Food Review 1

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids bond to make proteins

Essential amino acids must be supplied in the diet and cannot be made in the body If you have all of them in your diet then you can synthesise the others Essential fatty acids must be directly consumed

ENERGY REQUIREMENT

-Released from food during respiration

-Energy needs determined by age, gender and activity (pregnant and lactating women need more) -Whilst sleeping the rate of respiration is a minimum -

Dietary deficiencies 1) Starvation 2) Anorexia nervosa 3) Kwashiorkor 4) Marasmus 5) Vitamin A deficiency

Keywords: oedema, protein energy deficiency, wasting, stunting, xerophthalmia, night-blindness, rhodopsin, rickets, osteomalacia

Marasmus • wasting

Vitamin A deficiency • Xerophthalmia • rod cells • rhodopsin • retinoic acid • Epithelia

Kwashiorkor • Oedema • Red hair

Anorexia • Extreme loss of weight • Loss of muscles • Menstrual cycle stops

Bulimia • Extreme loss of weight • Loss of muscles • Menstrual cycle stops

• Atherosclerosis • Accumulation of fatty materials in artery walls reduces flow of blood to the tissues and can cause blood clots to form and block the artery. • If blood cannot get into the capillaries, surrounding tissue dies. This causes build-up of atheroma (cholesterol, dead cells and platelets) and is called

• Fatty deposits can start appearing in damaged arteries. • Cholesterol is a lipid that is essential in some processes. • It is transported in the plasma in tiny balls of lipid and protein called lipoproteins. • Low density lipoproteins transport cholesterol to the tissues from the liver and deposit it at areas of damage (including the arteries). • High density lipoproteins do the opposite and remove cholesterol for excretion (they are therefore useful in preventing atherosclerosis). • Atheroma rich in cholesterol forms plaques in the arteries. • This reduces blood flow, and can

• Coronary Heart Disease • Two coronary arteries branch from the aorta and supply the entire heart. • CHD is disease of these arteries that causes heart damage, or malfunction. • Atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries restricts blood flow, making the heart work harder. • This can increase blood pressure and can make it much harder to supply the heart muscles with extra oxygen and nutrients during

There are 3 forms of CHD: 2. Angina Pectoris– severe chest pain after exertion. Pain goes away at rest. It is caused by shortage of blood to the heart tissue. 3. Heart Attack– blocked coronary arteries causes death of part of the heart muscle. It causes sudden and severe chest pain – it can be fatal. 4. Heart Failure– a main coronary artery is blocked causing gradual damage to the heart muscle. The heart weakens and doesn’t work •

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Global Distribution of CHD

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Highest in N. Europe, lowest in Japan and France.

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The major cause of death in developed countries.

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It was unknown before the 20th century and is associated with affluence – BUT – it may just be because people live longer now. Before they died of something else first!

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The deaths from CHD increase in a country as the standard of living goes up.

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In the UK, it is more prevalent in: Scotland, N. Ireland and N. England, poorer people,