among members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and other Mormon groups (57%) and Jehovah’s Witnesses (80%), which together comprise roughly 2.4% of the U.S. adult population, do majorities say that their own religion is the one true faith leading to eternal life. Most Americans also have a non-dogmatic approach when it comes to interpreting the tenets of their own religion. For instance, more than two-thirds of adults affiliated with a religious tradition agree that there is more than one true way to interpret the teachings of their faith, a pattern that occurs in nearly all traditions. The exceptions are Mormons and Jehovah’s Witnesses, 54% and 77% of whom, respectively, say there is only one true way to interpret the teachings of their religion The lack of dogmatism in American religion may well reflect the great diversity of religious affiliation, beliefs and practices in the U.S. For example, while more than nine-in-ten Americans (92%) believe in the existence of God or a universal spirit, there is considerable variation in the nature and certainty of this belief. Six-in-ten adults believe that God is a person with whom people can have a relationship; but one-in-four – including about half of Jews and Hindus – see God as an impersonal force. And while roughly seven-in-ten Americans say they are absolutely certain of God’s existence, more than one-in-five (22%) are less certain in their belief. 142

143 We next need to consider religions other than “christianity” (Yes the lower case “c” is deliberate after reading the summary above). If “religious christianity” is incorporated in the law of the land, then all of these other religions also have a valid claim to be incorporated into the law as we have many people who hold these beliefs as citizens in our societies. How many people in a western style democracy would like to see Islamic Sharia law incorporated into their legal system? In particular, would people in western countries like to be forced to abide by the religious aspects of Sharia law? I strongly suspect that we would not have too many in favour of granting Islam a prominent role in a western nominally Christian society. I think that all thinking people would admit that having religious based law is the worst thing that can happen to any country. No matter “how good” the intentions of the people who introduce and administer the law, the reality is that you are then at the mercy of many who are cranks, crooks and dictators in a religious-legal system. There has to be serious questions raised about the understanding and motives of those people who promote such a system. When you see in the Discovery Institute’s Wedge strategy document the statement "To replace materialistic explanations with the theistic understanding that nature and human beings are created by God", then it appears that one item on the political agenda of the ID movement is to implement a religion based legal system. This is an agenda that should be strongly resisted. Are creationists really “persecuted” by the scientific community? There is in fact some truth to this claim. However it is not for the reasons that creationists say. They claim that they are persecuted because they hold a contrary view which, if allowed to take root, would threaten the basis of modern scientific beliefs in a number of fields (biology, cosmology and geology as the main areas). However, the science community takes them to task because the creationists present pseudo-science to a group of people who are for the most part not knowledgeable in science – and dress it up as science in order to push a religious-political agenda. The DVD “EXPELLED – no intelligence allowed” puts a lot of time into presenting claims of censorship along with the claims that Darwinism leads to atheism and in the case of Nazism, the genocide of Jews. We will look only at the claims of censorship in this section. The DVD interviews a number of people who claimed that they were victimised for either teaching, or just even referring to ID in their work areas. The four people who were in the DVD are listed below, along with their claims and website links that give a “very different” account of the “facts” in each case. Given that nobody has challenged the Wikipedia Encyclopaedia accounts – as everybody has the right and ability to do as part of the charter of Wikipedia – then we must assume that the Wikipedia accounts are basically correct. In each case the Wikipedia accounts – if correct – would indicate that the stories as presented on the DVD are deceptive and that the people concerned were not victimised at all for their creationist beliefs. It is the right of every person to make up their own mind on any matter. These cases are no exception. That is why I have included the internet links so that everyone can do their own research. However, when I see what – on the face of it – appears to be

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144 distortions of the truth such as in these four cases, how can I, or anybody else, have any confidence in anything published by people pushing creationism? Dr. Richard Sternberg The Claim in the DVD (Expelled) “The paper ignited a firestorm of controversy merely because it suggested intelligent design might be able to explain how life began.” He claims that as a result of the firestorm that he lost his job at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sternberg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternberg_peer_review_controversy Dr. Caroline Crocker The Claim in the DVD (Expelled) “After she simply mentioned Intelligent Design in her cell biology class at George Mason University, Caroline Crocker’s sterling academic career came to an abrupt end.” “[My supervisor] said ‘nonetheless you have to be disciplined’, and I lost my job.” (Caroline Crocker, Expelled) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Crocker Michael Egnor The Claim in the DVD (Expelled) “When neurosurgeon Michael Egnor wrote an essay for high school students saying doctors didn’t need to study evolution in order to practice medicine, the Darwinists were quick to try and exterminate this new threat.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Egnor Professor Robert Marks The Claim in the DVD (Expelled) “A few months after this interview Baylor University shut down his research website once they discovered a link between his work and intelligent design.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Marks_II Do Darwin’s ideas encourage or lead to atheism? In the EXPELLED movie on the DVD Ben Stein quotes evolutionary biologist and well known atheist Dr. Richard Dawkins (Oxford University) where he says:“Darwin made it possible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist” While Ben Stein does not directly state that Darwinism must lead to atheism, the clear inference is that it does. He implies that Dr. Dawkins is somehow representative of all scientists. In so doing, Ben Stein is implicitly stating a “scientific hypothesis” in the form shown below (ref. the chapter “Just what is a scientific theory?” for details) If atheism is related to Darwinian ideas, then all evolutionary biologists and other scientists will be atheists.

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145 Discussion – Hopefully everyone remembers that when testing any hypothesis, the scientific method requires that you try and falsify the hypothesis. You do not look for situations that confirm the hypothesis. E.g. you can “prove” that water boils at 71ºC – providing you carry out the experiment only on the top of Mt. Everest. However that does nothing towards explaining what influences the boiling point of water. Using the scientific method you only have to find a single case that contradicts the hypothesis to absolutely prove that the hypothesis is wrong. Hence, if we can find just one single Bible believing – or other “god” believing – evolutionary biologist or other scientist, then Ben Stein’s implicit hypothesis will be proven wrong. Conclusion – One such Christian scientist is Professor of biology Dr. Kenneth R. Miller of Brown University in the US. http://bms.brown.edu/faculty/m/kmiller/ There are many others as well – but all we need to find is just one to disprove Stein’s implied hypothesis. We also have to consider the fact that atheism has always been a feature of all societies across time – e.g. before Darwin. So what caused their atheistic belief before Darwin came up with his ideas? In this instance we see a scientifically untrained audience being misled by the use of Tactic one – misuse of the scientific method. He sets up an implicit hypothesis and then looks only for the case that supports his claim. He doesn’t tell his audience that there are in fact many Christian evolutionary biologists and other scientists whose existence disprove the hypothesis. If Richard Dawkins or anybody else is an atheist, it is simply because God has not revealed Himself to that person (at least at the time in question). In Dawkins case, he clearly felt a sense of bewilderment at how life may have begun because he could not believe in God. Then, finding an alternative view that could “explain” how life began would naturally make “it possible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist” The real criticism of Dr. Dawkins and others like him is that they apparently fail to ponder the deeper question of where the natural laws came from that evolution requires to operate – not the fact that they are atheists. As in all of these cases, I ask why creationists mislead people if their case is so watertight and evolution simply could not account for the appearance of any sort of life by natural means. The attempt to “jump-start life” – Ben Stein in the DVD “EXPELLED” In the EXPELLED movie on the DVD Ben Stein makes the following statement. “The most popular idea has been that life emerged spontaneously from primordial soup. In 1953 Stanley Miller mixed water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen to simulate the early earth’s atmosphere. Then he ran electricity through it in an attempt to jump-start life. It didn’t work! While the initial results seemed promising, 50 years later most serious scientists have abandoned this approach in favour of alternate theories” Generally when making claims such as the three above, the person will check the facts first. If he had done this and still made the claims, then everyone who reads this will 145

146 have to make up their own minds about his motives. Let’s examine the facts of the three highlighted claims separately. The object of the Miller-Urey experiment was not to spontaneously generate life. The object of the experiment is shown below. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey_experiment Specifically, the experiment tested Soviet scientist Alexander Oparin's and J. B. S. Haldane's hypothesis that conditions on the primitive Earth favoured chemical reactions that synthesized organic compounds from inorganic precursors. Nowhere in the above description of the hypothesis for the experiment can I see any reference to “spontaneously generate life” It was simply an attempt to see if the basic building blocks of life – e.g. amino acids – could be synthesized naturally in the assumed prevailing early earth conditions. Here we have the first example of Tactic two - continue to use discredited ideas to mislead people. The question has to be asked – why not tell people about the true hypothesis of the experiment – particularly if it can be clearly demonstrated that the natural laws cannot self-assemble the molecules that form the basis of life? Ben Stein then goes on to assert, “It didn’t work!” Many who have studied high school biology are aware that this claim is categorically wrong. The reason that they know this is because the experiment is simple enough to be duplicated in high school science classes – and in fact has been carried out by many schools. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that significant quantities of organic compounds are generated in a weeklong run of the experiment. In fact in a recently published paper a re-analysis of material from the original Miller-Urey experiments showed that twenty two (22) amino acids were created in one of the original experiments (they performed many) (Johnson AP, Cleaves HJ, Dworkin JP, Glavin DP, Lazcano A, Bada JL (October 2008). "The Miller volcanic spark discharge experiment". Science 322 (5900): 404. doi:10.1126/science.1161527. PMID 18927386). The experiment showed that the hypothesis was correct – and that the building blocks of life (amino acids) would self-assemble under the influence of the natural laws in the natural environment. If Stein had reported the real results it would have shown the exact opposite of the case that he is presenting – e.g. it showed that one of the first steps necessary for evolution occurs unaided by way of the natural laws The question has to be asked. Why did Ben Stein not report the actual results and hence mislead the scientifically untrained audience that the DVD is aimed at? As usual, everyone will make up their own minds as to the reasons and motivation of the people who made the DVD Ben Stein’s last assertion is that “50 years later most serious scientists have abandoned this approach” The reality is that experiments of the same general type have been – and still are – being carried out right up until this very day. I have already made reference to the Johnson AP, Cleaves HJ, Dworkin JP, Glavin DP, Lazcano A, Bada JL (October 2008) paper in the second point above. This type of work is still being performed in order to refine the understandings of exactly which organic compounds form and the conditions necessary for their formation along with the mechanisms 146

147 involved. Here we have the third example of Tactic two - continue to use discredited ideas to mislead people. In Ben Stein’s statement at the start of this section we have a total of sixty five (65) words. In that section of 65 words we have three (3) demonstrably inaccurate statements. If the ID movement is so certain that the natural laws cannot – nor do not – produce the organic molecules needed to start building up more complex organisms, then why do they have to resort to statements that even a quick search on the internet will show to be untrue? Is it because they know that many people in their target audience will not do their own due-diligence checks? Yet again, these people destroy their own credibility in the eyes of those people who do their own due-diligence checking. The manipulation of Darwin’s quotation in his book “The Descent of Man” In the DVD EXPELLED, Ben Stein attributes the following statement to Charles Darwin's book “THE DESCENT OF MAN AND SELECTION IN RELATION TO SEX” (First edition 1871 – second edition 1874). He does this in order to support his claim that the ideas of Darwin inspired the Nazis and their ideas that led to the Holocaust. With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated. We civilized men, on the other hand, do our utmost to check the process of elimination. We build asylums for the imbecile, the maimed and the sick. Thus the weak members of civilized societies propagate their kind. No one who has attended to the breeding of domestic animals will doubt that this must be highly injurious to the race of man. Hardly anyone is so ignorant as to allow his worst animals to breed. Stein stops the “quotation” at the point shown above and implies that Darwin’s “quotation” provided the scientific basis for the Nazi’s ideas on Social Darwinism and its subsequent eugenics program. By eugenics is meant the controlled breeding of humans in order to achieve desirable traits in future generations. Anybody who took Mr Stein at face value would then believe that the “quotation” above is exactly as it appears in the book, “The Descent of man”. Having learnt in the past to be very wary of the quotes from creationists I found a copy of the book and checked the actual quotation myself. What I found did not surprise me as over the years I have come to expect this sort of selective “quoting” from creationists The sections in blue on the next page are the parts that Ben Stein quotes from the book, “The Descent of man”. The red sections are the sentences that he leaves out. As can be clearly seen the meaning of the original text has been changed by leaving selected parts out. It now has an entirely different meaning – the exact opposite of what Darwin actually said. The Descent of man (Charles Darwin) Chapter 5 - On the Development of the Intellectual and Moral Faculties During Primeval and Civilised Times http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/

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148 NATURAL SELECTION AS AFFECTING CIVILISED NATIONS.- Page 90 I have hitherto only considered the advancement of man from a semi-human condition to that of the modern savage. But some remarks on the action of natural selection on civilised nations may be worth adding. This subject has been ably discussed by Mr. W.R. Greg (9. 'Fraser's Magazine,' Sept. 1868, p. 353. This article seems to have struck many persons, and has given rise to two remarkable essays and a rejoinder in the 'Spectator,' Oct. 3rd and 17th, 1868. It has also been discussed in the 'Quarterly Journal of Science,' 1869, p. 152, and by Mr. Lawson Tait in the 'Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science,' Feb. 1869, and by Mr. E. Ray Lankester in his 'Comparative Longevity,' 1870, p. 128. Similar views appeared previously in the 'Australasian,' July 13, 1867. I have borrowed ideas from several of these writers.), and previously by Mr. Wallace and Mr. Galton. (10. For Mr. Wallace, see 'Anthropological Review,' as before cited. Mr. Galton in 'Macmillan's Magazine,' Aug. 1865, p. 318; also his great work, 'Hereditary Genius,' 1870.) Most of my remarks are taken from these three authors. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated; and those that survive commonly exhibit a vigorous state of health. We civilised men, on the other hand, do our utmost to check the process of elimination; we build asylums for the imbecile, the maimed, and the sick; we institute poor-laws; and our medical men exert their utmost skill to save the life of every one to the last moment. There is reason to believe that vaccination has preserved thousands, who from a weak constitution would formerly have succumbed to small-pox. Thus the weak members of civilised societies propagate their kind. No one who has attended to the breeding of domestic animals will doubt that this must be highly injurious to the race of man. It is surprising how soon a want of care, or care wrongly directed, leads to the degeneration of a domestic race; but excepting in the case of man himself, hardly any one is so ignorant as to allow his worst animals to breed. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The aid which we feel impelled to give to the helpless is mainly an incidental result of the instinct of sympathy, which was originally acquired as part of the social instincts, but subsequently rendered, in the manner previously indicated, more tender and more widely diffused. Nor could we check our sympathy, even at the urging of hard reason, without deterioration in the noblest part of our nature. The surgeon may harden himself whilst performing an operation, for he knows that he is acting for the good of his patient; but if we were intentionally to neglect the weak and helpless, it could only be for a contingent benefit, with an overwhelming present evil. We must therefore bear the undoubtedly bad effects of the weak surviving and propagating their kind; but there appears to be at least one check in steady action, namely that the weaker and inferior members of society do not marry so freely as the sound; and this check might be indefinitely increased by the weak in body or mind refraining from marriage, though this is more to be hoped for than expected. Any person reading the above actual quotations from the book can see how certain sections have been left out – and that these omissions have the effect of twisting the meaning to completely opposite to what Darwin actually said. It is this very sort of thing that years ago caused me to lose faith in any statement from creationists. Now I must make it clear that I don’t know the reasons or motivations that led to the changed text on the DVD. However, as usual, everyone will make their own judgments as to why the text was presented like this. 148

149 It gives added credibility to the claims of the many scientists who complain that their words are twisted from their original meaning in order to “support” the creationist account. It is true that what became known as Social Darwinism became popular in the 1800s in England and Europe. The first appearance of the concept is generally attributed to Herbert Spencer (1820 to 1903) who was a very influential English writer and political theorist. He rejected the idea of caring for the poor and sick. However, Spencer’s concepts are at complete variance with Darwin's personal views as is made very clear by the real quotation from Darwin’s book on the previous page. Most other scientists and philosophers of that era – and current times – categorically rejected the ideas of Social Darwinism that Spencer put forward. They see no support for the ideas in evolutionary theory. The essence of the idea of Social Darwinism is that the strongest and fittest should survive and prosper in society, while the weaker ones should be allowed to die. In a booklet that came with the DVD EXPELLED, Ben Stein quotes from an author, Californian State University historian Richard Weikart that he interviews on the DVD. Weikart’s book is entitled “From Darwin to Hitler” “Darwinism by itself did not produce the Holocaust, but without Darwinism, especially in its social Darwinist and eugenics permutations, neither Hitler nor his Nazi followers would have had the necessary scientific underpinnings to convince themselves and their collaborators that one of the world’s greatest atrocities was really morally praiseworthy” Now it is certainly true that the Nazis murdered many millions of Jews, criminals, political opponents, homosexuals, people with mental illness, some religious dissenters and anyone else that opposed their insane ideas. However Darwin cannot be held responsible for what they did. Darwin himself was strongly against any such interpretation of his writings. Herbert Spencer (noted above) was the one who corrupted Darwin’s ideas and advanced the ideas of Social Darwinism that rejected the idea of caring for the poor and sick. Under Spencer, only the strongest should survive in order to ensure the health of the population. He was more likely one of the sources of the insane Nazi corruption that led to mass murder under Hitler. Hitler also modelled his sterilization program on the US “Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring” which came into force on July 14, 1933. This law required doctors in the US to register all cases of hereditary illness that they were aware of. The only exceptions were women over fortyfive years of age as they were considered unlikely to have any further children. Anyone reported under this law were – subject to a court appeal – sterilized against their will in order to prevent them from having children. Hitler also supported the ancient city-state of Sparta’s (6th to the 4th century BC) treatment of deformed children. He regarded Sparta as a good example of a society that had historically practiced the type of social policy that he favoured. Hitler said:(Hitler's secret book by Adolf Hitler Published in 1961, Grove Press (New York) ) "Sparta must be regarded as the first folkish state. The exposure of the sick, weak, deformed children, in short their destruction, was more decent and in truth a 149

150 thousand times more humane than the wretched insanity of our day which preserves the most pathological subject" . He is also reported to have said at a Nazi party convention in 1929:“The worst danger is that we are interrupting the natural selection process ourselves (by caring for the sick and the weak). ... The most far-sighted racial state in history, Sparta, systematically implemented these racial laws.” The idea that Hitler based his eugenics ideas only on the corrupted Darwinian concepts that Herbert Spencer peddled around the western world is somewhat fanciful to say the least. The American ideas and especially Hitler’s fascination with ancient cultures (Refer to Mine Kampf) had as much if not more influence on his evil thoughts and plans that resulted in the Holocaust. One again we see creationists using Tactic one – misuse of the scientific method in order to create a false belief in those who follow them. What Ben Stein does on the DVD is to implicitly state a “scientific hypothesis” in the form shown below. He then proceeds to ignore and fail to report all the instances of racism and eugenics that have existed totally separate to any Darwinian influence and which would falsify the hypothesis if reported. If racism and the ideas of eugenics have Darwinian ideas as a necessary condition for their implementation, then no examples of racism and eugenics will be found that do not depend on the ideas found in Darwin’s books. Commonly known examples of racism include traditional European anti-Semitism that has existed for centuries because the Catholic Church branded the Jews as “Christ killers”. Also we have the example given above of ancient Sparta over 2000 years ago as the first state to practice eugenics as a matter of state policy. Coming into more modern times we have the Ottoman Turkish government which committed an act of genocide against the local Armenian population in Turkey. It involved both massacres of the Armenian people as well as deportations. It was known as the Armenian Genocide and also known as the Armenian Holocaust. The total number of Armenian deaths is generally believed to have been between one and one-and-a-half million. Historians date the beginning of massacre as April 24, 1915. In more recent times we have the Rwandan Genocide in 1994 with the mass killing of somewhere between 800,000 to 1,000,000 Rwandan Tutsis and Hutu political moderates by Hutus under the Hutu Power ideology. These instances of racism and genocide had nothing to do with Darwinism. No mention is made of any of these well documented racist and eugenic events that had absolutely nothing to do with Darwin’s ideas and which destroy the hypothesis that Darwinian ideas are a necessary condition for eugenic political systems to arise. It is an example of withholding critical information that would otherwise destroy the impression that the creationists are trying to create, The simple fact of the matter is that Hitler was evil. Like all people who seek to do wrong they look for some “authority” to give support to their ideas. A very good modern example is the conflict in Northern Ireland between the Catholics and the Protestants. The “christians” on both sides of that conflict claim the Bible as “their authority” to maim and murder those on the other side. Does this mean that we 150

151 should mount a campaign against the writers of the Bible – and the Bible itself – just because some “christians” decided to misinterpret it and use it as their “authority” to commit murder? Trying to link the ideas of Darwin with the eugenic ideas of Nazism is as credible as trying to link the Catholic and Protestant murderers of Northern Ireland to the Bible. There is no connection to the Bible, religion yes – but not the Bible! The creationists preoccupation with evangelism This has been a long and difficult chapter that I really do wish that I could have avoided writing as I know that it is going to offend some people. But it was not possible to avoid it as it was my discovery of the practices of some creationist leaders that made me look much deeper into the war between creationism and science. But there is also another reason that is involved with this discussion that I want to finish the chapter on. Most evangelical Christians seem to have the idea that their calling outside of actual church activities is to evangelize the world around them. Now it is certainly true that evangelism – along with other callings – has a place in the church. Ephesians 4:10-12 (NIV) He who descended is the very one who ascended higher than all the heavens, in order to fill the whole universe.) 11 It was he who gave some to be apostles, some to be prophets, some to be evangelists, and some to be pastors and teachers, 12 to prepare God's people for works of service, so that the body of Christ may be built up But the purpose of evangelism is to reach those who God is calling in order to build up the church for the “works of service” that God has called the church to. As we have covered at great length earlier in the book, not all people are called into the “NT priesthood of the believers”. But it is through this NT priesthood that God is working to save the whole world. This “salvation” of the whole world is from the ravages of the kingdom of Satan (sickness, oppression, poverty, disease, death, lack of education etc.) But how many times have I (and probably everyone else) heard that all we in the church have to do is go out and evangelize people by telling them that “Jesus loves them – and if you will just accept Jesus as your saviour, then when you get to heaven everything will be just great”. Well, as the scripture on the next page states, the Bible is calling the NT priesthood of Christians to do more than just evangelise. It’s no good saying “Jesus love you and when you get to heaven everything will be fine” to the boy from Accra, Ghana in the picture on the next page with the severe case of smallpox lesions on his face, or to the person who is starving, or blind from easily correctible cataracts, or who has had their leg blown off by a landmine. These people will say to you. “Well if he loves me – then what is he doing to relieve my misery NOW?” These people want Christians to do what Jesus did – and what he called Christians to be (e.g. the light of the world and salt of the earth) – that is, to help relieve their misery and make the world a better place NOW, not at some indeterminate time in the future.

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152 Matthew 25:37-40 (NIV) 37 Then the righteous will answer him, `Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you something to drink? 38 When did we see you a stranger and invite you in, or needing clothes and clothe you? 39 When did we see you sick or in prison and go to visit you?' 40 "The King will reply, `I tell you the truth, whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers of mine, you did for me.' The big problem I see with many (not all) in the evangelical churches is that nobody wants to be anything other than an evangelist. According to the Bible, God calls people to many different areas in order to fulfil all the functions of the “Body of Christ” (Ephesians 4:10-12 above.) So then how do we account for the idea that everyone in the church is called to primarily be an evangelist – but not one of the other roles? Is it because God made a mistake and “forgot” about all the other roles that are needed to fulfil the functions of the “Body of Christ”? Well that doesn’t seem very likely to me. I think that a better answer is that many Christians have other calls from God – but appear to have “selective hearing”. More to the point, I believe that this selective hearing is strongly influenced by two separate movements in the churches. The first major factor in this lack of balance in the church is the Church Growth Movement that has risen to prominence in the last twenty to thirty years or so and whose only preoccupation appears to be evangelism. This has happened because the church has abdicated its full calling to the NT Priesthood of the Believers. The second major factor is the creationist movement in the Evangelical churches. It is a well known and documented fact in psychology that at least seventy five percent of all people form their opinions based on what the group around them “says is the correct thing to do, say or believe.” They are unable to resist the group pressure to conform. I believe that creationism and their call to “evangelism only” is at least partly responsible for this lack of balance that has directly led to the marginalization of the church in society. Particularly noticeable in creationist literature are the claims that the “atheistic” scientists are competing for the hearts and minds of all the “unsaved”. And if “we can just discredit these atheists then we can win these souls for Jesus.” But I have never come across a statement in their literature that says “We can use the findings of real science to save these people who are oppressed by poverty and disease and lack of education – and hence help bring in the Kingdom of God on earth” In the light of the complete Big Picture of the Bible, isn’t this preoccupation with evangelism by creationists and the Church Growth Movement in general, unbalanced and unscriptural? How will they answer Jesus on Judgement Day when they are asked about Mathew 25:34-40? The hard cold facts are that nobody can “prove” the existence of God. We are saved by faith in the risen – but invisible at this time – Christ. The Bible makes crystal clear that saving faith is a direct gift from God. No amount of human persuasion will ever convince anybody of the death and resurrection of Jesus – or the fact that they have sinned and need to repent and ask God for forgiveness. 152

153 Ephesians 2:8 (NKJV) 8 For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God, Paul’s conversion as he travelled along the road to Damascus from being an active persecutor of Christians to that of one of the main characters of the NT is direct testimony that a person’s current beliefs are irrelevant when God steps in and confronts that person. So it is with science. There are many hundreds, maybe thousands of Christian scientists who absolutely agree with evolutionary theory and who absolutely believe in the Bible. Very few people have a stronger faith than I do. Yet I strongly believe that science is working along the correct path as it pursues the facts of evolution as we know them up to now. If Darwinian beliefs lead to atheism, then how do creationists account for the existence of Christian evolutionary scientists and other Bible believing Christians? The simple fact is that there is no connection between Darwinian ideas and atheism. To try and say that there is a connection is simply another case of the use of Tactic two continue to use discredited ideas to deceive people ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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The Genesis account of creation Or The Biblical account of creation compared to the scientific view only to discover that there is no difference The mystery of Genesis chapter two Before we can look at Genesis chapter one, we need to examine the apparent contradiction in chapter two as this gives some of the keys to the information in chapter one. Genesis 2:4-7 (NKJV) 4 This is the history of the heavens and the earth when they were created, in the day (OT:3117) that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens, 5 before any plant (OT:7880) of the field was in the earth and before any herb (OT:6212) of the field had grown. For the LORD God had not caused it to rain on the earth, and there was no man (OT:120) to till the ground; 6 but a mist went up from the earth and watered the whole face of the ground. 7 And the LORD God formed man (OT:120) of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life (OT:5397); and man became a living (OT:2416) being (OT:5315). Much controversy is attached to Chapters one (1) and two (2) in the Book of Genesis. Creationists believe that the Bible teaches a literal six (6) twenty four (24) hour day creation about 6000 years ago that took place according to the account in Genesis 1:131. In this account man was made on the sixth day after everything else had been created. However when a literal interpretation is taken of the first seven verses of chapter two, a problem immediately becomes apparent. In Genesis chapter two, we have man being created after the heavens and the earth were created – but before any plants appeared on dry land which happened on the third day according to Genesis chapter one. The apparent contradictions between chapters one and two are well known and many people have tried in various ways to explain the differences. Some explanations are more likely than others. Some people have tried to say that we should just ignore the first seven verses of chapter two and simply concentrate on the creation account in chapter one. We can’t do that. Chapter two is there and we must deal with it. The whole of chapter two is focussed not on the original creation – but rather it deals with the events in the Garden of Eden. The first seven verses are simply a recapitulation of the history that led up to the establishment of the garden and what followed from there on. It says this in Genesis 2:1, “Thus the heavens and the earth were completed in all their vast array.” The Garden of Eden is concerned with “life” in the form of the visible bodies of Adam and Eve and the plants and animals that were in the garden However we cannot just ignore the first seven verses as they say some important things that we need to examine so that we don’t miss something in all this discussion. As background to this statement, consider the “small problem” that was discovered by scientists as they studied the Solar System. It was found that the orbit of the planet Mercury around the sun did not behave exactly as predicted by Newton's laws of gravity and motion. The deviation in the orbit was truly miniscule – but nonetheless it 154

155 existed. People could have said that it was too small to even worry about. But being “real” scientists they did worry about it – it had to be explained. History records that they were right to worry about this “insignificant discrepancy” The matter of the deviation was resolved in 1915 when Albert Einstein showed in his new General Theory of Relativity that Newton’s laws were incomplete and that the deviation was explained by the fuller explanation of gravity and motion in the General Theory of Relativity. In fact, explaining the problem of Mercury’s orbit was one of the first “proofs” of the General Theory of Relativity. The point here is simple. Very small discrepancies between accounts of some things, can often point to a significant fact that explains the discrepancy – which then points the way forward to new facts and discoveries. So it is with the first seven verses of chapter two. Let’s begin by looking at the word “day” as used in both chapters one and two of Genesis. The underlying word itself is the Strong’s Number OT:3117 – “yowm” (see listing of Strong’s Concordance words at the end of this chapter). It can mean a literal twenty four hour day. It can also be used to speak of an undefined period of time that ranges from one day to eternity itself. The actual meaning in any given situation is set by the context in which it is used. The question that we are considering at this time is what does a “day” mean in the context of chapters one and two of Genesis? The meaning of “day” in the context of creation is fairly clearly laid out in Genesis 2:46 (above). In these two verses God says that there was no man to till the ground and also that at that time it didn’t rain but He had arranged for a mist to rise up from the earth to keep the face of the planet watered. Two questions arise. First, if the period in Genesis 1:9-27 that covers the third to the sixth days were three literal 24 hour days, then why was it important to mention that there was no man to till the ground? Let’s face it, nothing much happens to the plants growing in your own garden in three days – it slowly runs itself. So why was it so important to mention that nobody was present to tend the garden if it was only for three 24 hour days? As in all interpretation, you have to find the one and only explanation that fits all the descriptions of a given event. In this case, the only explanation is that the “days” were simply periods of time that were “considerably longer” than twenty four hours. This interpretation is reinforced by the answer to the second question below. The second question that must be asked is why the whole face of the earth needed watering if there were no plants in the ground? Well you could answer that the ground needed to be moistened ready for plants to grow. But the underlying text specifically states that it was a “mist” or fog that rose up from the ground. This means that the ground was already wet in order to be able to supply the vapour for the mist. This means that whatever was being watered didn’t have its roots in the ground – but rather sat on top of the ground and needed a wet atmosphere to water it. This is entirely consistent with what science says is the sequence of the first type of plants to appear on the earth – e.g. about 475 million years ago saw the first primitive plants move onto land e.g. algae, fungus and lichens (ref the last section of the chapter The Scientific view of the Universe and Life). Now we know why the Bible made the point about there being “no man to till the ground”. It was simply that what was growing didn’t need to be tilled or tended. The Bible is simply describing a long period of time where the atmospheric and soil conditions needed for “in the ground” types of plants to grow were being established in the creation of the earth. 155

156 Having dealt with the question of the length of the “days” in the creation account, the next question is why Genesis 2:4-7 appears to be saying that God created man before any plant was formed? If this is taken at face value, then we have two immediate problems. First, this directly contradicts the sequence in chapter one. The second problem is that Adam was human. This means that he needed to eat (Genesis 1:29 and 2:16). If there were no plants (or animals) to eat – then what did he eat? But there is an even more difficult question. Genesis 2:5 states that “there was no man to till the ground” But in verse seven we find that God created “man of the dust of the ground “. The question immediately arises as to how we can have the situation where “there was no man to till the ground” – but the “man” has nonetheless already been created? Here again, we have to find an interpretation that is consistent with all that the Bible says There can be only one interpretation of the appearance of the plant life that was not rooted in the soil and that only needed a mist in the air to water it – and how despite there being a “man” present, there was no “man” to till the ground. This could only have occurred if we accept the scientific view of the creation. Namely, that the plant life on the land came from the early seas – and that these early land plant forms (algae, lichens etc.) were the forerunners of the subsequent much larger and more varied plants and trees in later periods of history. Likewise, the ancient living ancestors of “man” were present in the sea – and that over huge periods of time these early life forms transformed into the natural body of man. And that it was into this naturally formed (evolved) body of man that the act of special creation described in Genesis 1:26-27 took place. This idea is expanded in the next section. Adam and Eve and the Doctrine of Man When God implanted the “spirit of man” into the naturally formed body of man in Genesis 1:26-27 you had a transformation from the “human animal” body of “Adam” that had a limited animal type of intelligence into the creative human being of mankind. This has its counterpart concept in the NT where the Spirit of God comes to live in the bodies of believers (Romans 8:9-11, 1 Corinthians 3:16) as an act of regeneration. In Genesis we first see the “spirit of man” take up its abode in the body of man – then in the NT we see God regenerate Christian mankind by joining him in the body of humans. The wording of Genesis 2:7 clearly states that the original creation of man was a twopart process. First came the forming of the body from the naturally occurring chemical elements that make up any living body – then the special act of human creation, namely the fusing of the “spirit of man” into the body of man occurred at Genesis 1,:26-27 Genesis 2:7 (NIV) (Genesis 1:1- 25) the LORD God formed the man from the dust of the ground (i.e. the chemical elements) and (Genesis 1:26-27) breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being. In the NT we then see a third phase in the life of mankind where The Spirit of God joins the spirit of man in the natural body of believing mankind. In some sense this mirrors the Triune nature of God in the natural world which is spoken about in Romans 1:19-20.

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157 This is the concept that is covered in the earlier chapter called the Doctrine of Man. It’s not our bodies that separate us from the animals. We have a natural body just like any other animal and that comes into existence the same as say, a horse, or a chimpanzee does. It has the same organs, nutritional needs and excretory functions as any other animal body does. It has much the same DNA genetic makeup as any other animal body. It suffers the same sorts of diseases and it dies just like any other animal body. Where we differ is that mankind is a spirit being that is fused into a natural – but mortal – body. This is the definition of a human being according to the Bible The difference between humans and animals becomes very clear at the moment of death. The Bible states, and the experience of those who die and return, makes very clear, that at death the soul and spirit of the person leaves the body. Or as Paul describes it, the person leaves the “tent” (2 Corinthians 5:1-4 and 2 Peter 1:13-14) and takes on their eternal form in the presence of God. With animals, they die and are no more! The appearance of Eve In the Genesis 1:26-27 description of the creation of man, the Biblical account clearly appears to speak of only a single literal Adam and Eve. This would come about because God appears to have only implanted the “spirit of man” into one only (Adam) of the humanoids that apparently were on the on the earth at that time. It would appear that Eve was made later as shown below Genesis 2:20-22 (NIV) But for Adam no suitable helper was found. 21 So the LORD God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep; and while he was sleeping, he took one of the man's ribs (OT:6763) and closed up the place with flesh. 22 Then the LORD God made a woman from the rib he had taken out of the man, and he brought her to the man. The word that is translated as ”rib” (OT:6763 – tsela`) literally means “curved” (see Strong’s Numbers below). Bear in mind that when the original text was written and later when the translations were done into English the idea of DNA had not even been conceived in the mind of man. If you were the translator, “a rib” may have been the natural choice for an internal part of the body that was “curved” Today of course we know that the genetic material that controls the formation and shape of the human is DNA and that the characteristic of DNA that sticks in everybody’s mind is that it is shaped as a double helix – e.g. it is curved. A schematic picture of DNA is shown in the chapter Self-organising systems? – Or do we need a Special Creation? at the start of the section “The original DNA molecules – an example of self assembly” It would appear that Genesis 2:20-22 actually describes God using some of the DNA from Adam’s body to create Eve’s body by a process that we can speculate about, but not prove at this time. The Doctrine of Man and the question of Cain’s wife Consider the appearance of Adam’s “human animal” body just prior to Genesis 1:26-27 and then again immediately after God’s special act of creation where he fused the “spirit of man” into Adam’s body and Adam became a human being. It was – in Pauls words ((2 Corinthians 5:1-4 and 2 Peter 1:13-14) – simply the “spirit of man” entering the “tent” (e.g. the natural body). You would not notice any outward 157

158 difference in the body (“tent”). But what you would immediately notice is that the “body” now has a very considerably greater intellectual capacity than immediately prior to the person “entering the tent’. This has come about because of the nature of the “spirit being” (e.g. the person) who now lives in the body (the tent) Even though Adam – and later Eve – had a much greater intellectual capacity than the humanoid animals that lived in the Stone Age, they did not have much in the way of actual knowledge at that time. The end result of that would be that although they would have been clearly intellectually superior to the humanoid animals around them when you spoke to them – they would not, at least in the early stages, have been that much more knowledgeable than those around them. The difference between a real human and a humanoid animal at that time would be similar to the difference between an intelligent, but totally uneducated and illiterate person and a chimpanzee. The person is obviously much smarter and can reason and rapidly learn – but really does not know too much more than the chimpanzee at that point in time. Now take Cain, as he was cast out after he killed Able and went to the Land of Nod to the east of Eden. There he took a wife. Where did the woman come from? Well clearly, she was part of the very large population of “humanoid animals” on the earth at that time. While intellectually she would no doubt not have been Cain’s first choice, at the physical appearance level she was no doubt “acceptable” given his circumstances. Now we return to the account of when God made Eve. God took a part of Adam to create Eve. This was almost certainly some of his genetic material. Using that “material” from Cain, God made an equal intellectual partner for Adam – namely, Eve. Given that the account in Genesis appears to indicate that God only imbued those people with a human “spirit” who carried the genetic makeup directly from Adam himself, then it seems likely that the same conditions applied with Cain as well. In this situation, Enoch, who was Cain and his wife’s first child, would have likewise inherited Cain’s true human attributes as a result of Cain’s genetic seed. Over time as more true humans – as opposed to humanoid animals increased on the earth there would have been a natural selection process that would have favoured the real humans. They were more intelligent, hence they would be better adapted to the environment. The other real selection pressure would have been sexual. Given a choice, people will always select those who are closest to them. Higher intelligence would very rapidly lead to differences in knowledge, physical grooming and appearance, hygiene and lifestyle. Very few people would willingly choose a partner that had the IQ and habits of a chimpanzee if there was an alternative. This alone would ensure that the old humanoid animal section of Homo sapiens would rapidly die out. The question of how Jesus can be both fully God and fully man Many people have great difficulty in understanding how Jesus was (and is) both fully God – but at the same time, fully man. The answer lies in the question of what it means to be a member of mankind. In other words, we are talking about the definition of a human being. (The Doctrine of Man) This definition is simply that a human being is a compound being that is composed of

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159 a “spirit being” (the actual person who will leave the body at death and then live on eternally) that God has somehow fused into the natural human body. This is what it means that Jesus is fully man. Jesus the man is composed of the Spirit Being of Jesus that was fused into a natural body that was exactly the same as every other human body. By Jesus living in that body he experienced exactly the same things that every other human that ever lived has. His body showed that it was a natural body when he was crucified. He bled, He thirsted – then He died. He rose again three days later – but in a different transformed eternal body that could appear in closed rooms and with many other attributes of which we as yet don’t understand. He was also fully God as the Spirit that inhabited the natural body of the “man Jesus” was none other than the WORD – God himself (Mathew 1:23 and John 1:1). This is exactly the same as saying that we are fully human because we are a spirit being that lives in a “natural body”. But we are human spirits – not the Spirit of God as was Jesus. Although we are “made in God’s image” and have certain attributes of God, (consciousness, creativity etc.) we are not the same as God. There are great mysteries about how God fuses a human spirit into a natural body, and there are huge unfathomable mysteries about who God is. However there is no mystery about how the man Jesus was – and now is – both fully God and fully human. The man Jesus was simply the Spirit – the WORD of God Himself – who was fused into the natural body of the man Jesus. Genesis chapter one compared to the scientific view We will look very briefly in this section at the scientific evidence and compare it to the Biblical description of the creation sequence and see that there is no difference in the two descriptions. “Day” one – Creation of the universe and the solid, liquid and gaseous matter needed for the planets Genesis 1:1-2 (NKJV) 1 In the beginning God created the heavens (OT:8064 – the universe) and the earth.( OT:776 - from an unused root probably meaning to be firm) 2 The earth was without form (OT:8414 – empty place, without form, nothing), and void;( OT:922 – emptiness) and darkness was on the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters (OT:4325 – water). . This is a general statement that God created not only the earth – but the entire universe as well. The universe is estimated to be around 14 billion years old. The event that started the universe has become known as the Big Bang. This was an explosion of space and time – not an explosion in space and time. The universe has expanded from a primordial hot “soup” of pure energy and sub-atomic particles at some finite time in the past, and it continues to expand to this day. Within a few minutes after the expansion of the universe began, the very high temperature and thick primordial soup of sub-atomic particles, “condensed” as protons and then later into hydrogen along with some “heavy hydrogen” (Deuterium) and small traces of other light elements. In the early universe, mainly all that existed were vast clouds of hydrogen gas. 159

160 The earth is only around 4.6 billion years old. There is a good reason for this. Stating the obvious, the earth and all other objects are made from many different elements. Initially the only elements that existed were hydrogen and much smaller quantities of its heavier cousin, Deuterium. Some process had to create all the heavy elements. This took time – hence the earth and all other solid material have to be younger than the universe itself. It must be noted that there are multiple measurements of both the age of the universe and the age of the earth. In all cases the different methods of measurement all converge to the same general figures as given here. Universe = about 14 billion years and the earth = about 4.6 billion years old. These figures are reliable. Genesis 1:3-5 (NKJV) 3 Then God said, "Let there be light"; and there was light. 4 And God saw the light, that it was good; and God divided the light from the darkness. 5 God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night. So the evening and the morning were the first day. Now God created light. This is a very significant statement as it now gets into the specifics of how He created the “earth” after the universe had come into existence. You will notice that this light was not the sun and moon as spoken about in verses 14 to 19 on the fourth day. Clearly this light was related to the universe at large. Scientists believe that the first stars probably formed about 100 million years after the “Big Bang” that started the expansion of space and time that formed our universe. These stars were much bigger, brighter and much hotter than stars today. Because they were much hotter than current stars, they would have generated huge amounts of ultraviolet radiation that would kill any form of life such as we know today unless it was shielded in the deep sea or in dark caves. There is a far more important point here though. The visible natural light in the universe comes from those “nuclear furnaces” known as the stars. The sun is our star. Stars form when local gravitational forces cause huge clouds of hydrogen gas to coalesce into massive balls. The heat and pressure in these huge balls of gas then “ignites” a fusion reaction where four hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium, giving off huge amounts of energy and light during this process. By a complicated set of nuclear reactions all of the elements that make up matter are then formed later within the star. Any stars that start off under a certain mass (weight) end up collapsing into incredibly dense stars known as “white dwarfs” when they have used up all their fuel and ‘burn out”. Of more interest to us are the stars over a certain critical mass. As they age and “burn” up all their fuel (initially hydrogen – then later helium) they expand catastrophically and explode (supernova). During this stupendous supernova explosion all the heavy elements that were made in the stars and that make up solid and other matter are ejected out into space. The elements that are ejected from the dying stars include not only the solid elements such as iron, carbon, calcium, sulphur, copper etc. but also the many different gasses such as nitrogen and oxygen.

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161 Normal water is simply Hydrogen Oxide. (H2O) This consists of two hydrogen atoms combined with one oxygen atom. We know the original hydrogen came from the Big Bang itself. There are still vast clouds of hydrogen throughout space from which new stars are still forming. After a few hundreds of millions of years some of the original stars would have exploded (supernova) at the end of their life cycle and spewed out huge quantities of elemental oxygen that formed in the stars during their life cycle. This oxygen then would have reacted with the vast hydrogen clouds in space to form water floating around in space. The oxygen would also have reacted with the heavy hydrogen (deuterium) to form “heavy water” This process of water formation would have occurred throughout the universe. So what we have are huge clouds of atoms and small clumps of the many different solid elements as well as great quantities of water just floating around in “deep” and dark space waiting for the next phase of creation to begin. Now an important point arises here. Genesis 1:2 says: “The earth (OT:776 - from an unused root probably meaning to be firm) was without form (OT:8414 – empty place, without form, nothing), and void;( OT:922 – emptiness) and darkness was on the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters (OT:4325 – water). What Genesis 1:2 is saying is that initially, the “earth” consisted of “firm” material that was “without form”. This is the exact situation described by science where we have all the atoms of the various solid elements, gases and water all floating around in space – but they have no specific form because they have not yet formed into solid bodies such as asteroids, comets (rocks & ice) and planets etc. Gravity eventually caused all this solid material to coalesce and solar systems are then formed out of this stellar debris. That is why all the solid bodies in the universe must be younger than the universe itself. The elements that make up our bodies – along with all other matter – was originally formed in the “light” (the stars) that God created on the first “day”

“Day” two – The earth forms and the atmosphere is created Genesis 1:6-8 (NKJV) 6 Then God said, "Let there be a firmament (OT:7549 – an expanse, i.e. the firmament or (apparently) visible arch of the sky) in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters." 7 Thus God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament; and it was so. 8 And God called the firmament Heaven (OT:8064 – sky). So the evening and the morning were the second day. It is clear that by “day” two gravity had caused the earth itself to have been created and that the Genesis account is describing the formation of the atmosphere around the earth e.g. a firmament that divided the water on the earth from the water in space e.g. the comets that are found in the Oort Cloud which is described below and many other icy asteroids.

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162 The formation of an atmosphere was a critical step in allowing the earth to accumulate and keep a significant body of water. Because this step was critical, it is almost certainly the reason that the Bible makes specific mention of this stage of the earth’s development. A very brief description of the process (as it is understood up until now) is given below. It is worth noting here that the firmament (sky) (OT:7549 above) is what you see when you look at the sky exactly as described in verse six – e.g. a visible dome above you that – on a clear day – varies in colour as you look from the horizon to directly overhead. On days with clouds you see all sorts of cloud patterns. If there was no atmosphere all, you would see a uniformly black sky with only stars showing in it. The current scientific ideas of the formation of our solar system, and the others that go to make up a galaxy are fairly well supported with observational data. It goes like this. A small area within a gigantic cloud of gases and dust (a nebula) was disturbed, probably by a nearby star exploding. This squeezed the cloud causing the particles in it to come closer together. This increased the gravitational attraction between all the particles and started the gravitational collapse of the cloud. Eventually, the cloud became very hot and dense near its center and was surrounded by a cooler disk of gas and dust. For reasons of physics (conservation of angular momentum) the cloud began to spin. As it sped up the cloud became thinner in the plane at 90 degrees to the spin axis and became like a large plate of spinning gas. Particles began to stick together and form clumps. Some clumps grew bigger as small particles and smaller clumps stuck to them. These eventually formed planets and smaller bodies such as moons and large asteroids. The moons were later captured by the gravitational fields of the planets. Close to the center of the cloud, small rocky planets such as Mercury, Earth and Mars formed as only rocky material could stand the great heat in this region. Complex forces in the disc led to the giant gas planets such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune forming in the outer regions of the spinning cloud. In the very cold outermost sections of the spinning cloud, ice formed from the water molecules in the cloud. Today we see that these outer regions are the home of the frozen planet of Pluto and the Oort Cloud which is mainly composed of various ices, such as water, ammonia, and methane and is the source of the comets that occasionally pass by the earth. At the time the earth first formed it was a very hot rocky ball with a molten core – which we still have today. As it cooled, huge quantities of gas were released by many volcanoes over the entire surface of the earth. The early atmosphere of the earth was composed essentially of all these volcanic gases. The gas composition of the atmosphere in those days was probably mainly methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia. There would have been very little free oxygen in the mixture. This thin atmosphere was held around the earth by its gravitational field. However this situation would not have lasted long without the existence of the earth’s magnetic field. This magnetic field originates from within the molten core of the earth and extends for several thousand kilometers out into space, where it is known as the magnetosphere. This magnetic field is a major part of the earth’s protection from the solar wind. This is a stream of very energetic particles that are generated in the sun and sweep outwards across the solar system. Without the protection of the magnetosphere, the gases that make up the atmosphere would simply be swept away into space and all the atmosphere of the earth – including any water vapour – would be lost. Life would never be able to develop on the earth. 162

163 Now that an atmosphere had developed, the conditions were right for free water to start accumulating on the surface of the earth. It is believed to have come from two different sources. The first water source was likely to have been from the huge quantities of super heated steam (e.g. in the form of invisible water vapour) released by the many volcanoes over the earth. In time this (invisible) water vapour condensed into minutes droplets of visible steam as the earth continued to cool. It was vitally important that both an atmosphere and the magnetosphere existed in the very early stage of the formation of water on the earth. Without any atmospheric pressure the (invisible) water vapour would have never been able to condense into “heavy” visible clouds of steam. Without the magnetosphere, the water vapour would have simply been swept away into space by the solar wind and most of this source of water would have been lost forever. However, it is believed that the earth gained most of its water from the many icy bodies such as the water-rich meteoroids that burn up in the atmosphere or the meteorites (a portion of a meteoroid that actually reaches the ground) that bombarded the earth in its early stages of formation and development. This belief is reinforced because the ratio of normal “light” to “heavy” water in these meteoroids is close to that of the sea. Because the ratio of heavy water to normal (light) water in some comets that have been analysed is about twice as high as the ratio of heavy to light water in the sea it is not believed that comets were the principal source of water on the earth. However, the existence of an atmosphere (or firmament) was still a critical requirement in the earth’s ability to retain this water. The atmosphere slowed down the incoming “icy bodies” and so minimised the impact energy. This slowing down of the incoming bodies helped prevent the impact explosions from blasting the superheated steam back out into space. The main point in all this discussion is the statement that the formation of water on the earth was only possible because the “firmament” (atmosphere) had been created – and that this firmament separated the water on the earth from the water that is spread throughout space in the rest of the universe. This was a significant step in the development of the earth. For more details, explore the links below. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Earth#Origin_of_the_oceans_and_atmosp here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth Science tells us that this is the sequence of the creation – first the universe came into being – then stars formed from the condensed hydrogen gas – the stars manufactured all the chemical elements (including oxygen) – then the stars exploded spewing all the chemical elements out into space – then the oxygen and hydrogen combined to form water – there were also all the other solid matter elements floating around in space. The scene is now set to create galaxies, planets and solar systems. This all took a minimum of many hundreds of millions of years before the first solar system began to take form So far the account of “days” one and two in Genesis follow exactly what science tells us were the steps in the creation. 163

164 “Day” three – The dry land appears and the sea and plants created Genesis 1:9-10 (NKJV) 9 Then God said, "Let the waters under the heavens be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear"; and it was so. 10 And God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering together of the waters He called Seas. And God saw that it was good. The next very significant step that science tells us was necessary for the world to continue on in its development was the formation of the seas. Unsurprisingly – we see that this is exactly what the Bible states as the next step in the sequence of creation of the earth. The temperature at which water boils depends on the atmospheric pressure. To refresh your memory, I have reproduced the chart from the earlier chapter, “Just what is a scientific theory?” below that shows how the temperature varies with pressure.

Place

Altitude

Water boils

London, England Dead Sea Denver, Colorado Quito, Ecuador Lhasa, Tibet Top of Mt. Everest

Sea level minus 1,296 ft below sea 5,280 ft 9,350 ft 12,087 ft 29,002 ft

212.0ºF or 100ºC 213.8ºF or 101ºC 203ºF or 95ºC 194ºF or 90ºC 188.6ºF or 87ºC 159.8ºF or 71ºC

Because free water boils at low temperatures with low atmospheric pressure, then there could not have been any free water present on the earth until an atmosphere had first formed as described in “day” two. However, because the earth and the atmosphere was still very hot in the early stages of its development, the water that did exist in this early atmosphere (from volcanic steam and asteroids hitting the earth) was in the form of water vapour in the atmosphere. As the earth and atmosphere cooled and the atmospheric pressure increased, the invisible water vapour in the air began to condense into small visible droplets that formed the clouds in the sky. At a certain point, the clouds began to rain. Because of the huge quantities of water vapour in the air, there would have been a very significant amount of rain. In the same way that rivers today drain the rainfall from the land and flow into the low lying areas and depressions in the earth’s crust and form the seas, so the same mechanism operated to form the original seas. Truly, “the waters under the heavens were gathered together into one place, and the dry land appeared” We now have the situation where the earth and the other rocky planets, including earth, formed. The atmosphere on the earth had formed making it possible to accumulate water vapour in the earth’s atmosphere and this had all proceeded to the point where the water vapour could condense out as rain and form the seas. This explanation from science coincides exactly with Genesis 1:9-10. The conditions on the earth were now set for the appearance of life on the earth to proceed and we can now look at the next stage in the development of life on the planet. Genesis 1:11-13(NKJV) 164

165 Then God said, "Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb that yields seed, and the fruit tree that yields fruit according to its kind, whose seed is in itself, on the earth"; and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, the herb that yields seed according to its kind, and the tree that yields fruit, whose seed is in itself according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. 13 So the evening and the morning were the third day. All life that we know of on the earth requires water to exist. Although the Bible doesn’t specifically state this, it none-the-less implicitly makes the point by stating that the seas were formed before we saw the emergence of any form of life on the planet. As covered in the beginning of this chapter, science believes that life first started in the oceans and then spread to the land about 475 million years ago. This period saw the first primitive plants such as algae, fungus and lichen start to colonize the rocky surface of the planet. Initially there was no soil on the planet – it was all rock. Plants that have roots simply could not grow in that environment. The only things that could grow were plants that sat on the hard rocky surface. It was the gradual build-up over many millions of years of the dead material from these early plants that led to the development of the soils needed for the plants that have roots to grow in. Initially there was no breathable atmosphere as the original atmospheric composition was poisonous to most life forms that exist today. The later plants and animals all needed a different atmosphere to survive. Plants need carbon dioxide, and animals need oxygen to survive. For these organisms to appear, it all relied on the original primitive surface types of plants to start off the complex process that led to the changes in the original atmospheric composition, to the composition that was needed for the later more complex life forms to survive. Although a dim protostar existed at the center of the solar system, it did not give out huge amounts of light and heat as it had not yet fully ignited. However the seas would have been warm because of heat in the earth and also the greenhouse effect from the composition of the early atmosphere. The cellular life in the sea would also have been adapted to the very low-light conditions in much the same way that we find life forms that live today exclusively in pitch blackness in caves and at the bottom of the sea, It is no accident that the Bible records the existence first of the formation of the earth – then the sea – then the emergence of the first primitive plants. This is the exact same sequence that science lays out. The simple fact is that an ordered sequence had to be followed in order to establish the conditions necessary for the emergence of life on the planet. It is not coincidence that science and the Bible agree on the exact sequence of events. “Day” four – The sun and the moon start shining – and other stars in the sky Genesis 1:14-19 (NKJV) 14 Then God said, "Let there be lights in the firmament of the heavens to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs and seasons, and for days and years; 15 and let them be for lights in the firmament of the heavens to give light on the earth"; and it was so. 16 Then God made two great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. He made the stars also. 17 God set them in the firmament of the heavens to give light on the earth, 18 and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness. And God saw that it was good. 19 So the evening and the morning were the fourth day. 165

166 In Genesis 14 it says, “Then God said, "Let there be lights in the firmament of the heavens to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs and seasons, and for days and years; 15 and let them be for lights in the firmament of the heavens to give light on the earth"; and it was so.” Note the sequence here, before we see the sun and the moon in our own solar system the Bible says that there are already, “lights in the firmament” that would be used as, “and let them be for signs and seasons, and for days and years”. It also says, “to give light on the earth” – in other words these lights in the sky are clearly visible on earth. The “lights” may have been other stars in our own galaxy or they may also have been other galaxies – or a mixture of both. However, and more to the point, mankind has historically used these distant stars for exactly the reason that the Bible stated. Here again, this is exactly what science says about the formation of the universe – that the formation of our star (sun) and our solar system is a relative latecomer and is only about 4.6 billion years old compared to about 14 billion years for the universe and its early stars. Once more we have a one hundred percent agreement between the Bible and science. The Bible clearly records that the “two lights in the sky” appear after the earth has formed and life started appearing on the earth. This is exactly the sequence that science gives as well. Initially when the solar system formed we have the early planets, moons and assorted debris such as asteroids all orbiting around a central protostar. All this occurs by “about” ten million or more years after the start of the process of solar system formation. A protostar consists of a ball of very hot glowing gas. However it has not reached the internal pressures and temperatures that are needed to “ignite” the nuclear reactions that start the process of fusing four hydrogen atoms together to form helium. This can take up to about fifty million years to occur. As the temperate and pressure rise the brightness of the star increases – hence its light and heat output goes up. Once fusion starts in the star it becomes what is known as a “main sequence” star. It remains in this form until nearly all of its hydrogen has been converted to helium. In the case of our sun (star) this will take about another five billion years or so. The important point in this is simply that when the earth started brewing life in its oceans and when the first plant life appeared on the surface, there was no “bright light” in the sky. Only a dim protostar existed. This means that “daylight” was very dim. Even if the earth had actually gravitationally captured its moon at that time, there was no bright light to reflect from the moon’s surface as “moonlight” and shine on the earth at night time. It was only many millions of years later that the sun (our star) fully ignited as the fusion reactor that we see today that the “two lights” appeared in the sky. Genesis 1:16 also says that He made the stars also. This is consistent with how a galaxy forms. The event that started the gravitational collapse of the portion of the giant nebula of gas and dust that led to the formation of our solar system, would almost certainly also have started the gravitational collapse of other parts of the nebula as well. This would have led to the formation of other solar systems, which we see as stars (suns) in the “Milky Way” galaxy that we live in.

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167 Here again, there is an exact one-to-one correspondence between the Biblical account of the events and the actual sequence of those events and what science reports as having occurred. “Day” five – Sea creatures and birds appear Genesis1:20-23 (NKJV) 0 Then God said, "Let the waters abound with an abundance of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the face of the firmament of the heavens." 21 So God created great sea creatures and every living thing that moves, with which the waters abounded, according to their kind, and every winged (OT:3671) bird (OT:5775) according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. 22 And God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth." 23 So the evening and the morning were the fifth day. The Bible records that the sea began to abound with an abundance of many different types of life as the next step towards the world that we know today. This is consistent with the scientific record of fossils. The fossil record also shows that some of the first major life forms outside of the sea were the winged birds – just as the Bible says. The fossil record shows that the earliest known bird was Archaeopteryx It lived in the late Jurassic Period around 150 –145 million years ago. It shows distinct features that appear to be feathers. It is believed that it either flew as a bird does today, or it was a glider. It had jaws with sharp teeth and appears to be a transitional form between more ancient dinosaurs and modern birds. More modern examples are contained in the fossils from Cretaceous sediments in China. These sediments are believed to be the remains of ancient lakes which covered the Liaoning Province in north-eastern China, during the Cretaceous period (145 to 65.5million years ago). This area has many fossils of plants, insects, shellfish, fish, frogs and other amphibians, turtles and lizards, some early mammals and birds that appeared to have either feathers or proto-feathers (forerunners) Whether these “birds” truly flew is open to some debate still. But what is not in debate is whether they had feathers or at least proto-feathers. It is conspicuous that these fossils are found in sediments that contain large numbers of water living animals. This would appear to corroborate the Biblical account that “birds” are the next significant life form to appear on the scene. There is debate as to whether birds are directly related to dinosaurs – or whether they actually predate them. It doesn’t matter in this debate as birds – with feathers – appear “directly” after the appearance of major life forms in the sea – exactly as the Bible says. “Day” six – Appearance of life on land and the entrance of mankind Genesis 1:24-25 (NKJV) 4 Then God said, "Let the earth bring forth the living creature according to its kind: cattle and creeping thing and beast of the earth, each according to its kind"; and it was so. 25 And God made the beast of the earth according to its kind, cattle according to its kind, and everything that creeps on the earth according to its kind. And God saw that it was good.

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168 On the beginning of the sixth “day” God made the animals that live on the face of the earth. In other words these animals are those who didn’t directly live in the water – although their ancestors did. This would include all the vertebrates such as mammals as well as marsupials and any other classification such invertebrates (insects, slugs, snails, worms etc). In the mammals we would find the predecessors of the body of man such as the line stretching back from Homo sapiens (man) Here again we see a direct correspondence between the Biblical account of creation and the view put forward by science. The sea was the original incubator of life that led to the development of the sea plants that adapted to the land – this built up soil and made the atmosphere – sea animals developed and some of then moved onto the land (e.g. we currently find about 120 species of marine mammals, seals, whales etc. – and some mammals moved onto the land) – then all the land animals developed, including the animal bodies that led to modern man.

Genesis 1:26-28 (NKJV) 26 Then God said, "Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth." 27 So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. The final crowning step of the creation according to the Bible is that God created man in the image of God. The Doctrine of Man has already been covered at great length in the chapter called, The Doctrine of Man in the expanded version of this book called, “From Creationism to the Creation” and again in the earlier section in this chapter called “Adam and Eve and the Doctrine of Man” Here we find yet again that the Bible is in complete agreement with science and history. History and the fossil record show a long line of ancestors to the body of man. Despite the existence of these man-like early animal ancestors to man, we only find evidence stretching back for about 6000 to 10,000 years of the sort of intellectual activity that characterises man as representing the “image of God”. These include such things as the rise of civilization and those other activities that clearly separate mankind from the animal world. Such things as complex language, music, literature, advanced mathematics, science, architecture and large scale political and organizational activities. The other principal trait that defines man is that he alone has a spiritual dimension that leads him to “worship” a higher order of being. These activities are restricted to the last few thousand years of the history of the world – just as the Bible says. The total agreement between the Biblical account and the science account The scientific view of the world has been put together by many people who for the most part are not Christian and hence don’t regard the Bible as a credible account of the origins of the universe. Even so, you would be hard pressed to find a more complete and concise scientific account of the history of the universe than that found in the first chapter of Genesis. The first twenty seven verses in the NKJ version of the Bible only have 680 words. Yet that summarizes – and exactly agrees with – the scientific view of the origins of the universe, from the Big Bang right up until today.

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169 It is an easily demonstrated fact that the natural laws that govern all aspects of the origin and operation of the universe are structured in such a way as to bring into existence plant and animal life without any external assistance. This will lead to all the forms of life throughout the universe in any domains that allow life (as we know it) to exist. It is inconceivable that all the literally billions of inhabitable planets in the universe are just barren rocky balls in space. They are there for the future expansion of the human race under the everlasting Kingdom of God. Is it reasonable to presume that mankind will eventually travel out into the vastness of this everlasting Kingdom only to find barren rocky deserts? Of course the answer is no – we will find nicely greened and grassed planets with large animal populations waiting for us. Although it almost certain that plant and animal life abounds throughout the universe, it is almost certain that mankind exists only here on earth. The Bible would lead us to believe that only once did God “make man in His own image” This makes sense. We are destined to live forever in the coming Kingdom of God – which will in turn expand forever. This requires a very large universe in which to expand into. This is what we see when we look up at the night sky. A challenge I am certain of the facts presented in this chapter. In the true scientific approach, I lay out a challenge at this point for anyone to show that there is any difference in the two accounts of creation – science and Biblical. If anyone can show where they differ, then I am willing to reconsider my current beliefs. Strong’s Concordance definitions for Genesis chapters one and two Below is a listing of the Strong’s Concordance entries for each the Strong’s Numbers shown in this chapter. It should be noted by studying the Strong’s Concordance entries that the Genesis chapter two account does not necessarily describe the formation of the creation of man in the “image of God” (Genesis 1:26-27) e.g. as a creative being. It may – but it clearly describes the creation of a “living being”. In particular take note of the OT word neshamah (OT:5397). This describes the signs of “life” in the living body of man and animals. While it can, it does not necessarily include the meaning of “soul” For example an ant is alive – but it seems to stretch the imagination to say that an individual ant has a personality, let alone an immortal soul. OT:6763 – tsela` (tsay-law'); or (feminine) tsal` ah (tsal-aw'); from OT:6760; a rib (as curved), literally (of the body) or figuratively (of a door, i.e. leaf); hence, a side, literally (of a person) or figuratively (of an object or the sky, i.e. quarter); architecturally, a (especially floor or ceiling) timber or plank (single or collective, i.e. a flooring): KJV-beam, board, chamber, corner, leaf, plank, rib, side (chamber). OT:6760 –tsala` (tsaw-lah'); a primitive root: probably to curve; used only as denominative from OT:6763, to limp (as if one-sided): KJV-halt. OT:3117 – yowm (yome); NOTE – this word is used 2304 times in the OT with many different meanings – depending on the context – as shown with the many translations of the word in the King James Version of bible.

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170 from an unused root meaning to be hot; a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), [often used adverb]: KJV- age, + always, + chronicals, continually (-ance), daily, ([birth-], each, to) day, (now a, two) days (agone), + elder, X end, + evening, + (for) ever (-lasting, -more), X full, life, as (so) long as (... live), (even) now, + old, + outlived, + perpetually, presently, + remaineth, X required, season, X since, space, then, (process of) time, + as at other times, + in trouble, weather, (as) when, (a, the, within a) while (that), X whole (+age), (full) year (-ly), + younger. OT:7880 – siyach (see'-akh); from OT:7878; a shoot (as if uttered or put forth), i.e. (generally) shrubbery: KJV-bush, plant, shrub. OT:6212 – `eseb (eh'seb); from an unused root meaning to glisten (or be green); grass (or any tender shoot): KJV-grass, herb. OT:120 – adam (aw-dawm'); from OT:119; ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.): KJV-X another, + hypocrite, + common sort, X low, man (mean, of low degree), person. OT:5397 neshamah (nesh-aw-maw'); from OT:5395; a puff, i.e. wind, angry or vital breath, divine inspiration, intellect. or (concretely) an animal: KJV-blast, (that) breath (-eth), inspiration, soul, spirit. OT:2416 chay (khah'-ee); from OT:2421; alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively: KJV-+ age, alive, appetite, (wild) beast, company, congregation, life (-time), live (-ly), living (creature, thing), maintenance, + merry, multitude, + (be) old, quick, raw, running, springing, troop. OT:5315 nephesh (neh'-fesh); from OT:5314; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental): KJV-any, appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, X dead (-ly), desire, X [dis-] contented, X fish, ghost, + greedy, he, heart (-y), (hath, X jeopardy of) life (X in jeopardy), lust, man, me, mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-, thyself-), them (your)- selves, + slay, soul, + tablet, they, thing, (X she) will NT:5590 psuche (psoo-khay'); from NT:5594; breath, i.e. (by implication) spirit, abstractly or concretely (the animal sentient principle only; thus distinguished on the one hand from NT:4151, which is the rational and immortal soul; and on the other from NT:2222, which is mere vitality, even of plants: these terms thus exactly correspond respectively to the Hebrew OT:5315, OT:7307 and OT:2416): KJV-heart (+-ily), life, mind, soul, + us, + you. OT:8064 – shamayim (shaw-mah'-yim); dual of an unused singular shameh (shawmeh'); from an unused root meaning to be lofty; the sky (as aloft; the dual perhaps

170

171 alluding to the visible arch in which the clouds move, as well as to the higher ether where the celestial bodies revolve): KJV-air, X astrologer, heaven (-s OT:776 - erets (eh'-rets); from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth (at large, or partitively a land): KJV-X common, country, earth, field, ground, land, X natins, way, + wilderness, world. OT:8414 - tohuw (to'-hoo); from an unused root meaning to lie waste; a desolation (of surface), i.e. desert; figuratively, a worthless thing; adverbially, in vain: KJV-confusion, empty place, without form, nothing, (thing of) nought, vain, vanity, waste, wilderness. OT:922 – bohuw (bo'-hoo); from an unused root (meaning to be empty); a vacuity, i.e. (superficially) an undistinguishable ruin: KJV-emptiness, void. OT:7549 – raqiya` (raw-kee'-ah); from OT:7554; properly, an expanse, i.e. the firmament or (apparently) visible arch of the sky: KJV-firmament. OT:3671 – kanaph (kaw-nawf'); from OT:3670; an edge or extremity; specifically (of a bird or army) a wing, (of a garment or bed-clothing) a flap, (of the earth) a quarter, (of a building) a pinnacle: KJV-+ bird, border, corner, end, feather [-ed], X flying, + (one an-) other, overspreading, X quarters, skirt, X sort, uttermost part, wing ([-ed]). OT:5775 – `owph (ofe); from OT:5774; a bird (as covered with feathers, or rather as covering with wings), often collectively: KJV-bird, that flieth, flying, fowl.

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Did God need a special act of creation for each different living organism? Or Was God clever enough to use the laws of mathematics that He created to be able to generate an almost infinite variety of life forms from either a single, or maybe just a few original designs? How many special creations would have been required? Many people who hold to creationist views of a literal six day creation also believe that God had a special act of creation for each type of organism that exists. They refer to these original special creation organisms as baramin. The term was created in 1941 by a creationist called Frank Marsh. It is formed from the Hebrew words bara (create) and min (kind). The idea was based on the belief that God created organisms that could reproduce according to “own their kind." It is unclear exactly how many baramin are supposed to exist in the creationist system. It started off with only four (4) general classifications. However, within each classification there were apparently very large numbers of separate types of organisms that would all have required their own special act of creation. The underlying reason for the idea of baramin is that creationism does not wish to believe in the single common ancestor of science. Yet the general concept is exactly the same – all that the creationist concept has done is to cut the process short by a little bit in comparison to the science view. Creationism starts with a limited number of ‘different types” – whereas, science starts with just a “single” common ancestor. In reality the idea of just a literal single organism that started off all life is, to say the least, quite fanciful. Science says that all life started in the ancient seas from a “single cell” that formed as a result of the natural laws. While life certainly started in the seas by this method, the idea that “only one cell” formed that was the “single common ancestor” is quite plainly ludicrous. If the natural laws are setup to produce life, then there would have been huge numbers of prototype cells that formed in the sea. As we saw in the earlier chapter called “Self-organising systems? – Or do we need a Special Creation?” we get variety in the formation of snowflakes. So it would almost certainly have been the case with the “single common ancestor” of science. In reality it would have been “quite a number” of cells – all of which were slightly different to each other. In that respect, there is really not much difference between the creationist baramin and science’s “single” common ancestor. In the creationist system, individual baramin have changed over time – by natural selection – into many different species of organisms today – all according to “their own kind” (e.g. cats, dogs, trees etc). The results today then show many different individual species of each kind such that we have many different species of cats and other types of organisms. Creationists however still hold to the same definition of a “species” as that of science. Namely, that a species is defined as that group of say, mice, that can interbreed with each other – but not with other similar species of mice. This definition of a species however is a stumbling block for the creationists as they do not believe that this mechanism can lead to one species of organisms, say cats, changing into another species, say birds. The idea behind it is that natural selection causes a species to slowly change in order to adapt to changing circumstances in their 172

173 environment. Finally a point is reached where they are sufficiently different to the “parent species” that they can no longer interbreed. Although this is a valid explanation of how different species arise, it is generally held that this explanation cannot account for how a particular class of organisms change into another class of organisms – say cats changing into birds. The simple explanation here is that each individual in a given species can interbreed with its parents. If this is traced back along the line of descent of the Tree of Life, then it can be clearly seen that the ancestors of a species today could – and indeed would have – interbred with earlier life forms along the way. Today the taxonomic system used in science to classify all organisms consists of eight major levels of classification. In descending order they are – Domain (3 domains), Kingdom (6 kingdoms), Phylum (at least 53), Class (not specified – but quite a number), Order (lots), Family (dozens), Genus (hundreds at least and possibly thousands) and Species (millions). Starting at the top level with Domain, the other descending levels are all sub-categories within each higher level of classification. In the end you have huge numbers of different distinct sets of organisms that cannot breed with other or even closely related groups. Taken to its logical conclusion then all, or at least most of these sets of organisms must have arisen by an act of special creation if the concept of baramin is correct. More to the point, these special acts of creation must have been occurring throughout history – right up until today. It should be noted that there are no peer reviewed scientific articles confirming the existence of baramin. There is also no evidence that God is still continuing special acts of new creation today. In light of these facts, then how could God create the stupendous array of life forms that exist today (just on the earth alone) by starting with just one, or more likely, a “few” basic designs? God’s mechanism for creating huge diversity from a common ancestor God said that he does nothing without telling His people (Amos3:7) and He also said that mankind can see some of His ways in the world around us. (Romans 1:19-20). True to His word, mankind is now beginning to see how He accomplished the creation. God is subtle beyond our understanding and it has taken mankind a long time to begin to understand some of how God has worked in the creation of the unbelievable complexity and ever changing spectacular kaleidoscopic diversity of the universe. Nonetheless, science has begun to unravel the basic outline of creation. We will look at some of the evidence of how it appears that God has created such amazing variety from such “simple” beginnings in the next chapter. But before we look at that we need to look at the field of science that has revealed the apparent underlying mechanism of producing incredible variety and complexity from simple beginnings. This branch of science is known as “Chaos theory”. A good account of the underlying ideas can be found at the website shown. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory. I need to state at the outset that we will only be looking at simple pictures in this chapter that illustrate the concepts that we need to understand Chaos theory. We will not be getting involved with the mathematics that underlies the theory. Fortunately it is a subject that is easy to put in plain words by the use of simple graphic images that explain the underlying ideas in the theory. There are three simple ideas that we have to become familiar with. These are the concepts of “deterministic chaos”, the continual iteration (repeating) of a process and the idea of a “fractal” We briefly look at look each one of these ideas below. 173

174 The concept of Chaos First we need a quick explanation of the term “chaos” as used in the theory. In most non-technical people’s mind the word “chaos” conjures up images where completely random and totally disorganised behaviour of whatever you are looking at reigns. The common idea of chaos is that there is no pattern to what you see and that it is impossible to predict what will happen. In Chaos theory we deal with the idea of “deterministic chaos”. This is quite different to the common idea of chaos. The underlying idea is shown in the picture on the right. Here I show a billiard table with a cylindrical object (grey) on it with the tracks of two different billiard balls (red & blue). The picture was produced on a precision Computer Aided Drawing system so that dimensions and angles are accurate to 12 decimal places. Most people know that when something reflects (or bounces) off a surface it obeys certain rules. Namely, that the angle of incidence that the incoming object makes with the surface that it reflects from is equal to the angle of refection of the object. These two angles are measured from a line that is at exactly 90 degrees to the surface at the point of contact. In the case of a cylindrical object, the line is the one drawn from the point of contact to the exact center of the cylinder. This automatically bisects the incoming and outgoing angles. The angles of the coloured traces shown are all drawn strictly to 12 decimal places accuracy. The picture above shows what is known as a non-linear system that has feedback applied to it. The idea of feedback is a critical concept in the development of all life forms and indeed just about every other sort of control mechanism that you can think of. Everybody is familiar with the humble thermostat on an air heating or a cooling system such as we have in our houses. The thermostat is the feedback element. It feeds back the actual temperature of the air in the room to the heating or cooling controller. In a heating system it measures the air temperature in the room and says. “We are coming up to temperature – so turn off the heating element”. As the air temperature in the room drops, it says to the controller, “We are dropping below the preset temperature – so turn on the heating element”. In the billiard table and ball example the feedback on each bounce of the ball from the curved cylinder on the table is the incoming angle of incidence that the ball makes with the curved cylinder on the table. If we make some idealistic assumptions about the billiard table example above such as perfectly elastic collisions, no friction, a flat and level table, perfectly round balls and cylinder and no other outside influences, then what you see in the picture is what would happen in the real world. The two traces start out with exactly 2.8000 degrees difference in the starting trajectory of the red and blue balls. After only three bounces off the central cylinder the balls end up on opposite sides of the grey cylinder and travelling in opposite directions. As can be seen, at first the paths don’t vary by much from each other. This is particularly the case when the balls reflect off the straight (linear) surface at the bottom of the table. However a very different picture emerges when the balls reflect off the curved surface (non-linear) of the cylinder. This causes 174

175 an amplification of the differences in the trajectories. As the pictures shows the trajectories of the two balls become very different very quickly. You can image what would happen if the table was bigger and there were more curved obstacles on the table. The further the balls travelled and the more curved objects that they bounced off, the more “chaotic” the course of each ball would appear to be. Irrespective of how “chaotic” the paths of the two balls appear to be – provided you fired each new ball at exactly the same initial angle – then the ball would follow the exact same apparently “chaotic” path as the earlier balls. This behaviour is what is termed “deterministic chaos”. By this is meant that the path is determined by the starting condition. However it must be noted that this is true only if nothing else alters along the path and providing that the initial conditions are the same. Of course if something alters along the path of the ball, then the trajectory will change. But this change is determined exactly by the initial contact conditions at the point of the change. It is still a totally deterministic (predictable) course that the ball follows – even if it appears to be “chaotic” One point should be noted here. Deterministic chaos only occurs in systems that are described by a non-linear equation. A non-linear equation has one or more terms in it that have a variable of degree 2 or higher e.g. 4X2 + 9 = 127. This could be seen easily in the picture of the billiard table where the “chaotic” behaviour occurred only when the ball bounced off the curved non-linear surface of the grey cylinder. The actual path of the reflected ball is determined by the angle of incidence of the incoming ball – and this varies in a very complex, but still predictable way that varies each time the ball bounces off the curved surface. What happens when we repeatedly carry out a given procedure? Everyone is familiar with the idea of the word “reiteration” which means to go over the same thing again and again, usually with respect to saying or writing something. In mathematics and computing the word “iteration” means much the same except that it generally refers to repeating a process or a piece of computer program code repeatedly. The intention of doing this is to obtain a new calculated result at each iteration of the process because of “feedback” that has been built into the iteration loop. Many people will ask why this is important in a discussion of how God has very probably worked in order to bring out huge variety and complexity of life from very simple beginnings. The answer to this lies in two different ideas. First is the fact that life has replicated itself countless billions of times since life first appeared on the earth. Each new cycle of life can be looked at as being one iteration in an endlessly repeating cycle. Each new generation of an individual life form (say, a rabbit) has a genetic makeup that has been influenced by its immediate predecessor. For instance, black rabbits won’t survive long in a yellow sandy environment as they would stand out against the yellow sandy background and hence would be easily seen by a predator such as a fox or a dingo. The rabbits whose fur colour most closely matched the background would be more likely to survive and breed and so pass on their genes to their young. In this scenario we have feedback from the environment (by natural selection) that is influencing the local species of rabbits. It should be noted that we can – and do – have other sorts of feedback into the genome that can produce radical changes in the rabbit. This would include any viral infections that happened to affect the sperm or egg cells of the rabbit. These changes, whether “good”, “bad” or 175

176 “neutral” will then form part of the genetic makeup of any future offspring. Using the billiard table example we can easily see that if a system with a non-linear element in it is being iterated with feedback applied to it – then such a system can very rapidly change into something quite different to that from which it started. We will look at much more amazing examples of this sort of process in the next chapter. The second idea involves the concept of having a non-linear set of terms in the equation, or process that is being iterated. In a system that involved life forms this would involve a non-linear response from the genome of the organism to any changes that were introduced from feedback from the environment. Consider the following two examples of non-linear genetic responses. Factory farming of chickens requires that the birds achieve maximum body weight in the minimum time. In order to achieve this, the birds need to eat as much as possible each day. However the ability to eat larger quantities relies on the birds being able to reject the extra heat generated from eating more food. The ability to radiate heat is directly affected by the rate at which the birds grow feathers. More feathers means less radiation of heat. There is great variability in the growth rate of feathers on different chickens because of genetic variability. When food intake is graphed against the number of days of feeding, some birds show a straight line (linear) response, e.g. they eat equal amounts each day (corrected for the weight of bird). Other birds show a curved (non-linear) response where the food consumption per day begins to drop due to faster feather growth which reduces their ability to radiate the extra heat from digesting the food. In this example the feedback parameter is the temperature of each chicken in relation to the environment. We all know that most plants need light to grow and survive. A plant perceives light through a number of different types of photoreceptor cells in the plant. These photoreceptor cells are sensitive to the intensity of the light, its wavelength (colour) as well as the direction the light is coming from. In any given plant, each different type of photoreceptor cell will respond differently to each of the variables of intensity, wavelength and direction. This is a result of the genetic makeup of each individual plant. As a result some plants will show a straight line (linear) response in its growth rate for equal increments of white light (which is a mixture of all colours) intensity increase. Other plants of the same species, under the exact same conditions, will show a curved (non-linear) growth rate for equal increments of white light intensity increase. The growth rates may in fact either increase or decrease depending on the actual light levels concerned and the plants involved. In this example the feedback parameter is the level of each of the many different “growth chemicals” that result from the response of each of the photoreceptor cells in the plant as they measure the characteristics of the light in the surrounding environment. We now have two examples, one from the animal world and one from the plant world, that show how the genome of organisms demonstrate that they frequently contain nonlinear elements. In both these cases, and countless others, natural selection will select the organisms best suited to each environment. But an important point needs to be noted here – and it is this. Whatever the actual type of feedback (temperature, chemical, viral infection etc.) involved in the natural selection process, the response by the organism to the feedback is more often than not, non-linear. As we have already pictorially seen in the billiard table example, any system that has feedback into a system that has a non-linear (curved) element in it, produces very “strange” results. In the next chapter we will look at pictures that show far more, interesting, amazing and 176

177 strange results than the billiard table example. That was just an easy and simple introduction to the subject. If by some chance the feedback influences the germ cells of the organism, then these changes are passed on permanently to future offspring. You can very rapidly get huge differences appearing in systems such as these. A picture of an iterated system – and what do we mean by a “strange attractor”? This is as close to mathematics as we will get, but don’t turn off just yet – it is just a simple description of the concept and some pictures. So far we have talked about “initial conditions” and non-linear responses. Now we have just one final concept about iterated systems to cover and that is the subject of attraction points in an iterated system. In any dynamic (moving) system that evolves from one form to another over many cycles of the system we find that the system is “attracted” to certain numbers or states. The actual point of attraction is very dependent on both the form of the system (e.g. its describing equation) and the initial values used at the start of the process. To demonstrate the concept we will look at a very simple example to see exactly what happens. Then we will look at a couple of pictures that graphically shows the idea. We begin with the very simple equation that was originally used to investigate how populations of insects and animals grow and shrink over time. It is a non-linear function as it has the variable “X” in it which is multiplied by itself each time the equation is evaluated. It also has feedback in it because the ending value of the variable “X” in each cycle of the evaluation becomes the new value for “X” in the next cycle of the evaluation. The simple equation is shown below. Let “X” = a constant value (A) * “X” * (1 – “X”) Now to see what happens we will run a very simple computer program that cycles through 15 iterations (cycles) of the equation. The simplified program looks like this Start Initialise the value for the variable “A” to some desired value Initialise the value for the variable “X” to some desired value Loop fifteen times through the code below X = A * X * (1-X) Print the value of “X” End loop End program In order to demonstrate both the existence of “deterministic chaos” in this equation as well as the existence of “attractor points” I will choose some specific values of both the constant value “A” as well as the starting value of “X”. For the value of “X” I will use 0.400000. I will vary the value of the constant number “A” using three different values which will remain the same through all fifteen evaluations. Some surprising things will happen. Looking at the table on the next page we see in the left hand column that we started with the constant value of A = 2.0000. After two iterations the final value of “X” is attracted to the value of 0.50000 and it stays at that value from then on.

177

178 In the middle column we start the process off with the value of A= 3.236067. We find that the value of “X” jumps around “randomly” until the ninth cycle when it enters into a stable two-valued attractor “orbit” that repeatably oscillates between the values of 0.80902 and 0.50000 Finally in the column on the right hand side where we started with a value for “A” of 4.00000 we find that the value of “X” just jumps around in an apparently “random” manner. In reality of course these “random” values of “X” in both the middle column up to row nine and all of the right hand column are far from being random. They are examples of deterministic chaos. They look to be random, but in fact they follow a strictly deterministic course that is set (determined) entirely by the initial values of the constant number “A” and the variable “X” in the equation. Anyone who sets up the calculation program on their computer (a spreadsheet is the easiest way) and experiments with changing the starting values of both “X” and “A” will very quickly discover that minute changes (as low as 0.000001) can produce dramatically different successive values of “X”

N “X” 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

The value of the constant “A” 2.00000 3.236067 4.00000 0.40000 0.40000 0.40000 0.48000 0.77666 0.96000 0.49920 0.56133 0.15360 0.50000 0.79684 0.52003 0.50000 0.52387 0.99840 0.50000 0.80717 0.00641 0.50000 0.50368 0.02547 0.50000 0.80897 0.9928 0.50000 0.50009 0.35768 0.50000 0.80902 0.91898 0.50000 0.50000 0.29782 0.50000 0.80902 0.83650 0.50000 0.50000 0.54707 0.50000 0.80902 0.99114 0.50000 0.50000 0.03514 0.50000 0.80902 0.13561

In the above simple example we have now shown how the initial values of the variables in a very simple non-linear equation that is iterated with feedback into the equation can produce very strange results with the output values. The demonstration also showed how certain values of the output can act as “attractor points” that the calculations will converge to as the process is repeated over many cycles. It was also shown that the number of “attractor values” is not limited to just one value. A given equation can have many such attractor values which it will cycle “randomly” between. Below is shown a picture of what is known as the Lorentz Attractor after Edward Lorentz who discovered it in 1963 when he was working on an investigation of the behaviour of chaotic flows in fluids. It is sometimes known as the Butterfly Attractor because of its characteristic shape that looks like a butterfly. If you look at the picture on the right you will see that there are two ends to the partial blue trace of the Lorentz Attractor. This is because when I made the trace using a freely available program called “ChaosPro” I only completed a few “orbits” so that the development of the path can be clearly seen. The actual path is formed by joining up the huge number of individual points which are calculated from each cycle of the original Lorentz equation in the same way that we calculated the “X” value on each row of the table 178

179 above. As the trace shows, there are two attractor points that the path continually circles around as the system continues to evolve over time. I have marked these two “attractors” with red crosses. In fact these two attractor points are what are known as “strange attractors” as opposed to the “simple” “point-like” attractors that we found in the table of values for our experimental program on the previous page. “Strange attractors” are much more interesting and relevant to our discussion of how God “probably” made such an amazing variety of life forms that we know today from very simple initial beginnings – maybe even a single common ancestor. The simplest explanation of a “strange attractor” is that it is a point of attraction for the calculated values in a system that is evolving over time in a “deterministically chaotic” manner. Another characteristic that can be used to describe a “strange attractor” is that the attractor is a “fractal”. A brief idea and description of a fractal is looked at in the next section The last point to note in the idea of a deterministically chaotic system is that the strange attractors are not usually found in equations that only use the simple “real” number system. Real numbers are the set of numbers that can be used to count and “measure” things. They include all the numbers that can be expressed as a decimal quantity, such as 1324.823122147 There are however other types of numbers. The first type of interest to us are the “complex numbers” which are two dimensional numbers that are used to describe points and lines on a plane (e.g. a flat surface). The other type of numbers of interest to us is the “quaternion” numbers. These are four dimensional numbers that are used to describe points and lines in a three dimensional space. It is in these two systems of numbers (and other higher order systems) that “strange attractors” are normally found. We will look at some fractal images in the next chapter that have strange attractors and see the incredible beauty, complexity and remarkable similarity to natural life forms around us that these systems can and do exhibit.. What does it mean to say that something is a fractal? The last topic in this introduction to the real world around us and the subject of creation is to explain the concept of the word “fractal” and to see how it relates to the everyday world that we see around us. The general idea of a fractal is at one level very simple to describe and understand. At a more general mathematical level it is very difficult to describe. We are only concerned with the simple description of fractals. The term was first introduced in 1975 by the French mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot. He proposed the idea of a “fractional dimension” as a way of describing and coping with the problems of measuring and describing actual real world things. The word was then simply shortened to “fractal” What led to the idea was the problem that he was studying on how to measure objects at different scales in the real world. He posed the question of “How long is the coastline of Britain?” Now everyone who has ever been to the beach knows that a coastline is a very irregularly shaped thing – and this leads to a very curious result. The length that you measure depends only on how long your “measuring stick” is If you look at an aerial map of a coastline it shows many indentations and curves along its length. If it was a big map, and you simply took a ruler and measured around the 179

180 outline by laying the ruler end-to-end around the map then you would get some sort of estimate of the total length of the coastline. Now we will go into the real world and try this. The first thing that we discover is that the length of the “measuring stick” has an important bearing on the actual measurement that you would get. This is shown in the picture on the right hand side. The shorter you make the measuring stick the more closely you can follow the small scale variations in the actual profile. Clearly the shorter your measuring stick is, the closer to the actual measurement of the true length of the perimeter of the coast, or any other “fractal” object becomes. If you multiply the ruler length value (R) in the picture above by the number of “ruler lengths” (L) around the profile then you will find that the total length of the profile becomes longer as the length of the ruler gets shorter. E.g. R3.0*L2 = 6, R2.5*L3 = 7.5, R1.5*L7 = 10.5, R1.0*L17 =17.0 We return now to the problem of measuring how long the coastline of a small island in a lake is. We will use a lake so that we don’t have the complication of the tide rising and falling and so affecting the length of circumference. Imagine that to start with you used a one meter long stick and laying it end-to-end around the waterline, you measured the length of the coast along the actual water line as being 1000 meters. Now take a measuring stick that is only one tenth of a meter long (0.100 meter) and use this to follow along all the small ripples and in-and-out curves along the water line. You would probably find that the total length of the coastline has now doubled to say 2000 meters as you can now measure the shorter deviations in the profile. Now imagine that you get a smaller measuring stick of say one millimetre long and use this to follow around every small pebble and grain of sand. The length will now greatly increase to many thousands of metres. As you use a smaller and smaller ruler, the length of the coastline will increase towards infinity. This then leads us into the idea of what is meant by the term “fractional dimension” We usually represent a point as a dot. However we understand that the dot is only a representation of a point – and that a point itself is only a mathematical concept that has no dimensions associated with it – no length, no width and no height. Therefore a 0-D object such as a point has a dimension of 0.0 A line has one dimension only – its length. It has no width and no height, but infinite length. Therefore a 1-D object such as a line has a dimension of 1.0 A plane such as a flat tabletop has two dimensions – an infinite length and width, with no depth. Therefore a 2-D object such as a plane has a dimension of 2.0 If we next consider a cube, then this has three dimensions, length, width, and depth. Clearly then a 3-D object such as a cube has a dimension of 3.0 Fractals can have fractional (or fractal) dimension such as a dimension of 1.6 or 2.4. How can we image a fractional dimension? Well if we take a 2-D object such as a sheet of paper we start off with a plane with a dimension of 2.0. Now we screw the sheet of paper up into a ball. It clearly is no longer a plane surface with a dimension of 2.0 – but 180

181 neither is it a solid cube that has a dimension of 3.0. What we have is a very crumpled object that is somewhere between a 2-D plane and a 3-D cube – hence it has a fractional dimension that lies somewhere between 2.0 and 3.0. The exact value doesn’t matter for this discussion and in fact is very difficult to measure or calculate. Now we can give an intuitive description of what a fractal is. A fractal is an irregular or fragmented geometric shape which can be divided into smaller parts and where each of these smaller parts looks approximately similar to the whole object. This selfsimilarity is completely independent of the scale that you are examining. In other words, they look similar, no matter how close you zoom in. Fractals often have all of the following features • It has a well defined geometric structure at all scales (magnification) • It appears to be approximately self-similar no matter at what scale you view it at. • Its shape is too irregular to be easily described in traditional Euclidean geometric language such as a line, circle, square, cone etc • It has a simple and recursive definition – where recursive means a series of repeated applications of the same (or similar) objects or images. Because fractals appear similar at all levels of magnification, they are often considered to be infinitely complex. Many aspects of the natural world show that they are very close approximations to fractals. This includes clouds, snowflakes, mountain ranges, lightning bolts, coastlines and many plants such as Pine trees, various ferns and cauliflowers and broccoli – plus just about every other example from nature that you can name. Generating a fractal There are two parts to a computer generated fractal. First, you have the equation or “database” that the fractal generation process uses to generate the fractal image itself. The exact form that is used depends on the fractal generation process that is used. It also has non-linear elements in it.It should be clearly understood that the equation or the database does not contain detailed instructions on what should be generated. It is simply a set of information that will be used by the second part of the process, the generator, to create the fractal shape. The actual generator that uses the equation or database can be one of a number of different general types. The point to note here is that the generator does not contain a specific set of instructions such as “draw this line here” and “draw that circle there”. Rather the code in the generator is more general and uses a set of parameters that makes a decision on the actual shapes and colours of each point based on how the calculated value of each point in the image is behaving. There is a lot information available on the internet for anyone interested in how fractal images are formed, so we won’t be dealing with that it in this book. The important point in the above description is quite simple. You have a “creative process” that is very complex, and this creative process uses a database, or “genome” to determine exactly what type of “organism” will result from the “creative process”. Because we are dealing with a system that goes through huge numbers of cycles and because it is a deterministically chaotic system that is critically dependent on the initial values, then the system evolves over time as it goes through each cycle. Very small changes – even minute changes – in the initial values of the system can very 181

182 rapidly lead to very different shapes as we saw with the billiard table example. We will look at far more dramatic examples in the next chapter “Observations of the Natural World” This is exactly what we see in the natural world. We see very simple organisms in ages past that have changed into much more advanced organisms today. And they appear to have done this by the same process as fractals are generated (e.g. iteration of a nonlinear system). At this stage we don’t know exactly how the creative process works that forms the shape of a tomato plant different from an oak tree, or a mouse different from a human being. What we do know is that it is a two part process – the actual mechanism that “reads” the genome and then builds the organism (e.g. the fractal generator mechanism) – then there is the genome itself that contains the instructions for the generator to use (e.g. the fractal equation or database) The fractal iteration formula as the “genome” of an organism As an example of how very small changes in the database (genome) can lead to different “species” fairly quickly, look at the two fractal images of the ferns on the right hand side. We can easily see that we have two quite different “species” of ferns. However, in the chart directly below the picture, I show the database (e.g. the “genome”) that was used to generate the two different species of ferns. As the table shows the differences in the fractal genome of the two different species is very small yet we have two distinctly different species. Other small changes in the fractal genome will produce significantly different species of fractal ferns again. Parameters for broad frond fern 0 0.85 0.09 -0.09

0 0.02 -0.28 0.28

0 -0.02 0.30 0.3

0.25 0.83 0.11 0.09

0 0 0 0

-0.14 1 0.6 0.7

0.02 0.84 0.07 0.07

Parameters for thin frond fern 0 0.95 0.035 -0.04

0 0.005 -0.2 0.2

0 -0.005 0.16 0.16

0.25 0.93 0.04 0.04

0 -0.002 -0.09 0.083

-0.4 0.5 -0.02 0.12

0.02 0.84 0.07 0.07

The picture on the right shows a 3-D fractal broccoli that was generated using quaternion (4D) numbers, and also using a different form of fractal generator to that used for the fractal ferns above. The important point here is that using quaternion numbers and a suitable fractal generator we produce 3-D forms that look remarkably similar to objects that we find in the natural world.

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Observations of the Natural World Or Is it just coincidence that science has now discovered fractal mathematics and that the shape of most things in the world are fractal in their form and properties Animals that undergo radical changes to their bodies during their lifetime As we look around at the unbelievable tapestry of different life forms in the natural world, we wonder how they were formed. We then look at the large and small scale details of the earth itself and then on out to the structure of the physical universe as a whole and we see a unifying similarity between the many different physical forms of life around us, the earth itself and universe at large. The one thing that virtually everything in creation shares is that its geometric shape is best described as being a fractal. Very little in the natural world can be described in terms of Euclidean geometry such as lines, circles, cubes or cones. Just about everything has an irregular and roughened shape associated with it that can’t be described by Euclidian geometric concepts. As we saw in the last chapter, these “natural” geometric forms are described by the new branch of mathematics known as fractal geometry. Just some examples are clouds, cauliflowers, the bark on trees, the trees themselves, coastlines, the body shapes of most animals and insects, the shape of galaxies and the distribution of galaxies throughout the universe. The list could go on, but you get the picture. Many people have difficulty believing that the complex animals that we see today could have arisen from much simpler ancestors. The commonly held view of many people who do not accept evolution is that while natural selection can make minor changes to the physical characteristics of say, to the beaks of Darwin’s finches that he studied on the Galapagos Islands, they will still be birds, and not dogs. They don’t believe that the “body plan” of the animals can change to make them a different type of animal. In other words they don’t believe that evolution can cause a change of taxonomic class from say a bird (Class = Aves) to that of a dog (Class = Mammalia). I have shown the taxonomic classification from the last chapter again for easy reference Taxonomy classifications in descending order are – Domain (top level), Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species. However to hold this belief is to ignore common evidences in the natural world around us. We will look at two common examples of radical changes in life forms. The first case looks at the radical changes that occur in both the body shapes and functions and the critical life sustaining requirements during the life cycle of the frog. A frog goes through five stages of development that “appear” to be five different animals. These are:Embryo: tadpole still in the egg. Front legs break through: beginning of the development of the rear limbs. Tadpole: Lives entirely in water Start of pulmonary respiration: the beginning of respiration with the lungs Tadpole frog: Lives in water – but can breathe air. Adult frog: Breaths air. 183

Illustration from Wikimedia

184 The second example of a life form that undergoes a radical change in body shape, appearance and function is that of a butterfly as it goes through its life cycle. It starts off as a caterpillar that eats vegetation. It then forms a chrysalis around itself and the caterpillar inside undergoes a complete metamorphosis into a beautiful butterfly. This is shown by the picture of the caterpillar form (LHS) of the Monarch butterfly on the RHS. It is worth looking at the “Lorentz Attractor” again that we covered near the beginning of the last chapter (Did God need a special act of creation for each different living organism?). You will immediately understand why it is sometimes called the Butterfly Attractor. Anybody who came across fossils of any of the five different stages in the life cycle of the frog would think that they were looking at five different creatures as the body shapes are quite different. The habitats can also be quite different when you consider that some frogs live in trees and cane toads live on land. To all intents and purposes the Laval stages (tadpoles) and the adult frogs are two entirely different animals. The frogs have evolved through intermediate forms from a tadpole to a frog – and this all takes place during a single life-time. The same thing occurs with the caterpillar that evolves into a butterfly during the course of just one life-time. In both cases of frogs and butterflies, the final creature is more advanced than the earlier form. There are many other creatures that undergo such transformations during their life-cycle. But these two well known cases alone are more than sufficient to firmly establish that simple life forms evolve into more complex forms within a single life cycle. They are able to do this because these major “evolutionary” changes in their bodies are pre-programmed into them from the start of the existence of each individual in the species. Have you ever wondered how the shape of all living things comes about? We have seen that caterpillars and tadpoles have programmed into their genome the instructions that cause them to “evolve” into butterflies and frogs. But have you ever wondered how the shape of each animal is created and controlled? Why for instance are all humans the same basic shape and all chimpanzees have their own characteristic shape? This is all the more strange when analysis of human DNA shows that it is not much different to that of a chimpanzees, in fact about 98% - 99% the same. Even more startling is the fact that the DNA of a mouse is about 97.5% the same as humans – yet they are radically different in shape to us. Also have you ever wondered how the shape of say, your leg, is controlled? Specifically, if you had an accident that tore a small lump of flesh out of your leg, then the natural healing process of the body will grow scar tissue to fill up the void left in your leg. But how does the body know when to stop growing more scar tissue as the level reaches the original surface of your leg before the accident? Clearly the shape of a body is controlled by the genetic structure of the type of body in question. Yet, given the remarkable DNA similarities between say a mouse and a 184

185 human (about 2.5% difference only) it is clear that the mechanism that codes for the body shape must be “relatively” simple. The question is – how can simple coding control complex shapes? More to the point, how could this “simple code” bring about changes over time that produce increasingly complex shapes that are so remarkably stable over huge periods of time? Fractal mathematics as the mechanism that controls shapes in the natural world In earlier chapters (“Choosing to be a Christian” – section on “Free will” and also “Did God need a special act of creation for each different living organism?” – section on “The concept of Chaos”) we have looked at the concept of “randomness” and have seen that it really does not exist. Everything unfolds along a predetermined path – and the actual path it follows is determined precisely by the exact initial conditions that existed at the instant that the process started. Now I don’t pretend to know exactly how it started – or the underlying mathematics that have guided the evolution of the universe since the first instant of the “Big Bang” of creation. However, the shape of virtually everything in the natural world around us is clearly fractal. By this is meant that it is not made up of straight lines, circles, cubes or cones – but rather “rough” shapes that have “fractional dimensions”. We know that fractals have two parts to their creation – first there is an equation of some sort that describes the “mathematical space” that the fractals exist in – then there is the “mechanism” that actually generates the fractal forms. In this section we are only interested in showing how very simple mathematical equations lead to extremely complex and beautiful forms that change slowly over many iterations of the process – and then stabilize into particular “species” of forms in particular regions of the mathematical space in which they are generated. Similarity with the natural world and the fractal images of the Mandelbrot Set The Mandelbrot Set is named after Benoît Mandelbrot and it is a set of points in the complex number plane (X&Y). It is a very simple equation defined as Z = Z2+ C. In the equation, “Z” is a complex number with a “real” and an “imaginary” component. Complex numbers are usually written in the form of A(real) + B(imaginary). The letter C represents a constant number that does not change during the repeated iteration process. Z starts out set to a particular number e.g. the initial conditions for the process. Each iteration of the equation creates a new value of Z that is equal to the old Z squared plus the constant C. This new value of Z is plotted onto the complex number plane according to a procedure that does not concern us here. Anyone who is interested can look up the details on the internet. Below are two pictures of the Mandelbrot set that resulted using the starting value of Z shown for each of the two pictures.

Z = (1.71111 + 0.0)

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186 As the two pictures of the Mandelbrot Set (one on the previous page – and the one of the RHS) shows, we get very different shapes simply by changing one of the initial numbers (the “real” value) in the complex number Z. This shows how complexity can be built up in a form using very simple – and quite insignificant – changes in value. However, there is something much more interesting in the figures shown in the Mandelbrot Set. The shapes produced by the Set “evolve” as the Set changes over time and as you zoom down deeper into the detail of the fractal edges of the Set. Z= (0.0 + 0.0) It is a remarkable fact that even using such a simple equation as Z = Z2+ C the resulting images show shapes that “resemble” real life forms and other natural features of the world around us. Now nobody seriously suggests that God used the Mandelbrot equation to generate the world around us. However one thing is clear, and that is that the shape of everything in the natural world is best described by fractal geometry. This includes the large scale structure of galaxies and their distribution throughout space. The rest of this chapter has a number of pictures that shows a real world scene and alongside it is shown a fractal image of a “similar” object. All of the fractal images have been taken from the Mandelbrot Set only. If you used other equations and fractal generation processes you can get many more matches with the real natural world. The intention is simply to show that you can get unbelievable beauty and complexity of shape from very simple equations – and that these shapes – as crude as they are – have an uncanny resemblance to the natural world around us. And just as importantly, this beauty and the shapes “evolved” naturally out of the equation as it went through many iterations. This is almost certainly the same way life evolved from a simple “equation” that God set in motion at the creation of the universe – and everything has “run on rails” since then. Of course the generating equation that God used is more subtle and complex than mankind currently understands. But I believe that the evidence is now beginning to show that God is indeed the Master Mathematician of Creation.

A cutaway section through a Nautilus shell compared to one of the Archimedean spirals that are found in the Mandelbrot Set

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Bug found in the Mandelbrot Set

Cyclops (zooplankton)

Below are ten separate pictures of the Mandelbrot Set that are the result of different numbers of iteration of the equation. As will be clearly seen, the shape starts out as a simple circle with no fractal edges to it. Each successive iteration of the function produces a more complex basic shape. As the number of iterations increase the fractal edges begin to appear. The deeper that you zoom into the fractal edges the more complex the embedded shapes become as the number of iterations increases. This is the exact analogue of what happens in evolution in the natural world. As the number of generations increases (e.g. the number of iterations of the basic function increases) so we see progressively more complex shapes and life forms appearing. These shapes were hidden in the original equation and only become apparent as the number of iterations increase. However they do tend to stabilise after a given number of iterations. This is exactly what we see happen in the natural world where once a basic life form appears (e.g. monkeys) then we see various species of monkey emerge, but the basic type (monkey) still persists in a recognizable form.

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On the next two pages we actually zoom down in the fractal details in the Mandelbrot Set and look at fractal images that appear to bear a striking resemblance to actual life forms and features of the natural world.

Leafy Sea Dragon

Fractal version of a Leafy Sea Dragon (Mandelbrot Set)

Aerial view of Fjords in Norway

3D Fractal image from Mandelbrot Set showing remarkable similarity to actual fjords

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Elephant

Fractal version of an Elephant trunk (Mandelbrot Set)

Fractal Lightning (Mandelbrot Set)

Real Lightning

Fractal Galaxy (Mandelbrot Set)

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The Grand Spiral Galaxy (NASA)

190 Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics A partial 3-D map of the fractal distribution of galaxies in space. The lines show where the galaxies are located. Some very large and bright galaxies can be seen embedded in the various lines

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Bringing it all together Or A summary of the Biblical view of who mankind is and the role of Christians in the world today The creation and the emergence of life This book has been the story of the intellectual journey that I have taken over the last fourteen years or so that led me to change my viewpoint from that of a literal six day creation, to the scientific view of a very long period of creation. One chapter was devoted to a discussion of the science of the age of the universe. There are many different methods of measuring ages of objects. The different methods all have limitations on the range of ages that they are suitable for and the types of samples that they can be used with. It was shown in that chapter that the estimated age of the universe and our solar system is determined not by just one method of measurement, but rather a range of different appropriate types of measurements are used. All these different methods are in agreement that our solar system and earth are about four and a half billion years old. A number of chapters in this book have shown how God has used the natural laws that he created at the beginning of the universe (the Big Bang) to progressively shape life and the world into what we see around us today. These laws have the ability to create progressively more complex shapes and organisms built into the laws themselves. Good examples of this inbuilt ability of the natural laws to build self-organized and self-assembled structures were seen in the complex and beautiful shapes of snowflakes as well as in the ability of different types of crystals to self-assemble into their own characteristic shapes. We have also looked at how the shapes of virtually everything in the natural world are described by the ideas of fractal geometry and not Euclidean geometry (e.g. lines, circles etc.). We have also looked at how using just the fairly simple equation of the Mandelbrot Set we were able to produce some remarkable similarities in shapes to many aspects of the natural world and different life forms. We also saw that these complex shapes increased in complexity as the system evolved over time. The example of the snowflakes and the order that appears in a deterministically chaotic system (e.g. fractals) as it evolves over time shows that increasing order in natural systems is an established fact. The idea that the “information content” in the genome of plants and animals is necessarily degraded by mutations or other changes in the genome has been conclusively shown to be not consistent with what is seen in the natural world. Changing a section of the genetic code by some means does not degrade the “information content” of the genome. It simply changes it to something else! Whether the particular change is beneficial, neutral or harmful to the organism depends on what happens in the long run. The only one of the three possibilities that will adversely affect the organism is if the change is harmful to it. Even this is not necessarily bad for the group of organisms in question in the long run. It may be that the “harmful” mutation does not kill the carriers of the “harmful’ change, but simply disadvantages them in the current circumstances. However, circumstances around the species may change and the “harmful” mutation may then turn out to be beneficial in the changed environment.

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192 Any mutations or other changes to the genome that occurs by gene splicing caused by viral infections sets the scene for later changes that may come about from more mutations or gene splicing events. The later changes may then actually be beneficial to the organism. These sorts of events can also be viewed as changing the “initial conditions” of the “fractal equation of life”. As was graphically shown in the last section of the last chapter (Similarity to the natural world from the fractal images of the Mandelbrot Set) simply making very small changes in the starting values (e.g. the initial conditions) of the parameter Z in the Mandelbrot equation radically changed the shape of ensuring figures. Changing the body plan or shape of an animal is the equivalent to changing the Phylum in the taxonomic classification system of living organisms. Far from being a destructive event in evolution, a mutation or other change in the genome of an organism may be the change in the “initial conditions” of the “fractal equation of life” that changes one type of animal into another over many successive generations (iterations). We also very briefly explored the underlying idea of randomness. At its most basic and truly fundamental level, there is no such thing (as far as can be determined) as a truly random event, even in the rather strange sub-atomic world of quantum physics. The entire universe can be viewed as a deterministic chaotic system whose initial conditions were set at the instant of the Big Bang. From that instant onwards the whole system has unfolded along a strictly predetermined path of the “fractal equation of life” that God designed and set in motion at the beginning of the universe. The weather is a deterministically chaotic system. The fact that using today’s supercomputers we can’t even reliably predict the weather in a week’s time is simply a demonstration that it is not possible (certainly at this time) for mankind to know the exact values of all the parameters that influence how the weather will evolve over a number of days. Tiny changes in a city today may lead to a hurricane on the other side of the world next week or a fortnight from today – this is the so-called “butterfly effect” where a butterfly flaps it wings here and sets in motion a train of events that produces a hurricane on the other side of the world a few days later. It operates by the same mechanism that produced very large changes in the final direction of the billiard ball from very small changes in the initial angle of the ball as it bounced off the circular (non-linear) object in the chapter on “Did God need a special act of creation for each different living organism?” Given that mankind knows a lot about how the weather systems work, but yet we still cannot reliably predict the weather even a few days out, then it is plain to see that it is impossible for mankind to predict how the universe would unfold. This is especially true because mankind does not as yet have any idea of how the “fractal equation of life” that God designed is structured or how He set it in motion. However, simply because we don’t know the form of this “equation” or how it operates does not mean that we cannot see the evidence all around us for the existence of this “equation”. We have also looked at how the Biblical account of creation in Genesis chapters one and two correspond exactly with the science account of the creation. The fact that many in the science community (the non-Christian section) do not see this one-to-one correspondence between the Bible and their work simply shows that they don’t bother to read the Bible before criticizing it. It doesn’t reflect well on their professional curiosity that should lead them to investigate any area before they criticize it. The bigger problem in the science community is that many (not all) scientists have 192

193 an almost childlike (some would say infantile) faith in the ability of blind natural selection to bring about the unbelievably beautiful and diverse world that we see around us. This is despite the fact that it is the world of science and mathematics that have discovered and investigated the subjects of self-organization and self-assembly as well as fractal geometry and dynamic systems such as deterministic chaos. There are an increasing number of scientific papers on these subjects, but we still have a few scientists who make a religion out of atheism as it applies to science. However, they are increasingly being seen as “yesterday’s people” fighting yesterday’s battles. From my observations most of “yesterday’s people” are biologists, who don’t wish to come to grips with the newer ideas from physics and mathematics. I suppose my greatest amazement with regard to this group is that they seem unwilling to grapple with the question of where the laws come from that govern the creation and unfolding of the universe – or indeed just the question of “what is a law anyhow- and by what mechanism does it control the world around us”. They appear to be unable to grasp the fact that self-organization and self-assembly and the notion of “random” events that underlie the emergence of life are dependent on the original appearance of the laws of natural science – and that the natural emergence and unfolding of life is built into these very laws. Creationists and the Church Many who believe in a literal six day creation about six thousand years ago also don’t appear to have read and closely examined Genesis chapter one and then compared it to the science account of the history of the universe. If they had, then they would also have realized that the two accounts are telling the same story. From my own experience and also talking to other Christians over the years, the reasons that Christians don’t see that the Bible and science agree appears to be the result of three separate issues. The first of these issues is quite straight forward. Unfortunately many Christians read books about the Bible – but they don’t actually read and study the Bible itself. The result of this is that their opinions are shaped by the viewpoints put forward by the writers of the various books they read. This can lead to the holding of ideas that are simply not found in the Bible itself. Any viewpoint in any book – including this one – should always be subjected to the Biblical test of “Does this viewpoint accurately reflect what is written in the Bible”. When checking the truth or accuracy of any statement, you have to take all of the circumstances and references into account in order to determine the true meaning of any particular text. We covered the ideas on this in the chapter entitled “Our individual Big Picture View of the World” and more particularly in the chapter “Interpretation and Mental Templates” and the section called “Interpretation of the evidence” where the method of assessing evidence called COMB was discussed. The second big reason that many Christians are not comfortable with the observed facts of the emergence of life is equally straight forward. Non-Christian scientists have said that mankind is simply just another – albeit very smart – animal. The implied argument is that there is no essential difference between mankind and the apes. The basis for this assertion by science is that by tracing out the evolutionary Tree of Life – combined with DNA studies – has shown that the body of mankind has followed the same evolutionary path as that of other hominid apes. The problem in this argument is that mankind as a whole demonstrates a very different order of intelligence and abilities that no animal has ever demonstrated. It is certainly 193

194 true that a growing number of animal studies are showing traits in animals that were formerly thought to only be exhibited by humans. This includes simple toolmaking by both birds and monkeys, such as making shaped sticks for probing for insects in holes and logs and the use of “hammers” by monkeys to crack hard-shelled nuts. It also includes problem solving by all sorts of animals such as birds, fish and mammals. In these studies researchers put food just out of reach and with obstacles in the animal’s way. The animals planning abilities are then assessed to see if they can reach the food. Many animals do quite well at this sort of task. Monkeys have also been observed to gather stones in a zoo and store them in a strategic place so that they can later (some hours later) throw them through the bars at the visitors that annoy them. This demonstrates that these animals are thinking about the future. Some monkeys have also been taught to make up simple sentences using a keyboard in such a way that they demonstrate that they can make up simple but intelligent sentences in answer to real questions that are put to them. In the future they may even evolve to be able to speak. After all, parrots can make sounds like human words. Whether they understand what they are “saying” is a different matter. Of course what separates mankind from the animals is the intellect of mankind that enables us to engage in the higher activities such as scientific research, writing and playing music, writing books of various types, carrying out complex mathematical reasoning and all the other things that set us apart from the animal world. We can also have a concept of, and acknowledge God. This ability to worship a higher being does appear, at least at this time, to be unique to mankind. All these attributes of mankind are a direct result of the fusing of the spirit of mankind into the natural body of mankind that God had prepared using His natural laws back in the Genesis account of creation. In so doing He created an intellectual human being that bears the image of God. It is this intellectual aspect of our nature that sets us apart and that makes us in His image. This is the Doctrine of Man that we covered in the earlier chapter of the same name. The simple fact is that DNA studies have now proved that the body of man is directly related to the genetic line of earlier hominid apes. But this does not make us a “human animal” We are made in the image of God as intellectual, creative beings. The Bible account placed the creation of the intellectual being – mankind – at about six thousand to maybe ten thousand years ago. This is corroborated by the facts of history. Although the “human animal” species certainly existed long before that, they did not engage in the sort of explosion of activities that we recognize as “modern” civilization. This includes the making of “reasonably” sophisticated stone tools, then later metal (bronze) tools and the emergence of more sophisticated architecture and record keeping and all the other activities that characterize human civilization. These types of activities have only occurred in the last few thousand years or so – exactly as the Bible states. Up until that time the “humanoid animals” that existed certainly had developed a primitive agriculture and building technology. But we see that today even with insects such as termites that build “air-conditioned” mounds” to live in. We see ants that travel up plants to “milk” aphids for the honeydew that they produce. They are also known to protect the aphids from their natural predators such as ladybirds. Leaf-cutter ants and similar species are also observed to grow fungus gardens for food. However, these sorts of primitive and low level activities don’t qualify these insects as intelligent. The sort of activities of pre-humans (e.g. human animals) all lies well within the sorts of activities that we see in the animal world today. It would naturally be the case that these 194

195 pre-humans would have been somewhat smarter than animals today simply because they had already developed the same sized and structured brain that we have. This gave them a lot of extra “processing power” over monkeys today. However they were still just a “biological computer” like any other animal until the spirit-being of mankind entered the natural body as the Genesis account tells. Until then, it was simply a case of the “lights are on – but nobody is at home”. We examined this in some detail in the chapter called, “The Genesis account of creation” in the section on “The Doctrine of Man and the question of Cain’s wife” The third and final issue in why Christians don’t see that the Bible and science agree is probably best summed up in the answer to the question that many in the Church today ask. It is, “Why is evangelism not as successful as many would like” The basic idea here is that the main purpose of the Church is to “get people saved” and that “atheistic science” is defeating the church in the battle for the hearts and minds of the people. The fundamental idea here appears to be based on the commands in the Bible where it is said: Matthew 28:19-20 (NIV) Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 20 and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age." 1 Timothy 2:3-4 (NIV) This is good, and pleases God our Savior, 4 who wants all men to be saved and to come to a knowledge of the truth. Many people believe that these two scriptures in particular are commanding the Church to engage in full time evangelism – where the goal of that evangelism is to “get people saved”. They see “atheistic science” as their main competitors for the hearts and minds of the people that they are preaching to. They believe that if only they can get rid of the atheists that they can win a lot more people for Christ. The fundamental idea is that everyone can be saved “if only we can get through to them” There are three major problems with this sort of thinking. First and foremost, it is saying that God is not omnipotent. It says that God is completely reliant on the will of man. Even worse, it is clearly saying that a puny, insignificant atheist has the power to tell God that, “Sorry God – I have this person’s soul and you are powerless to stop me.” It is implicitly saying that “You may be able to create the universe and all therein – but little old insignificant atheist me will tell you who you can save, and who you can’t save” People who believe that humans can interfere with and thwart the Will of God are forgetting the many examples in the Bible where God chooses people, even before we were born to do the tasks that He had in store for them. As just one example, consider Jonah and how he rebelled against God’s command to go to Nineveh and preach. How successful was Jonah in defying God? Well of course Jonah learnt the hard way that when God wants something from you – then you are going to do it whether you want to or not. In Jonah’s case he was obviously not the fastest learner around and so he found out the hard way that God chooses – not man! The lesson is simple – no atheist or atheist message will stop God effectively calling those whom He chooses 195

196 We later see that Saul in the New Testament had absorbed and learnt the lesson of Jonah when God struck him down as he travelled on the road to Damascus where he was going to persecute the Christians. He heard the voice that said, "Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?" (Acts 9:4) The Bible shows that Saul was smart enough to understand that God was calling him and he changed his ways and became the great evangelist of the N.T. known as Paul. It is worth noting here that Saul didn’t decide to follow Christ of his own choice. He was a real zealot in persecuting the Christians. He only changed his ways after God confronted him. Yet again we see that people don’t “choose God” – God chooses the people that He wants to serve Him. This is entirely consistent with everything in the Bible. Not everyone can accept Christ – only those who God chooses are able to do so. Second, it is completely ignoring the realities around us. Many Christians seem to believe that people decide themselves whether to accept Christ. Because a particular person does not do so, the saying is often heard, “That person has willfully rejected God”. At this point we have to revisit the methods used for interpretation of any text or action. In that method you have to take all the relevant cases and then find the single interpretation that fits all the cases. A good example of the various cases that many Christians ignore are people who have been brought up in Christian families, sometimes even with fathers who are ministers in the Church. It is not uncommon for children brought up in this environment to reject the Bible and God. Two well known examples are Bob Hawke and Philip Adams. Both of these people are on the public record as saying, “I really would like to believe – but I just cannot” Although they are self professed atheists, it was – according to their public statements – not a choice of their own. It was not a case of “I choose not to believe” – but rather, “I just could not believe.” This is entirely consistent with the Bible where God reveals Himself to those whom He chooses. There is not one single case in the Bible where any person ever chose God – in every case God choose those whom He has predestined to serve Him in the coming Kingdom of God. We have dealt with this subject in depth in the chapters entitled, “Choosing to be a Christian” and “The critical issue of who has the right to be a Priest” The third issue in the question of “Why evangelism is not as successful as many would like” now needs to be looked at. There are three basic roles of the Church: First, the Bible does say to evangelize people in order to bring into the Church those whom God is calling to serve Him in the coming Kingdom of God. However, this is not the greatest part of mankind. These believers are the “royal Priesthood” that will reign with Christ over the eternal Kingdom of God in the future. It is this kingdom that will save all mankind from the ravages of the kingdom of Satan that came into possession of the earth in the Garden of Eden, and which will be overthrown and supplanted when Jesus returns as Lord of lords and King of kings in the near future. This is what Christians are saved for. This has been covered in some detail in the chapter entitled, “The New Testament View of God’s Kingdom” We are not saved just to “float around holding harps” and “having a halo around our heads”. Christians are the royal Priesthood who will rule over this ever expanding Kingdom of God. This is why the universe is so huge – this Kingdom will expand forever, with no death in it. We need a huge universe to expand into.

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197 The second function of the Church is to nurture the Body of Christ which is made up of all the Christians. For that purpose there are various gifts set in the Church. This is covered in the chapter entitled, “The Biblical view of the New Testament Church” The third function of the Church is to act as a light unto the nations and as the salt of the earth. Most of the ministry of Jesus consisted of telling people of the coming Kingdom of God and healing people. Calling individuals to follow Him was only a minor part of His work. This was looked at in detail in the chapter entitled, ““The Biblical view of the New Testament Church” So it is – or should be – with the Church today, the Christians in it should be looking outward to fill their role as being a light unto the nations. In many cases this is just not happening. The reasons for saying this are covered in the chapter entitled, “The question of whether the church today fulfils its role”. The role of the N.T. Church and the Christians in it is shown below.

God’s Plan for saving all the World

Formation of the nation of Israel to do two things 1..) To bring forth the Messiah 2..) To be the national instrument through which Jesus would rule over the redeemed world and the greater creation (all of the universe)

In the O.T. Israel was ruled over by the Tabernacle that Moses built – with the Aaronic Priesthood as the ruling class

Jesus crucified and resurrected as The Great High Priest of the New Covenant

The Second Coming Jesus is to rule as Lord of lords and King of kings over the creation with Israel as his national instrument of sovereignty with the Heavenly Tabernacle as the ruling governmental structure over Israel

The N.T. church replaces the Aaronic Priesthood as the ruling class in waiting to govern under Jesus as the High Priest and King

The Eternal Kingdom Israel ruling over the nations of the creation Pictorial overview of the role of the church in God’s plan for the salvation of the world

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198 The simple fact is that it is little good going to the Developing World and telling them, “Jesus loves you” when they are starving, diseased and oppressed by their governments. They want to know what He is going to do to help them today – just like the majority of the people in Jesus’ day where He healed and fed them, but didn’t necessarily call them to accept him as Messiah and follow him. We now look at the question of “Why is evangelism not as successful as many would like”. Some readers will have already realised the answer to this. The Church is made up of the people that God has predestined before they were born to be part of His royal Priesthood. The role of evangelism is to call these people into the Kingdom of God through an individual act of repentance and acceptance of Christ as saviour on the part of each individual person whom God calls. There are only a limited number of people who are being called. This is clearly seen in the lack of results of the modern Church Growth Movement over the last forty years or so. Try as hard as the believers in the Church Growth Movement may, as fast as people come in the front door from their various campaigns, they continue to exit out the back door in about the same numbers. The evidence of this is the simple fact that all the statistics shows that church growth rate in the western world is either zero or declining. Even when the growth rates in the Developing World are taken into account, the percentage of Christians world-wide is dropping. It is certain that the world is coming very close to the point in time at which we will see Jesus reappear. A full exposition on this is given in the book, “The Second Coming in Slow Motion”. Because God has set the total number of people in His royal Priesthood – and because all that He calls will heed that call and come (see chapter ““The critical issue of who has the right to be a Priest”) – then by definition, all who are going to come to Christ will have made that decision by the instant that He appears. It then follows that the closer the time comes to His appearing, the fewer people world-wide there will be left to heed His call to them and make that decision. By the instant that Jesus appears there will be nobody left that still has to make that decision for Christ. The important point in this is simple. The growth rate of real Christians – as opposed to those who just make an outward show – will slow down as the actual instant of the Second Coming approaches. The growth rate will drop to zero by the instant that Jesus appears. This is the real reason “Why evangelism is not as successful as many would like”. The Church Growth Movement simply doesn’t recognise the Biblical statements that state that not everyone can be saved into the royal Priesthood. And for the most part, few in the churches appear to have any real understanding of just how close the world is to seeing the actual Second Coming – hence the fact that we should, according to the Bible, be seeing a drop in actual church growth rates. All reliable statistics show that the total growth rate of Christianity is currently close to zero – if not actually negative in western countries. Most growth is taking place in the Developing World. However, reliable statistics show that world-wide growth rates of Christianity and percentages of the total population for Christianity are falling over time – even as the total world population increases. This is consistent with the view, and strong evidence, that we are approaching the Second Coming. Maybe the churches should start preaching this? 198

199 Why some Christians don’t join the Church While church growth rates are declining as we approach the Second Coming, the total number in the churches should probably still be growing somewhat as the total population is still growing. Now it is not possible to say how many people should still be joining the church as a whole – or any individual church in particular. However it can be reasonably confidently said that there are some Christian people who don’t join a local church. Their reasons for this of course are many and varied. But from personal experience it can also be said that at least some of these reasons can be known. As has been discussed earlier in this chapter and throughout much of this book, there are a number of roles that, according to the Bible, the church as a whole should be fulfilling. There are people who do not believe that the church is fulfilling its appointed role in the world. It is viewed as being essentially a “social club” that people can join – so long as all you want to do is to get together for some social activities. This is fine if you are not already part of an existing set of social groups and activities. But if you are, then there is little point in joining another group for the same purposes. Many churches just want to preach a “simple gospel” of “Jesus loves you” They are distinctly cool – if not downright hostile – to any sort of in-depth study of the Bible. Because of the lack of will to deeply study the Bible, then some very unsupportable ideas are held and propagated in the church. This has a major impact on the credibility of the Church in the wider community. A good example of this is the subject of this book, namely the creation of the world and the emergence of life. Because of the deeply unscientific and unsupportable views that at least some churches hold on this matter, then they bring automatic rejection from the general public. In fact, the view held by the general public on the stand taken by some churches about the beginning of life is, “less than complimentary”. The end result of this attitude of the public towards the Church as a whole on this matter means that they automatically reject anything that the Church says as, “Just another load of “nonsense” coming from that lot of “flat earth” believers”. (The polite version) This attitude of the general public towards the church means that the church has close to zero ability to influence society in any of the major social debates that go on. Given that the Church as a whole is supposed to be “a light unto the nations” and also to be the “salt of the earth” – then how Biblical is it to deliberately throw away the ability to engage with the world? This is all the more the case because the attitudes of the church are just not supported by either the Bible or science in this matter. It is hard enough when the church has to (or at least should) take a public moral stand on many issues, let alone compounding the difficulty by holding views that simply cannot be supported and which bring the Church into disrepute. In a case like this it can be argued that the Church is aiding Satan by willfully invalidating its voice in the world and hence failing in its charter of being “a light unto the nations” and the “salt of the earth” Because the Church Growth Movement appears to believe that evangelism is what the public face of the Church should be about, then it essentially totally ignores the people who are – hungry, without sanitation, without clean water, blind, sick with disease, lacking in education, maimed by war and oppressed by their “governments” All that many of the churches want to do is to go and tell these people that, “Jesus loves you – but sorry you will have to first accept Jesus as saviour and then after you get to heaven, then you will have a better life” Very few in most of the churches seems to 199

200 want to actually do as Jesus did, which is feed the hungry and heal the sick – because He had compassion on them (Mathew 14:14) Now there are many fine people in the churches who do many good things that most of us will never hear about. However, this is something that springs from within those people. But you don’t need to be in a church to do similar things as an individual. The church is an organization of many people. As such, it is – or should be – more than the sum of the people in it. A group of people acting together with the resources of the church behind them can achieve more than a single individual. However unless there is a will within the church to foster this aspect of church life, then there is little reason to join an organization that essentially has no affect on the world around it. A model for the Church Many people want something with a little “meat” to get their teeth into. Simple messages and activities endlessly repeated very soon lose their appeal. In order to keep people engaged in a church requires that these desires are met. At least some people don’t want to just listen – they want to do things that actually make a difference in the world around them. This means adopting some of the proven ways of society that get people involved in activities. Some examples are: 1. Holding periodic seminars on something other than evangelism. 2. Giving people in the local church the opportunity to present a paper or presentation at these seminars. There are a lot of people with talents that are simply being ignored 3. Holding sessions with guest speakers on various Biblical doctrines so that people get a deeper understanding of what the Bible actually says. 4. Holding debates at the church where people can actively (and politely) debate many Biblical matters such as the points that the guest speakers present. 5. Forming church based groups that actively select and work on real world projects that make a difference in the lives of people outside of the church in the same way that Jesus himself did – and simply letting the group’s actions “evangelize” those who God may be calling in the target group. There you have it! Many people who read this book will not agree with much of it – and in some cases, none of the Biblical theology and ideas in it. However, it tells the story of what started my journey about ten years ago, the many subjects that were involved along the way and the conclusions that I have reached. As I said in the Introduction, if nothing else comes from this book, hopefully it will at least encourage discussions on the matters that it raises. I am more than happy to discuss and debate any of the many points and ideas presented in this book. END +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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